Atlas ANATOMI,

OSTEOLOGI

MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS,SKH.M.PD

BAHAN AJAR

A) Frontal bone.
B) Parietal Bone.
C) Sphenoid bone, greater wing.
D) Temporal bone.
E) Zygomatic bone (origin of mm.zygomaticus major and
minor).
F) Maxilla.
G) Nasal bones.
H) Mandible.
a) Coronal suture.
b) Frontal suture.
c) Squamus suture.
d) Frontal eminence.
e) Superciliary ridge (covered by m. corrugator supercilii).
f) Glabella.
g) Zygomatic process.
h) Supraorbital margin.
i) Supraorbital notch (or foramen) (for the passage of the
supraorbital artery, vein and nerve).
k) Frontal bone, nasal process.
l) Nasal Spine.
m) Nasal process of the maxilla (origin of mm frontalis,
orbicularis palpebrum, and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,
and zygomaticomaxillary suture and medial palpebral
ligament).
n) Zygomatic process of the maxilla.
o) Alveolar process of the maxilla (origin of mm. compressor,
depressor nasi, buccinator,and incisivi labii superioris and
inferioris).
p) Infraorbital foramen (exit of infraorbital canal carrying the
infraorbital artery, vein, and nerve).
q) Maxillary depression (origin of m. levator anguli oris).
r) Anterior nasal spine (origin of m. orbicularis oris).
s) Nasal pyriform aperature.
t) Infraorbital margin (covered by the m. orbicularis palpebrum
and origin of m. levator labii superioris proprius).
u) Fossa of the lacrimal sac.
v) Alveolar yokes.
w) Maxillary process of the zygomatic bone (origin of m.
zygomaticus minor).
x) Frontal of the zygomatic bone.
y) Temporal process of the zygomatic bone.
z) Zygomaticofacial foramen. (transmits the zygomaticofacial
nerve).

α)Mentum (chin), external mental spine.

β) Mental foramen (exit for the mental artery, vein, and nerve).
γ) Mandibular angle (beginning of mm masseter and medial
pterygoid).
δ) Mandibular ramus.
ε) Mastoid process.
ζ)Optic foramen (for the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery).
η) Superior orbital fissure. (between the greater and lesser
wings of the sphenoid bone) (passage for the ophthalmic vein,
nn. oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic, and abducens nerves).
θ) Inferior orbital fissure (between the greater wing of the
sphenoid and maxillary bone) (passage for ophthalmic vein,
infraorbital nerve, artery, and vein, and cutaneous nerve of the
cheek). A) Frontal bone.
ι) Zygomaticoorbital foramen (transmits zygomaticofacial and B) Parietal bone.
zygomaticotemporal brs. to the temporal fossa). C) Temporal bone.
D) Sphenoid bone, greater wing.
E) Zygomatic bone.
F) Maxilla.
G) Nasal bone.
H) Mandible.
a) Frontal eminence (ossification center). 1. Frontal process or superior maxillary nasal bone.
b) Superciliary arch (covered by m. corrugator supercilii). 2. Alveolar process of the maxillary bone, with the
d) Glabella (the frontal sinus behind). alveolar eminences.
e) Supraorbital margin (covered by the external stratum of m. 3. Pterygoid process, lateral ala (wing).
orbicularis palpebrarum). 4. Body of mandible.
f) Superorbital fissure (in some skulls, a foramen) (passage for 5. Spine or external mental protuberance.
supraorbital artery, vein, and nerve). 6. Mental foramen (exit of inferior alveolar canal, passage
g) Zygomatic process. for mental artery, vein and nerve).
h) Temporal line. 7. Lateral oblique line (attachment site for buccinator
i) Semicircular line (the boundry of the planum semicircular muscle).
from which m. temporalis originates). 8. Alveolar margin with alveolar ridge.
k) Coronal suture. 9. Mandibular angle.
l) Parietal eminence. 10. Coronoid process of the mandible.
m) Temporal bone, squamous part (origin of m temporalis). 11. Mandibular Condylar process.
n) Temporal bone, mastoid part. 12. Mandibular notch.
o) Temporal bone, mastoid process. 13. Pyriform aperture.
p) Mastoid notch or groove. 14. Anterior nasal spine.
q) External auditory meatus. 15. Fossa for the lacrymal sac.
r) Zygomatic arch (zygomatic process of the temporal bone) 16. Squamous suture.
(origin of mm.masseter and attrahens auriculae and 17. Mastoid suture.
temporozygomatic suture). 18. Transverse suture.
s) Zygomatic bone, temporal process.
t) Zygomatic bone, frontal process (frontozygomatic suture).
u) Zygomatic bone, maxillary process.
v) Zygomaticoorbital foramen (passage for zygomaticofacial
nerve of the cheek).
w) Maxilla bone, zygomatic process.
x) Maxillary depression (origin of the m. levator anguli oris).
y) Infraorbital foramen.
z) Maxillary tuberosity.
 F. Lacrymal bone.
G. Sphenoid bone.

a) Fossa for lacrymal sac.

b) Infraorbital foramen.
c) Ethmoidal foramen.
e) Maxillary sinus (antrum of Highmore).
f) Pterygoid process.
g) Pterygopalatine canal.
h) Pterygopalatine foramen.
i) Orbital process, palatine bone.
k) Sphenoid process, palatine bone.
l) Orbital part of the frontal bone.
m) Anterior clinoid process.
n) Sella turcica.
o) Optic foramen.
p) Posterior clinoid process.
q) Carotid canal.
r) Lingula.
s) Pterygoid canal (Vidian canal).
t) Styloid process.

