Australian Standard 1170, Part 2 -1975 SAA LOADING CODE PART 2 — WIND FORCES METRIC UNITS ision of Builds Research F Soppy Associaton of Australia of Engincers, Aveta Maer Buders Federation of Australia Nato Asoiation of Autrakan State Road Autores Rasiays of Australia Commitee Royal Ausra Inuit of Architects State Departments of Works Univesies “This standard, prepared by Commiuee BD/S, Loading on Structures, was prc aba oh Cone ee Star Raton f Aun 00 20 Seteiher 1975, and was publcbed on 7 Noverber 1975 “Tate ele an ltended 0 tablish the mini intensity of loading to be ed in the selctual design of buiings and stosturesasocted with Bldings but canoe purport Co compra he necessary povsins of «contact, of progress in industry, Austaan stands are realy for improves to published randads,adérsed tothe Bead ie oe Asin, are nekoPETER SHAW AUSTRALIAN. STANDARD RULES FOR MINIMUM DESIGN: LOADS ON STRUCTURES | known as the SAA LOADING CODE Part 2 — WIND FORCES AS 1170, Part 2— 1975 PURLISHED BY THE STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA STANDARDS HOUSE, 80 ARTHUR ST, NORTH SYDNEY (Copyright)AS 11, Pat 2095 2 PREFACE “This Part of the SAA. Loating Code ig a revision of AS_1170, Part 21973, Jind was prepared bythe Avsosisons Commits on Loodig on Stoture, ‘The changes made ig this revision came about partly at a rex of study ofthe este ofthe Dura eons of December 1974 and par from a6konal ‘ow Gat made avalabe trough conauing research programs “The commits continues 1 be aware tat as more data becomes valle the conta the code mis Re tevewsd. updated and hangs “The code inclods, a an apnea, notes ia the form of extracts from a paper preseted Asso. Drofrtor BJ. Vickery ata conference held In yay ih {57S Tels cophasized that thse noes ae for information ely ado bot fom pat of the oles Acknowledgnent is made fo, Asso. Profesor Vickery and Profesor HJ, Cowan Head ofthe Sco of Afctcctral Science, Une of Shey for permision to reprogece these extracts Tom th petPETER sHaw : AS 117, Pa 23995 CONTENTS cove Pose 1 scope 4 2 Appltion 4 3 Notation 3 4 4 Design Wind Veociy : 5 5 Mean Return Period 5 Geographical Location: Qteriniton of Replonal Basis Dei Wind Veo Ca = Boos 7 Terrain Categories 7H General . 8 12 Categorie 5 13 Teta Capos in Relation 6 Diecton of Wind 5 1 Changes in Tern Cueporie 8 75 Local Topographictl Efets 8 4 Shielding and Expore 8 9 Vasaton of Deen Velsty With Height and Tern 8 10. Wind Presure and Forces 10.1 Conversion of Veloty to Dynamic Pressure 10 102. Galelton of Surface Presue and Fores 10 103 Allowable Redostone of Wind Fores 10 HL Dynamic Bes 1 General " 112. Vortex Soding u M3. Gust Eoecy n ‘A. Changes in Tern Categories » 1B Pressure, Drag and Force Coetiins a CPresure Coefcems on Some Special Shapes 3 D. Calelation of Elective Height fr Sacer om or Neat the Bigs fa Seep Rise, Cit, Blt Escarpment, a E_ Calculation of Velocity V for Atemaive Retwn Peis 2 savwex - “ ‘Tantss 1 Mean Retum Peiod ‘ 2 Vales of Regional Base Design Wind Véloties 7 3 Fetch/Helght Relaonship ° 4 Variaioa of Design Wind Velocity wih Tena apd Heigke <. 9 5 Reduction Fastore 5 10 rrourss 1 Map of Regional Basic Design Wind Velocies 2 Termin Category 1 5 3 Termin Category 2 . 