A. Frontal bone.
B. Nasal bone
C. Maxillary bone.
D. Palatine bone (perpendicular part; pterygopalatine fossa).
E. Ethmoidal bone (lamina papyracea).
 I) Frontal process (nasalis of the maxillary bone).
K) Nasal bone.

a) Frontal sinus.
b) Ethmoidal sinus.
c) Sphenoidal sinus.
d) Superior concha, highest turbinate bone.
e) Middle concha, middle turbinate bone.
f) Pterygopalatine foramen, in the perpendicular part of the
palatine bone.
g) Pterygoid process, medial wing.
h) Pterygoid process, lateral wing.
i) Lacrymal canal, exit.
k) Incisive canal (for the passage of the nasopalatine artey,
vein, and nerve).
l) Sulcus for the external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoid
nerve.

A) Frontal bone, frontal part.

B) Sphenoid bone, body.
C) Pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.
D) Palatine bone, perpendicular part.
E) Palatine bone, horizontal part.
F) Maxillary bone, palatine process.
G) Inferior concha, inferior turbinate bone.
H) Nasal lamina, ethmoid labyrinth.
A) Lamina cribrosa (horizontalis).
B) Ethmoidal, labryinth.
C) Lamina perpendicularis.

a) Crista galli.
b) Winged processes.
c) Foramina cribrosa.
d) Lamina papyracea.
Bones of the upper limb. their digital surfaces

1. The left clavicle from the front and above. The left clavicle from the front and
2. The left clavicle, showing its inferior and posterior
surface. above.
3. The left scapula, from its posterior or outer surface.
4. The left scapula seen from anterior face or the medial
side.
5. The left scapula seen from the front and outside.
6. The left humerus (os brachii), is seen from the posterior
or dorsal surface.
7. The left humerus seen from the front or volar (palmar)
side.
8. The left ulna seen from behind or from its dorsal
surface.
9. The left ulna seen from the volar surface.
10. The left radius seen from the volar surface.
11. The left radius seen from its outer side or dorsum. a) Body or diaphysis.
12. The bones of the right hand and their assemblage seen b) Sternal or medial end (thick, triangular and lies in the
from the dorsal surface. clavicular notches of the manubrium sterni; origin of
13. Carpal and metacarpal bones seen from the posterior or mm pectoralis major and sternocleidomastoideus).
dorsal surface. c) Acromial or scapular end (flat and broad, united with
14. The bones of the left carpus and hand viewed from the the acromion scapulae; Insertion of mm triangularis and
palmar or volar side. deltoideus.
15. The bones of the left carpus (upper row) seen from their d) Superficial articular end to be joined to the acromion.
volar surface.
16. The bones of the left carpus (lower row) seen from the
metacarpal surface.
17. The upper row of carpal bones seen from their distal or
digitial surfaces.
18. The lower row of carpal bones of the left hand from
The left clavicle, showing its inferior The left scapula, from its posterior or
and posterior surface. outer surface.

a) Body, with a rough line for the m subclavius.

b) Sternal end with articular surface.
c) Conoid tubercle.
d) Impression of the costoclavicular ligament.
e) Acromial articular surface.

a) Supraspinous fossa (origin for the supraspinous muscle).

b) Infraspinous fossa (origin for the infraspinous muscle).
c) Scapular spine with its superior and inferior lip (insertion for
mm trapezius and deltoideus). The left scapula seen from anterior face
d) Acromion (insertion for mm trapezius and deltoideus).
e) Glenoid surface (acromial clavicular extremity). or the medial side.
f) Coracoid process (insertion for ligaments trapezoideum,
conoidium, and coraco-acromial; mm pectoralis minor,
coracobrachialis, and short head of biceps brachii).
g) Scapular notch (ligamentum transversum forms a
foramenfor the suprascapular artery and vein and suprascapular
nerve).
h) Superior margin, upper edge (origin for m omohyoideus).
i) Superior angle (insertion for m levator [anguli] scapulae).
k) Posterior scapular margin, with lateral and medial lip
(insertion for mm rhomboideus minor and levator scapulae).
l) Inferior angle (occasional origin of latissimus dorsi).
m) Lateral margin (origin for mm teres major and minor and
triceps).
n) Scapular condyle s. anterior angle.
o) Neck with the notch of the scapular neck.
p) Glenoid cavity, for the humeral head.
a) Subscapular fossa (origin for m subscapularis). The left scapula seen from the front
b) Articular capsule.
c) Glenoid cavity (for the head of the humerus). and outside.
d) Glenoid lip (origin for glenohumeral ligament).
e) Acromion.
f) Surface for the acromial extremity.
g) Coracoid process (coracoid-acromial ligament)
h) Scapular notch.
i) Superior margin.
k) Superior angle.
l) Lateral border.
m) Inferior angle.
n) Medial border.
o) Tuberosity (for the origin of the long head of the triceps
muscle).
a) Glenoid cavity (for the head of the humerus). The left humerus (os brachii), is seen
b) Glenoid lip.
c) Lateral border. from the posterior or dorsal surface.
d) Inferior angle.
e) Scapular spine.
f) Acromion.
g) Supraspinous fossa.
h) Superior angle.
i) Coracoid process.
k) Tuberosity, for the long head of m. biceps brachii (neck of
scapula).
l) Subscapular fossa.
a) Head of the humerus. The left humerus seen from the front or
b) Greater tubercle of humerus.
c) Neck of the humerus (insertion of capsular ligament). volar (palmar) side.
d) Body of the humerus, diaphysis.
e) Groove for radial nerve.
f) Margin of medial angle (origin for m. triceps, medial head).
g) Medial condyle (flexor) (with groove for ulnar nerve and
origin for mm pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris,
palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis and ligament
laterale internum).
h) Lateral condyle (extensor) (origin for mm triceps, lateral
head, supinator longus and brevis, extensor carpi radialis and
brevis, extensors digitorum and for ligament laterale
externum).
i) Trochlea of humerus.
k) Olecranon fossa.
a) Humeral head. The left ulna seen from behind or from
b) Humeral neck.
c) Greater tubercle (insertion for mm supra- and infraspinatus its dorsal surface.
and teres minor).
d) Lesser tubercle (insertion for m subcapsularis).
e) Intertubercular sulcus (passage for tendon for long head of
biceps).
f) Crest of the lesser tubercle (insertion mm teres major,
lattisimus dorsi, and coracobrachialis).
g) Crest of the greater tubercle (insertion for mm deltoideus
and pectoralis major.
h) Body, diaphysis of humerus (origin for m brachialis).
i) Medial margin.
k) Insertion of muscle brachioradialis.
l) Medial epicondyle (origin of mm flexores and m palmaris
longus).
m) Lateral epicondyle.
n) Humeral elbow joint.
o) Trochlea of humerus.
p) Trochlear groove.
q) Capitulum.
r) Radial fossa.

a) Olecranon.
b) Coronoid process.
c) Olecranon fossa.
d) Body of ulna (site of origin of extensor indicis).
e) Medial angle (site of origin of extensor pollicis longus).
f) Lateral angle (site of origin of flexor pollicis longus).
g) Capitulum, head of ulna.
h) Styloid process.
The left ulna seen from the volar f) Ulnar head.
g) Styloid proces
surface.
The left radius seen from the volar
surface.

a) Olecranon.
b) Coronoid process.
c) Trochlear notch.
d) Radial notch (for the radial capitulum).
e) Body.
a) Head of the radius. The left radius seen from its outer side
b) Glenoid cavity.
c) Circumferential articular surface. or dorsum.
d) Neck of radius.
e) Radial tuberosity (insertion site of m biceps brachii).
f) Body of the radius.
g) Distal extremity of the radius.
h) Styloid process of radius.
i) Ulnar notch.
k) Distal glenoid cavity.
l) Radial crest.

a) Capitulum of radius.
b) Circumferential articular surface.
c) Neck of radius.
d) Body of radius.
e) Radial crest.
f) Distal radial extremity.
g) Styloid process, depression for mm abductor longus and
extensor pollicis brevis. The bones of the right hand and their
h) Ulnar notch.
i) glenoid notch. assemblage seen from the dorsal
surface.
A) Carpal bones. Carpal and metacarpal bones seen
B) metacarpal bones
C) Phalanges. from the posterior or dorsal surface.
a) Os Scaphoid.
b) Os Lunate.
c) Os Triquetrum.
d) Os Trapezium.
e) Os Trapezoid.
f) Os Capitate.
g) Os Hamate.
h) Os metacarpal (pollicis).
i) Os metacarpal (indicis).
k) Os metacarpal (middle).
l) Os metacarpal (ring).
m) Os metacarpal (digiti minimi) quintum.
n) Os Metacarpal, distal end.
o) Os Metacarpal bones, proximal ends.
p) Os phalangi I, pollicis.
q) Os phalangi II, pollicis.
r) Ossa phalangium I.
s) Ossa phalangium II.
t) Ossa phalangium III.
a) Os scaphoid. The bones of the left carpus and hand
b) Os Lunate.
c) Os Triquetrum. viewed from the palmar or volar side.
d) Os Pisiform.
e) Os Trapezium.
f) Os Trapezoid.
g) Os Capitate.
h) Os Hamate.
i) Ossa metacarpi.
k) Ossa metacarpi, bases.
l) Ossa metacarpi, heads.
m) Ossa Sesamoids.
a) Os scaphoid.
b) Os Lunate.
c) Os Triquetrum.
d) Os Pisiform.
The bones of the left carpus (upper
e) Os Trapezium. row) seen from their volar surface.
f) Os Trapezoid.
g) Os Capitate.
h) Os Hamate.
i) Os Hamate, hamulus or hook of.
k) Ossa metacarpi.
l) Ossa metacarpi, bases.
m) Ossa metacarpi, heads.