4) Tenia Chtegory 3 5 Terria Category 4STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA ‘Australian Standard Rules for MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS ON STRUCTURES PART 2— WIND FORCES A SCOPE, This Part of thie standard ste out [Rule forth determin of wind forces to Be wed ‘toca! dein in pea 2 APPLICATION. 24. Mets of Deter of Wa For. spit hiad eso sce pr of rs {Baio osurned by may of (the aplae Ruls of hs Part ot (0 fea erence wt coment wit Ge else Pr (9 wind wna or iar te topeher with o applicable Rules of this Part; or ad (6) winnaar tts sone 22 Winktumel or Similar Determinations, (@ propely conducted windtunnel tet, or » Bin tess eplving'¢ ther ha a, fe teen Sone on a specie sete oF (0 sfereeas to sch est ona similar site teed, the forces accordingly determined shall te wed etd of those detrmined thro the proviso ‘ie Rules suerwise applica 23, Conduct of Wink aml Tests Windtune to fore proud nt de Eige art shal be conderd propery conducted way (the natal wind has been modeled to take ‘Sioa of win spent hea (6) tes on cured shapes ae conducted with duc ‘Beto the ofr of Reynolds suber. 24 Candas of Tse for Fitting Loads and Presune Te forthe ppore of dering ising lads and pressret sal be conadered Property conducted nf i Rules 23 () and 23 (0) ote and in alditon te nator! nnd har ben oda to aout forthe sean ints of he TBngtdial componente turbulence. 25 Contact of Tete for Dynanle Resa Tee rhe pero of et te mac Conducted only Ral 23 (ah 23 (0) and 26 ee ‘net and in ation the odd led with dus ‘equ to mam eng, sles and damping 3 NOTATION. Unies 2 comyary intention Spr the nin id he Rls sa ae ‘or umber condi to whch a Role is tpl fate of sructre or part of strate, bane ™ (@) when sed in conjunction with aioe Urs. Sotieat "Cy of Coy he po: Jost re nora fo hed cms 0 a wed in enon 2 rh te present = the breadth of strstr o uct mes ‘ena tothe win see Co the dg coon! fora suucture shape a 6, =the lit ofiient for a sructre or shape Gp = pressure coecent Gy. a0 neon coeicent Gx ~ fre coetient for direton ae = fore coeficiet for’ dztion i 4 the depth oe distance to who the plano ‘Sossstton ofa sractr or shape exes oral to the wind steam, ora dame spacing aio 1 — te total wind force exe on a suacture Fo = th efor stg te dso oe A ~The lit force acting at 90 depress to the ‘ection of he wind “= y= fore on baling clement Fo fore ia dicen ,—fowe n'y’ dictionfh = the height ofa strctre 4, =the blab of deopment of a veicey Protle ata detanse x" Gowevind fom ‘ang strain exten fan exponent giving the variation of gst ‘loc wih Hae = the local pres ator 1 = the lnath of a member of «fame m= 4 seltng factor svng the reduced value ft wind foes on a eward fem ring ftom the shiiog fet of a windward fame’ ‘i = freuen (te) =the wind preset hich = © th bene den il ely a Fgh above te ground ‘Ra = an supectrtio conection factor Ry ~ an aa reduction ctor 1 the rai at the comes ofa srt o¢ Ste Stoutal number (& non-dimensional ‘etic =the repanal basic design wind velocity ‘P,=the mean hourly velocity at gradient beiht Vz the design wind veloc at ih = Y, = the mean hourly velit a ht = “the distance dowawvind fom a change a ‘erin category 2 =a hight or eistance above the ground 2¢=hwigt of gait wind einen nnd elo Wi hep oe Nore Nince he omen, ars, 4 DESIGN wiND vELocrTY. ree Te eed ay ‘the Rules of this Part " 42, Derivation. The design wind velit ¥ sh be pif, Ne Soper repeal ‘be ign wind teocty Vedula Sach () mean return periods (@) sosraphical ction (Gi) train extegry, (i) shelding and (9) beiht above ground (AS 1178, Pat 2908 443 Minimum Veociy. For bugs designed {ge stcar return period the den wind nly Veal bs wen a Sot less tats 27m § MEAN RETURN PERIOD. A. tsi basic dole naa ey ping mn id ‘ear shall be uel forse, aenth 9 sabe Sataons for all arumures atptas se out able or 3 seled for parbesar scent) 6 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: DETERMIN. THOS GF REGIONAL ASIC DESIGN WIND 61 Wiad Veloty Devemintion. The reiona ‘sie deen wind vloty tal temps fo 'tutue accorging to eogrphi octon, 62 Patclar Location. The. regional tsi aS int ter sl, eae Fo Table 2'Tor cpa een and cet Inge sousey re at oan the map in Fig foro ses Rroriken athe tte om’ oS deatiog Se ee 63. Cycole Areas (2) The resloal tae design wind velocities {ven Table 2 and Fit shal be mls Bled by 115 foreylnesea Cb) For the purpose Rules he een Thai'be ten tobe tp boas Oy all the” comin” north of latade 27°S°and eine ind fo dans of $0 km rom the oa, SP bra wees iahee See ore ema ot de ateAs 11m, Pet ms ‘ (MEAN RETURN PERIOD en eee Nee it Seer rein se mo WH a pe a i ls = Sasi on ding snaraon pean ce mwa aaaberon eNO) |S ener tong ne oe fon em | clea eet nase eee | LSS Ses: | 2 mane ee fe ie A Sar! Sener eee a eat et | find Sand Rise = Fo 9 = 1-09 = S34 me (0 or eso as ee aed when estan 5 yeas fess have ben uel 172) | Sea nether ot Saget mie ctr ps hen Ri te ae mer es ee a a ton ef ea i wot ee wind ts to 8 ‘Trap Coe Ara (ts fle), oot mated | nT 3 win Eocene ei oriraw es ies Tey a tals Slat | reso 388 Herpes Maras sown by he et nT ‘Mee tf ae pale wa er eran7 AS 11m, pa 2995 ‘TAMLE 2 VALUES OF REGIONAL BASIC DESIGN WIND VELOCHTIES (ns) HOR MAJOR CENIRES FOR VARIOUS RETURN PERIOI ‘acy i ort pt 3 | a5 | 2m | | Ametey Apr seman cl ay ab coma B | | 8 | | tpueanmenne persis nhs Fay ble Pace 3 | as | | S| stotme itn ee yer ih mina ow Cas Genidon x | 2 | | © [ranyminterend ola]a ls sta Bo) @ | a | 46 | peyton Poh nim |e sone, 3 | at | | a | Rima Ap ramon wns be | |e | | poner a las (aml a ie i fo Rel toe sere Note7 TERRAIN CATEGORIES, 7A. Genera, tectincatezory sal be doors to dost chratensor of the race egies tan are which are from natu or consracted featur the eteprcs beng abana numbers in Incr ede of rugs Slton of eens sal hs mae. with SEE he tas oops: Now: Fi 2 3d oy nt ar 12 Cate, Tenrin_ in. which 2 specie sins sind shall be ane pr Beng af ne oF {he follwing ctor Category 1—Exponed open tein with fe" or no ‘Stlone ann wih the average let of any ‘Sets suroundng te stotore ew than "3m Yeona fim Sop Ze 2 EM CCutogory 2 Open train with el settee obsru- ‘ons hving hegts peer 1-3 to 10 eee rl oie outa cos St Sera Ss SSE, Category 3—Teran with ueroue closely spaced ‘Stauton having thes of Somes hose ‘Benard acum por sr Sp Siete pate eee Jee snaater fe Sa OMe? 8 Ses Ra pee ar Sc ayy 4 Tein with unos rs ih oy De eS STG 2 Sen i$ wo uty ee eon 13. Taran Categories Relation to Direction ot Wind (@) The erin category wed In the dein of 3 Troe may sary dopending the Cece thon ef the wo ede sonteraton, (6) Where sticiet metorlogil information Iaveable the tai. desi ind velo, ‘aj be vated for specie wind destin. 