a) Os Scaphoid.
b) Os Lunate.
c) Os triquetrum.
d) Os Pisiform.
e) Os Trapezium.
f) Os Hamate, hook of.
g) Radial carpal eminence I.
h) Radial carpal eminence II.
i) Ulnar carpal eminence I. The bones of the left carpus (lower
k) Ulnar carpal eminence II.
row) seen from the metacarpal surface.

a) Os Trapezium.
b) Os trapezoid.
c) Os Capitate.
d) Os Hamate.
e) Os Hamate, hook of.
The upper row of carpal bones seen
from their distal or digitial surfaces. The lower row of carpal bones of the
Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, left hand from their digital surfaces.

a) Os Scaphoid.
b) Os Lunate.
c) Os Triquetrum.
a) Os Trapezium.
d) Os Pisiform.
b) Oz Trapezoid.
c) Os Capitate.
d) Os Hamate.
e) Os Hamate, hook of.
f). Os Pisiform.
Bones of the lower limb.

1. The left femur (os femoris)

from its anterior (volar) surface.
2. The left femur (os femoris)
from its posterior or dorsal
surface.
3. The left patella from the volar
or anterior surface.
4. The left patellar inner or
posterior surface.
5. The left tibia seen from the
anterior or volar surface.
6. Posterior surface of the left
tibia.
7. The left fibula seen from the
posterior or the dorsal surface.
8. The left fibula seen from behind
(or the dorsal surface).
9. The bones of the left foot from
their articular surfaces.
10. The bones of the left foot from
their plantar or ventral surface.
11. The ossa tarsi and metatarsi, of
the left foot, from the ventral or
plantar surface.
12. The tarsal and metatarsal bones
of the left foot from their plantar
and anterior (or sole) surface.
The left femur (os femoris) from its
anterior (volar) surface.
a) Head of the femoral bone (bound to the Acetabulum – an This figure is of the left femur (os
enarthosis).
b) Femoral head fossa for the round ligament. femoris) from its posterior or dorsal
c) Femoral neck. surface.
d) Greater trochanter (insertion site for mm gluteus medius and
minimus, piriformis, gemelli, obturator and quadratus femoris).
e) Lesser trochanter (insertion site for mm psoas major and
internal iliac.
f) Anterior intertrochanteric line (origin for m vastus lateralis).
g) Body (or diaphysis).
h) Lateral femoral condyle (origin for m popliteus and
plantaris).
i) Medial femoral condyle (origin for the medial head of
gastrocnemius).
k) Articular groove for the patella.
a) Head of the femoral bone (bound to the Acetabulum – an
enarthosis).
b) Femoral head fossa for the round ligament.
c) Femoral neck.
The left patella from the volar or
d) Greater trochanter (insertion site for mm gluteus medius and anterior surface.
minimus, piriformis, gemelli, obturator and quadratus femoris).
e) Lesser trochanter (insertion site for mm psoas major and
internal iliac).
f) Posterior intertrochanteric line (insertion for m quadratus
femoris).
g) Upper limb of the linea aspera.
h) Linea aspera (insertion for pecineus, gluteus maximus,
femoral adductors, vasti and adductor brevis).
i) Lower limb of the linea aspera.
k) Femoral body.
l) Popliteal fossa.
m) Lateral condyle.
n) Medial condyle.
o) Intercondylar fossa.

a) Base of the patella.

b) Body.
c) Apex.
d) Medial margin (edge).
e) Lateral margin (edge).

The left tibia seen from the anterior or
volar surface.
a) Medial condyle.
b) Lateral condyle.
c) Medial condylar cavity.
d) Lateral condylar cavity.
e) Intercondylar eminence (insertion for cruciate ligaments).
f) Superfical peroneal glenoid (socket) (for the fibular head).
g) Tibial spine s tuberosity (insertion site for patellar ligament).
h) Tibial body.
i) Tibial crest (sharp anterior edge).
k) Fibular notch (for the lower end of the fibula).
l) Articular fossa for the talus.
m) Medial malleolus (with two rims, one for the tendons of
mm tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus, and the other
for m flexor hallucis longus).
n) Inner (medial) surface (for m extensor digitorum longus,
peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis.
Posterior surface of the left tibia. a)Medial condyle.
b) Lateral condyle.
c) Medial condylar cavity.
d) Lateral condylar cavity.
e) Intercondylar eminence (insertion for cruciate
ligaments).
f) Superfical peroneal glenoid (socket) (for the fibular
head).
g) Oblique line of the tibia (insertion site for mm
popliteus and plantaris and soleus.
h) Body, posterior surface.
i) Medial malleolus.
k) Fibular notch.
l) Groove for mm tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum
longus
The left fibula seen from the posterior
or the dorsal surface.
a) Fibular head.
b) Superficial articular surface (lying adjacent to the lateral
condyle of the tibia).
c) Body (or diaphysis) of fibula.
d) Lateral malleolus (attachment site for tibiofibular
ligaments).
e) Tibial joint surface.
f) Surface of fibula adjacent to the lateral side of the talus.
The left fibula seen from behind (or the condyle of the tibia).
c) Body (or diaphysis) of fibula.
dorsal surface). d) Lateral malleolus (attachment site for tibiofibular
ligaments).
e) Tibial joint surface.
f) Surface of fibula adjacent to the lateral side of the talus.