1A Changes In Ten Catto. Ny me enya en ca ee Nome a gt rege em oe Pikes srreacameere TAAd_Fechteigt reams. ‘The elation ship tiwon the deveined height hy and te fetch InP ow ever each of the four erin eters ‘al akon avn by Table 3. 24 Sct vt coved By Tale, 3 Fog SSG: table 3, fhe sey prot may be (boinc in asus wih (the lv leat rough erin; (©) the method described a Append A. 15. Lol Tappa iets Whe the ea sinatin’ Staci heed arte ey wading omc ole EAB ih te ne reed oe in iyo oy en ish ‘Sng serine wna a fon Eine gene Siam nee {SHIELDING AND EXPOSURE. 1. Sheldng, No anal allowance shal aime a lan om et {Sar tian oop ppsaion of Rules ite . 22 | Exgmae, The ts of ape ed by tac at pen term shal be taken ita ‘Seno in ascoanc wih Rule 74 Tneteste in cxponew de to loa topographic “tec shall be consiered set oat in le 73, ipsa in ign tas oh ‘ge of steep fe elif ll or eearpment s feta into accouit in acordance wih Rule 9.2 fad Appendix 9 VARIATION OF DESIGN VELOCITY WITH [MEIGHT AND TERRAIN. 3 Wind Velosity fr Terai Categories The 40:60, 10° KPa © Seivted wat met appropiate fr Ai 102 Calelation of Satie Prose and Feces 1021. Design wind presure, The design wind peste an 2 ha ig Be ot Rruls Oo P= Ge, @ hee Cy a coefcet of presue forth uae "Siined ae dosed Appendices and C 102.2, Forces on complete bullies (0) Te ttl eat, fo sad neung 2's ke simclon of thc of te reset on al sues of the bang (©) These prewures shal be determined by use Pema), ong e preeure Ge Biz, Bo." and Appendix : ii. ks Dresoe shall be appled over the appro rate ae 41023, Fores on bln elements which enlse «asgae, The force n'a bag ent soc ‘alr sof, stl be taken to ete result ofthe sures stg over he external and internal sac EF'tne ment and shall Be determined ty tse of fama = Fy= 39, 6) | where Fy ets normal tthe surface ofthe element al 1A, i ths agen at eight = over which p, ‘pert. | SRiSeRamysre mmc eee aries Poa «) FaGsa, @ wher Fo sth forse inthe dition ofthe wind isthe fore at 9 dress othe irction | ofa Wiad Co is, the drag, costcient forthe body as ‘renin Append Brand is th i cofiient forthe body as given inAppendi B ge Bt set ai ne of ae Felitatndate pease MY 103 Allovable Reactins of Wind Fores 1031 Reduction of wind fores with ees Redtion of ind forest ith tea shall apply 5 {Slows but ool Yo binge in whic alt tbe sce tral dems ave fred toa fopther as 1 nt (a) Simetures under 25 m in height. For ase. {ure unger 35 tm in eight the soul of the wind forces onthe faces normal to the tnd and te rea overturning moment Tutte in accordance wth Rule 102.2 Sail be mulled by the splieabe reduct fon facear (Ra) gen in Table 8. ‘TABLE Su REDUCTION FACTORS FOR BUILDINGS UNDER 25" IN HEIGHT ACCORDING TO ‘BREADTIE ocr) eden feo (R) (0) Sieur Beween 25 and 180 m in height (0 For nse ve 35 bt th 1S m in pe and hala a Wont a rect aio NS thereaant wind fo. Ses he eater ‘22 hall be matted by whe ape: he rection factor (agen io able ‘TABLE 82 REDUCTION FACTORS FOR BUILDINGS BETWEEN 25 AND 180 m IN HEIGHT "ACCORDING TO FRONTAL AREA ‘oe nermiteval euemay b tind b Dg mers "Ses el Se aaa 1 metho of alowing for (Nei ie nh he egy the ao dehod deserved tr Rule 1f3 may led(©) Roots, For a rot, he