a) Fibular head.
b) Superficial articular surface (lying adjacent to the lateral
The bones of the left foot from their
articular surfaces.
a) Talus.
b) Calcaneus.
c) Os navicular.
d) Os cuneiform, I.
e) Os cuneiform, II.
f) Os cuneiform, III.
g) Os cuboid.
h) Os metatarsal of the great toe.
i) Ossa metatarsal bones.
k) Os phalanx I, great toe.
l) Os phalanx II, great toe.
m) Ossa phalangum, I.
n) Ossa phalangum, II.
o) Ossa phalangum, III.
The bones of the left foot from their
plantar or ventral surface.
a) Talus.
b) Calcaneus.
c) Os navicular.
d) Os cuneiform, I.
e) Os cuneiform, II.
f) Os cuneiform, III.
g) Os cuboid.
h) Os metatarsal of the great toe.
i) Ossa metatarsal bones.
k) Os phalanx I, great toe.
l) Os phalanx II, great toe.
m) Ossa phalangum, I.
n) Ossa phalangum, II.
o) Ossa phalangum, III.
The ossa tarsi and metatarsi, of the left I) Talus.

foot, from the ventral or plantar a) Body.

surface. b) Neck.
c) Head.
d) Superior condylar surface.

II) Calcaneus.

e) Body
f) Tuberosity
g) Fibular (peroneal) trochlea (anterior process).
h) Posteror talar articular surface.
i) Middle talar articular surface.
k) Lateral articular surface (for the head of the talus).
l) Anterior talar articular surface.

III) Os Navicular

m) Tuberosity of the navicular bone (for the insertion of m

tibialis posterior).

IV) Os cuneiform, I.
V) Os cuneiform, II.
VI) Os cuneiform, III.
VII) Os Cuboid

n) Body of metatarsal bone.

o) Base of cuboid.
p) Head of cuboid.
q) Tuberosity of ossa metatarsi V.
r) Ossa sesamoides of great toe.
The tarsal and metatarsal bones of the I) Talus.

left foot from their plantar and anterior a) Body.

(or sole) surface. b) Neck.
c) Head.
d) Inferior articular surface (for the body of the calcaneus).
e) Anterior articular surface (for the anterior process of the
calcaneus).
f) Superior surface of the trochlea.

II) Calcaneus

g) Peroneal trochlea of calcaneus.

h) Tuberosity of calcaneus.
i) Anterior process of the calcaneus.
k) Anterior cuboidal surface.
l) Sustentacular tali (lateral process).

III) Os Navicular.
IV) Os cuneiform, I.
V) Os cuneiform, II.
VI) Os cuneiform, III.
VII) Os Cuboid.

m) Sulcus of os cuboid (for the tendon of m peroneus longus).

n) Body of metatarsal bone.
o) Base of cuboid.
p) Head of cuboid.
q) Tuberosity of ossa metatarsi V.
r) Ossa sesamoides of great toe.
s) Plantar tubercle of ossis metatarsal of the great toe.
t) Tuberosity of os navicular.
Ligaments of the head, vertebral
column, pelvis, and upper limb.

1. The ligaments of the vertebra, the proximal ends of the

ribs and of the pelvis from their ventral (anterior or
volar) surface.
2. The outer ligament of the right temporomandibular
joint.
3. The medial ligament of the right mandible.
4. and 5.The medial ligaments of the joint of the skull;
through a wedge opening at the back of the skull and
the first and second cervical vertebra, seen from behind
(dorsally).

6. and 7.The ligaments of the thorax seen from the outer

or ventral surface (fig. 6.) and from the inner or dorsal
surface (fig. 7.)

8. and 9.The ligaments of the shoulder joint, seen from the

front and lateral side.

10. and 11.The ligaments of the left elbow joint, seen from
the front and from behind.