resale wind forces, Catlte i ascordsnce with Role 1023 ful Tables 2 Ba and Appendix C. shall Be tidy ihe aplle rescton factor (A) piven in Tle ‘TABLE 83 REDUCTION FACTORS FOR ROOFS ACCORDING TO BREADTHE AND DEPTH. Pee reece J ne bere 1032 irnmetal redaction fcr in Train cute (@) For dove portions of a balding tow the Ege fo ie ok te of roanig tidings wah tera of Tran Cae the will fore nthe rears Bes fated in aacordance with there Roles sal Se malupied by 078 (0 the surounding balding ae general in los proumity to the windvd of the oie itn Sa re ot ‘pam om he propose buling by ‘more than twice the veage beg ft Sevouning bugs aed tern of Terrain Category 4 extnds for SEBO vin eed cco {he wind canoe low in a horizontal ght line "beeen the surounding Sliding for moe than 6-4 kin lore Impingng pon the face ofthe bul ‘ber consideration: 0) The average ll of Sttiounding bul rsp 3d rao sa nt ‘pido (0 off biking or clemens onthe root ska balding oF (i eements onthe face of » busing navi font reso es than 100 mor (i aay oon fhe ing at re aoe rere eve of the oo He of he ® « Ssroundy bole ML DYNAMIC EFFECTS, aia a dt su ata i et Seba y meee et tndtate ioe Seeare ehmlas + eas es eo ana 11.2 Vertex Steig. M21 Siener nracares. For a sender struct the shedding Toquncy thal be St il fate Sea. G) saB22, Cor ace, For sts i '$—0-20 for BY, not greater than 7 0:25 for BY, preter than 7. etettingar comettions ‘chine rnp oCenpeced vind vei a 3 Gut Ear. M31 Gover If the pustoertyor gut. factor method wed forthe etrmintion of ths ‘Rrstt respons hen the meshed shall be wed 1S ‘Ssermin veal vind ores Sema pce Ba1132 Ayplcion, The geeneray method nay be used fi dtermsing ind forces om stars ‘ra by thee Res with he folosng exceptions (a) Lon ordain loads () Lead on buldings less than 75 m igh in © Feria Category (Load on blogs fs than 30 mich in © Terai Cuegon © Sakon eens of ie teains ans SS (ow en it erat ou 1133 Mea hourly veloc. The mean hourly sooty Pst hehe» my be deine’ wine Ferma 7=ver(2)F oO ‘where 7 Fe me out sty ah 1 = eal a dg wn tty for Be Feud retura peo and cand’, hae the folowing value ote on ey a pecreeetely x 3 035, © + O36 0 arias Smee ae ist ty ana ap. | (> Raspes BN cat 8 a ae Sear as se ta ALB4_Turbulonce levels, The wind weocty for determining the trbulence level at the oot {evel soc les than mt igh sal by taken ‘being thovesoresponding fo ote 6 ih mow (Bierce MAS Relation oa wiharea, When wing ‘abe Sha not ap a (oh oy of aero reform, Sincere eal Sede Sia» AS 11m, Pa 21095 at or wo ree coy FE TH sana PT vee smootned Siar pe inser a Fig. 1. MAP OF REGIONAL BASIC DESIGN WIND VELOCITIES (m/s) 2 Al lcs town ae fr Oyen tim pr at 2 No 0 min Ten 3. Fp con rene aes Gatsed) shown ere opt 50 hn rtd trom cust eth the ope! Sooreptoe wea # mnmum Geen vescy of 55/8 sh 5 lange scr of Wat haw Tanai Exes 2Fe. 26). Fe 20 TERRAIN CATEGORY | Fig. 6). SEAWARD ASPECT TERRAIN CATEGORY 1Fig 3). CENTRE TERRAIN CATEGORY 2; BACKGROUND TERRAIN CATEGORY 3Fig. 48). TERRAIN CATEGORY 3 For approath dictions tothe tl buling complexFig So). TERRAIN CATEGORY 4 Fig, S(b). TERRAIN CATEGORY 4Fig. 5(¢). TERRAIN CATEGORY 4 (pprasch siection Category 2) Fig. 5(¢), TERRAIN CATEGORY 4AS 17H Pat 299s [APPENDIX A CHANGES IN TERRAIN CATEGORIES (Refer to Rule 7.4) AL LOW TOHIGH NUMBER. Incase of ans {logs om a fo eateeny number (corerpondieg to ‘ow tera rughnes) fon Maher aepey member rior Be ough tin le dtd Ss Blows: (@) Below bight the ylcits stall be te ‘mined lio othe ough fra, (©) Abo height the veces shall be dete Ras arent ths fav roe (oo A2 HIGH TO LOW NUMBER, In cass: ‘Manson rom a ore rough toa es ough ert ‘heels profs shal be determine as flows (0) Abe gt he vee sal be dtr san train mi (aoe 7 > FEAL (6) Below hit, the velocity shal be taken as thetewer a (0) Sat determined ia ascondane with he Jes vough train and (the slit at eight has determined in Falationo the roopher tras ‘eseiy att chunesn ean tga owe 43, MORE HAN ONE. CATEGORY. Torin Areata inl fon to tat deseted in Roles ‘AVand Xz gy fis io te en cei sin DETERMINATION OF VELOCITY PROFILE NEAR A CHANGE IN TERRAIN CATEGORY (555 ROUGH TO MORE ROUGH)AS 117, rae 2998 » eho = Roane ta acme a) nee AW finan ww =| DETERMINATION OF VELOCITY PROFILE NEAR A CHANGE IN TERRAIN CATEGORY (MORE ROUGH TO LESS ROUGH) Fg. A3, DETERMINATION OF DESIGN PROFILE INVOLVING MORE THAN ONE ‘CHANGE IN TERRAIN CATEGORYAPPENDI KB PRESSURE, DRAG AND FORCE COEFFICIENTS [BL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR RECT. ANGULAR. BUILDINGS "AND "ENCLOSED SmRUCTURES. BILL Gener. (G) Te coatcens given in Rules BL2 to BLS eer shall fe deed to be extremes of Wind lading onthe wall and rf surfaces of ‘Mrucures of the for ited in Fig BI) tnd having’ 4/6 ©", subject paragap 6 + (©) The bulging asa whole and the walling and ‘ing clement af such bling or srectares ‘hal Be sesumod tobe subject to the most vere potnble combination of wind force ‘Sota with thee oeficents and, except ‘Nautedin Rul BI Sor where shown there ‘ha forges sal be assumed tobe dr bed uniformly over the surface conered, Sj to parapaph (0 : Wie propery contd nue ts na spe mractare Rave boon cared out Sr wi refrence to oh en on 8 le Strctre "ed, the ores “aoordingy (ier sal be ‘wed Tosead of thse ermine through the provions of these ter. B12 Notation. Sybols wed in Tables BI 10 anor ceangue scree dened im Fig. BI Average Estral Walhgremare Coefiias, ‘The count for caeaating erage eter pal bese ‘sail be as given im Tables BILL and Nom: an a = BLA Avera Exel Pro Root Sra (@) The exe preaes on of sacs ( and Ein pal Se one from Tate Bs Inte avec of ied ie ain, the (© Taal prereset ia‘ke Bsa bs Soma" Seuttaouny wh he ‘irl press so dtr ie pt alee Fig b—_« NOTATION FOR RECTANGULAR STRUCTURES‘TABLE BLA AVERAGE EXTERNAL WALL-PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR BUILDINGS NOT OVER 15 m HIGH THAVING l/s NOT GREATER THAN §, AND OF RECTANGULAR PLAN v0 8 Gata tw i ae ea re Dareeae mamta catiners sane mteecea om ‘TARLE BL AVERAGE EXTERNAL WALLPRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR BUILDINGS OVER 1S m HIGH 'HAVING hb NOT GREATER THAN 5, AND OF RECTANGULAR PLAN =o Perr | ieee "Tiara ars eel be a ala ey ta a ed Mobinil pce fete ced ee £5 Seater nseer ihe =e ns! €or sly ell wean aa AS 117, Pat 2-095 ‘TABLE mz EXTERNAL. PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROOFS (C;) ‘als al wh he le of RE > Ree Sa a SiitA leas ante ker ed atl pears mor'E Sead ob he tee Tot ang 5: ia jeptn ny ad o tain narmevabesr oe er sownAS 117, Pat 2095 BLS Local Presa Factors (@) Where exzralpresares are rept, ll al oot cadsings worse wih thee leas slpportng merers and ings ih the vii of corner dpe and cave a ‘dine by ares Fand'C Fig Bh dl Be gre by aan crane pes gual to the masimaryepaiesoetioent {Chen by Rule BU forma or Role Bt ‘ee Soot malted by the rlean Tos Drsute ctor At aen In Table BS. (©) Where iwaction is posite, thse eters prerer ‘iall be skumed tt ae Eneowly wih she lternal proses ten in Rae Bi ‘TABLE ms LOCAL PRESSURE. FACTORS FOR THE CORNERS Or BUILDINGS AND THE EDGES OF ROOES WHERE EXTERNAL PRESSURES ARE et vacant] peer o |saRRR se } | BLS Internal Prsre. 10 ama re al beet’ yo oviomary te Resim ae eae era | Sry eres et ! SDS cis omen eas Hh (0) Th al res so ein sl te ‘Sunol omen er | si dace we BES aad i) ese a ons sa fe lft pp os (© Their prc rte’ ype ia te Sit cane RRO esi (fA opt mio sab come ‘her open or stoned in detersning the mt Sea tig ie 182 FORCE COEFFICIENTS, NaI Drag Cats for Sad tapes, Dap coef for sold shapes wth asec rato bab srogeen in Tobe Bs i B22_Aspectratio Corctin Faso (Rae Asrct eae sotions fos tape ie Tbe BS) are pier in Table Bs “gS Dest Cokes or Chines ad Tovershe (@) Average drag coetisiens for chimneys and {Sherk turer ae given in Table Bi (©) The dea caaticiet Cp’ 30 determines stall te ied th the los valve gy approprate fhe but © R24 Drag Coc for Cicer The drag coefhc for cil ape sal be decid from Table Bk 2S Drag Cosficets for Low Walls sal ig 2ms (2) For low walls an hourdings ess than 15 m high the pressure darned in scordance swth OLE Tot shall be mated bythe pleas cot gienin "able B. (©) esas tage a ee ‘SRP fe mde for sl ies Bee Saeed Arend a FRc earns ede se ata SOS Be 26 Fore Cooficens for Strctural Shapes (2) The, fore cole for stractual shapes Shui be decraed from Tab (©) De een fr th tad ag tal Foc Members fe eg and endernes, ‘Of the bass that the abated coins Shp or shapes of oni length BS FORCES ON FRAMES, BSL Side Fame Te id fice oh stro supe sce et Sree POR Ar ag es SSE icon sal ee te liao = (SEEEEY aos not xed 0, be taken 10 ee nd es on te ivi Bechet ine Govap Sales bert 1532 Matiple Frames. For strctces comping ‘srs of far ope meso pul ad spe, Jat normale fhe wind the fore onthe ond {od rbuequent frames shall be taken a ie Toad om the indwtrd femelle fam. ele BT, Piped by a sling Tato fm) bined from 19 (mf) oes where Re ~ soli tio of winds frame; tame spacing cet to ent, “Tae depth normal t wind * when e > 12; otherwise fem‘TABLE Bs AVERAGE INTERNAL-PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR BUILDINGS OF [RECTANGULAR PLAN AND OPEN INTERIOR PLAN Tie gete ak aa gees ote sah emai -—— See, Pa agin: cng al hg wk eae rae . Mote So Spent Se wa Se © Delo toed ratte etm te 8) Dominant opening in x roo segment ‘ss Gree tie of ef seme 1g eae ih gnc cm be io te depen 2. Ine come of abe Be ily oft mene yh af pes » Mg etn aS cnt he as Sean ages oak ec “Rapid Gert gar sn tee es er SEM ethiozon stoi ot sa tn a rae oan easAS 1176 Pat 2978 % TABLE Rs DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR SOLID SHAPES OF HIGH ASPECT RATIO [ NOT LESS THAN 4 = ive [Cos] HI Z Le tj rats sch hfe ea aur Sous the en orm ind te SCQF SEAS eli hel ean rr a eed erm Se $38 SN tka Vina Sap NRE ae } | | 1h ig yl hoa dh Rb 12 fr emi (eye ASPECT-RATIO CORRECTIONS FOR TABLE BS om Conn oe | ere ner a may obi ineriation,» AS 11m, Pan 21995 ‘TABLE Br AVERAGE DRAG COEFFICIENTS Co FOR CHIMNEYS AND TOWER-LIKE STRUCTURES. 