12. Ligaments of the dorsal surface of the left hand.

13. Ligaments on the volar side of the left hand.
The ligaments of the vertebra, the
proximal ends of the ribs and of the
pelvis from their ventral (anterior or
volar) surface.
a) Sphenoid bone, body. 5. capsular ligaments, heads of ribs.
b) Temporal bone. 6. medial ligament at neck of the ribs.
c) Atlas, first cervical vertebra. 7. lateral ligament at neck of the ribs.
d) Atlas, transverse process. 8. posterior intercostals ligaments.
e) Axis (epistropheus), second cervical vertebra. 9. lumbocostal ligaments.
f) Seventh cervical vertebra. 10. superior iliolumbar ligaments.
g) First thoracic vertebra. 11. inferior iliolumbar ligaments.
h) Twelfth thoracic vertebra. 12. sacroiliac ligaments.
i) First rib. 13. sacrospinous ligaments.
k) Twelfth rib. 14. anterior sacrococcygeal ligament.
l) First lumbar vertebra. 15. ligaments of the obturator foramen.
m) Fifth lumbar vertebra. 16. femoral capsular ligament.
n) Sacral bone. 17. zone of orbicular ligament.
o) Coccygeal bones. 18. iliofemoral ligament.
p) Iliac bone. 19. bursa for m internal iliac.
q) Iliac crest. 20. pubic bone, arcuate bone.
r) Anterior superor iliac spine. 21. pubic bone, annular ligament.
s) Anterior inferior iliac spine.
t) Pubic bone, horizontal ramus.
u) Pubic bone, descending ramus.
v) Pubic symphysis.
w) Ischium bone, ascending ramus.
x) Ischium bone, tuberosities.
y Ischium bone, descending ramus.
z) Femoral bone (femur).

SeePlate 3 for details of the bones of the pelvis

1. anterior longitudinal ligament.

2. anterior atlantooccipital membrane and atlantooccipital
articular membrane.
3. ligaments and intervertebral disks.
4. intertransverse ligaments.
The outer ligament of the right
temporomandibular joint.
a) Temporal bone.
b) External auditory meatus.
c) Zygomatic arch.
d) Mandibular ramus.
e) Mandibular condylar process.
f) Mandibular coronoid process.
g) Mandibular angle.
h) Styloid process.
1. capsular ligament.
2. lateral ligament.
3. stylomandibular ligament.
4. stylohyoid ligament.
The medial ligament of the right d) Mandibular ramus.
e) Mandibular condyle.
mandible. f) Mandibular angle.

1. articular ligament.
2. pterygomandibular ligament.

a) Temporal bone.
b) Sphenoid bone.
c) Pterygoid process.
The medial ligaments of the joint of the
skull; through a wedge opening at the
back of the skull and the first and
second cervical vertebra, seen from
behind (dorsally).

a) Occipital bone.
b) Atlas.
c) Second cervical vertebra.
d) Odontoid process.

1. posterior longitudinal ligament.

2. tectorial membrane.
3. cruciform ligament.
4. transverse ligament.
5. cruciform ligament, superior vertical.
6. cruciform ligament, inferior horizontal.
7. inferior lateral ligament of odontoid process.
8. superior lateral ligaments of odontoid process (s. alar s. The ligaments of the thorax seen from
Maucharti, s. check ligament).
9. capsular ligament of the head with atlas. the outer or ventral surface (Figure 6)
10. ligament transversali. and from the inner or dorsal
11. accessory band of the atlantoaxial capsule.
12. apical dental ligament.

surfac e
 f) Seventh rib.
g) Eighth rib, first false rib.

1. interclavicular ligament.
2. medial clavicular capsular ligament.
3. rhomboid ligament.
4. interchondral ligament.
5. anterior sternal membrane.
6. posterior sternal membrane.
7. radiate sternocostal ligament (anterior and posterior).
8. costoxiphoid ligament (anterior and posterior).

a) Sternoclavicular portion.
b) Manubrium sterni.
c) Corpus sterni or body.
d) Ensiform (xiphoid) process.
e) First rib.
The ligaments of the shoulder joint,
seen from the front and lateral side.

a) Acromial part of the clavicle.

b) Acromion.
c) Scapula.
d) Coracoid process.
e) Scapular glenoid cavity.
f) Scapular spine.
g) Humerus.
h) Humeral, head.
i) Greater tubercle.

1. acromialclavicular ligament.
2. lateral clavicular capsular ligament.
3. trapezoid ligament (coracoclavicular ligament).
4. conoid ligament (coracoclavicular ligament).
5. coracoacromial ligament.
6. transverse scapular ligament. The ligaments of the left elbow joint,
7. capsulat ligament of the humerus.
8. tendon of the long head of m biceps brachii. seen from the front and from behind.
9. glenoid ligament.
a) Humerus.
b) Humerus, lateral condyle.
c) Humerus, medial condyle.
d) Cubital trochlear process.
Ligaments of the dorsal surface of the
e) Radius. left hand.
f) Radius, neck.
g) Radius, head.
h) Radial tuberosity.
i) Ulna.
k) Olecranon.

1. articular capsule.
2. humeroradial ligament.
3. humeroulnar.
4. annular ligament of the radius.
5. oblique cord.
6. interosseous membrane, cubital end.
a) Distal end of the radius. Ligaments on the volar side of the left
b) Distal end of the ulna.
c) Radial styloid process. hand.
d) Ulnar styloid process.
e) Scaphoid (carpal) bone.
f) Lunate (carpal) bone.
g) Triquetrum (carpal) bone.
h) Trapezium (carpal) bone.
i) Trapezoideum (carpal) bone.
k) Capitate (carpal) bone.
l) Hamate (carpal) bone.

1. interosseous membrane.
2. ulnar collateral ligament.
3. radial collateral ligament.
4. dorsal radiocarpal ligament.
5. superficial dorsal ligament.
6. deep dorsal carpal ligament.
7. ulnar carpal or dorsal metacarpal ligaments.
8. proper carpal ligaments.
9. dorsal carpal (metacarpal) ligaments.
10. dorsal metacarpal ligaments.
11. dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments lateralis.
12. dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments medialis.

a) Distal end of the radius.

b) Distal end of the ulna.
c) Radial styloid process.
d) Ulnar styloid process.
e) Scaphoid (carpal) bone.
f) Lunate (carpal) bone.
g) Triquetrum (carpal) bone.
h) Trapezium (carpal) bone.
i) Trapezoideum (carpal) bone.
k) Capitate (carpal) bone.
l) Hamate (carpal) bone.
m) Hamulus of the hamate (carpal) bone.
n) Pisiform (carpal) bone.
1. interosseous membrane.
2. volar oblique fibrous ligament.
3. volar straight fibrous ligament.
4. palmar radiocarpal ligament.
5. palmar ulnocarpal ligament.
6. ulnartriquetral ligament.
7. volar proper carpal bone ligaments.
8. volar ligaments of carpal and metacarpal bones.
9. palmar carpometacarpal and metacarpal ligaments.
10. capsular ligaments of metacarpal bones.
11. lateral volar metacarpal ligaments.
medial volar metacarpal ligaments.
Ligaments of the vertebral column,
pelvis, and lower limb.
1. Ligaments of the upper cervical vertebra, seen from
behind. The cervical vertebral foramen is opened
revealing the spinal canal.
2. Ligaments of the lower part of the spine, and of the
pelvis with the head of the femur, seen from behind
(dorsally).
3. The left knee joint with its superficial ligaments.
4. The left knee, seen opened from the front.
5. The left knee joint, opened from behind.
6. Ligaments of plantar surface of the left foot.
7. Left foot, seen from the medial side.
8. The left foot, seen from the lateral side.
Ligaments of the upper cervical
vertebra, seen from behind. The
cervical vertebral foramen is opened
revealing the spinal canal.
a) Occipital bone.
b) Mastoid process.
c) Fossa for the medulla oblongata.
d) Atlas, first cervical vertebra.
e) Atlas, transverse process.
f) Second cervical vertebra.
g – l) Third to seventh cervical vertebra.
m – p) First to fourth thoracic vertebra.
q – t) First to fourth ribs, proximal end.
1. posterior longitudinal ligament, origin.
2. ligamentous apparatus.
3. accessory capsular ligaments of head of atlas.
4. apical supraspinal (interspinous) ligaments.
5. superior supraspinal costotransverse ligaments (medial
and lateral).
6. lateral and superior costotransverse ligaments.
Ligaments of the lower part of the a - c) Tenth to twelfth thoracic vertebra.
d – h) First to fifth lumbar vertebra.
spine, and of the pelvis with the head of i – l) Tenth to twelfth ribs (proximal end).
the femur, seen from behind (dorsally). m) Sacrum.
n) Sacral hiatus.
o) Coccyx.
p) Iliac bone.
q) Ischium.
r) Pubis.
s) Femur.

Details of the pelvic bones,

1. apical (supraspinal, interspinous) ligament.

2. posterior intercostals ligaments.
3. lumbocostal ligaments.
4. superior costotransverse ligaments.
5. intertransverse ligaments.
6. superior iliolumbar ligament.
7. inferior iliolumbar ligaments.
8. long iliosacral ligament (cut on the right side).
9. short iliosacral ligament.
10. inferior iliosacral ligament.
11. dorsal sacroiliac ligament.
12. posterior sacrococcygeal ligament.
13. sacrotuberous ligament.
14. sacrospinous ligament.
15. obturator ligament.
16. ligament of pubic arch.
17. ligaments of femoral capsule.
18. zonaorbicularis ligament (ligament of femoral capsule).
19. iliofemoral ligament (ligament of femoral capsule).
20. sacrotuberal ligament, falciform process.
The left knee joint with its superficial
ligaments.
a) Femur (femoral bone).
b) Medial femoral condyle.
c) Patella.
d) Tibia.
e) Tibial tuberosity.
f) Common extensor tendon of the leg.
1. patellar (middle) ligament.
2. patellar (medial) ligament.
3. tibial collateral ligament.
capsular ligament of the knee.

The left knee, seen opened from the
front.
a) Femur (femoral bone).
b) Medial femoral condyle.
c) Lateral femoral condyle.
d) Articular fossa for patella.
e) Tibia.
f) Medial tibial condyle.
g) Lateral tibial condyle.
h) Tibial tuberosity.
i) Fibula.
k) Fibula, head.
l) Intercondyle eminence.
1. lateral semilunar cartilage (meniscus).
2. medial semilunar cartilage (meniscus).
3. anterior cruciate ligament.
4. posterior cruciate ligament.
5. tibial collateral ligament.
6. head of fibula, capsular ligament.
7. Interosseous ligament of leg.
The left knee joint, opened from
behind.
a) Femur (femoral bone).
b) Medial femoral condyle.
c) Lateral femoral condyle.
d) Intercondylar fossa.
e) Tibia.
f) Lateral condyle of tibia.
g) Medial condyle of tibia.
h) Fibula.
i) Fibula, head.
1. lateral semilunar cartilage (meniscus).
2. medial semilunar cartilage (meniscus).
3. anterior cruciate ligament.
4. posterior cruciate ligament.
5. tibial collateral ligament.
6. head of fibula, capsular ligament.
7. Interosseous ligament of leg.
Ligaments of plantar surface of the left
foot.
a) Calcaneus, body.
b) Calcaneus, tuberosity.
c) Calcaneus, anterior process.
d) Talus.
e) Navicular bone.
f) Navicular bone, tuberosity.
g) Cuneiform bone, I.
h) Cuneiform bone, II.
i) Cuneiform bone, III.
k) Cuboid bone.
l) Plantar tuberosity of metatarsal of great toe.
m) Metatarsal V bone, tuberosity.
n) Metatarsal bones.
o) Metatarsal bones, heads.
1. talocalcaneal ligament.
2. plantar calcaneocuboidal ligament.
3. plantar calcaneonavicular ligament.
4. plantar cuboideonavicular ligaments.
5. plantar navicularcuneiform ligaments.
6. plantar cuboideocuneiform ligaments.
7. plantar intercuneiform ligaments.
8. plantar cuboideometatarsal.
9. plantar and dorsal cuneometatarsal ligament of great toe
(hallux).
10. plantar ligaments of the base of metatarsal bones.
11. plantar cuboideometatarsal ligaments.
12. ligaments of the heads of metatarsal bones.
13. cartilagenous groove of the phalanx for flexor tendon.
14. medial transverse ligaments of toes.
15. lateral transverse ligaments of toes.
16. cruciate ligaments.
17. intersesamoid ligaments.
Left foot, seen from the medial side. l) Cuneiform bone, II.
m) Metatarsal (of great toe) bone.
n) Base of metatarsal I bone.
o) Head of metatarsal I bone.
p) Hallux (great toe), phalanx I bone.
q) Hallux (great toe), phalanx II bone.
r) Second toe.

1. deltoid (medial) ligament.

2. posterior talofibular ligament.
3. posterior talocalcaneous ligament.
4. plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (4 and 6 combined
named bifurcate ligament).
5. dorsal talonavicular ligament.
6. calcaneonavicular ligament.
7. lateral cuneonavicular ligament.
8. dorsal cuneonavicular (cuneiform I) ligament.
9. cuneonavicular (cuneiform II) ligament.
10. dorsal intercuneiform ligament.
11. dorsal ligament of base of metatarsal of hallux (great
toe).
12. plantar ligament of base of metatarsal of hallux (great
toe).
a) Tibia. 13. lateral collateral ligaments of phalanges.
b) Fibula.
c) Medial malleolus.
d) Talus.
e) Calcaneous.
f) Calcaneous, tuberosity.
g) Sustentaculum tali.
h) Cuboid bone.
i) Navicular bone.
k) Cuneiform bone, I.
The left foot, seen from the lateral side. i) Navicular bone.
k) Cuneiform, II bone.
l) Cuneiform, III bone.
Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi,
m) Cuneiform, I bone.
n) Tuberosity of metatarsal V.

1. interosseous ligament of leg.

2. posterior tibiofibular ligament.
3. superior anterior tibiofibular ligament.
4. inferior anterior tibiofibular ligament.
5. middle calcaneofibular ligament.
6. posterior calcaneofibular ligament.
7. anterior calcaneofibular ligament.
8. tarsal ligamentous ligament.
9. dorsal calcuneocuboid ligament.
10. plantar calcaneocuboid ligament.
11. dorsal calcaneonavicular ligament.
12. dorsal talonavicular ligament.
13. dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament.
14. dorsal navicularcuneiform III ligament.
15. dorsal navicularcuneiform II ligament.
16. dorsal intercuneiform ligaments.
17. dorsal cuboideometatarseum V ligaments.
18. dorsal tarsal – and metatarsal interosseous ligaments.
19. dorsal ligaments of the metatarsal base.
a) Fibula. 20. lateral collateral ligaments of phalanges
b) Tibia.
c) Lateral malleolus.
d) Calcaneous, body.
e) Calcaneous, tuberosity.
f) Calcaneous, anterior process.
g) Cuboid.
h) Talus.