4, GREATER THAN 7 = = ialrarea ines iF Cher cro scton ough ; } weinmemncimen os | or | os bo I None Cot bem eh eg Ah rot ae rma the ow, Se Re 124AS 11H Pa 2995 ” TABLE ms DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR CIRCULAR SHAPES i i) ‘Sie vation | ‘Deseription of ape ne eotet | =| aoe ; 2) |===||(er= = [| os =p aise “Ql mm | sinsTABLE BS DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR LOW WALLS OR HOARDINGS ‘es than 15 igh) q A a ah i Thee eee]APPENDIX © PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS CL GENERAL. The figs given hein, indate ‘he presure coins 10 be ui i the deen of ‘ome structures fequenyenccuneed Bt to Whi thetoetiieny sen m Append B ay ht 878) 2 MONOSLOPE FREE ROOFS, C21 Awamed Presars, Monosiope fee roa for whieh miu cet pt ender the oa! {eater than oneal ofthe depth the drecion of eB thal in be ne fon Bt ‘Sombinaton af sultant pesures normal he ro 22. Cacicent Maite. The presue dete mined ocordance wh Rul 10.1 sal be mpd it lat ntn att oat mig Cor the dando case sal Be ade for ical feces 2 Rant saesao start (@) For pitched or teuphed tee tol, he lt dein cordance wath Rie FOR SOME SPECIAL SHAPES 1141 shal be muito by he eleant eo. ficients set Out in Fig C2 to C7 inchs ‘The preseures so obtained sal be taken {pygng over wine are, and to ine ‘ries nal te made for loa elects excep. Senta, C4 CURVED ROOFS. For cured ros the Presi determined ty accordance with Rule 10 {si hs opie by te rent caeients a ot ‘ou in Fi Chand the pressures sae shall be ‘ncn in acordanes sth Appi By Rule BL CS MULTIPLESHED ROOFS. For, mulpe- ‘Sea oy he prestre determined a acordane it Rule! shal emuliping hy the relevantcotients Set out in Fig, C3 and the pretureso oad ‘hal be frend in aceordanee wih Appendix, Rules C5 MANSARD (FLAT-TOPPED) ROOFS. For Seanad at topgs) soa the peste dterned o Iprtocordane iy, Rele 1 sll belied by {he rca cosets abet out in Fg. C10, and {he presre soba hl be creas ip Scar nce with Append By Rele BLSFig.Cl, MONOSLOPE FREE ROOFSAS 11, Ps 2908AS 11m Pat 2-095 Fig. C5, TROUGHED FREE ROOFS8 117, Pe 21995 = Fe. TROUGHED FREE ROOFSse Remon 1 ed pe | 2a wind sae 2nd wad Sipe re gets teats Sed oar spe en ear spe hwnd spe - 03 ‘Aten set 03 Sed wind spe v ‘or Fada 07 wt sto be en or wind fr Fig. €9, MULTPLEHEIGHT SHED ROOFAS 118, Pat 2398 sy i 4 aie Sie mena Cott est eee Winker ge 1D [Take api eRe ae eae ent Fg. C0. MANSARD ROOF (FLAT TOPPED)AS 118, Pat 2906 APPENDIX D CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE HEIGHT FOR STRUCTURES ON OR NEAR ‘THE EDGE OF A STEEP RISE, CLIFF, BLUFF. OR ESCARPMENT Di_ PURPOSE. ‘The wind loading onstrates eon ear the edge fan escape or Tl Shey stem cng fa ound evel wih «ope of 9 Oo abe deine y epg te odiod repeal bane denge win locty Fy ‘tc Conse to apiy at hight of 10 Shor the alo ais Cag Vs hall be determined fom ap rial grout dau 2 esalabed a shown a Fig Di such tha where Vics is the sign wind velocity at Hage OPS so) Shee Arial ground datum Tor Cate bury 2s etblished fom Table “The value of & adopted for this determination shallbe te height above the afl ground datum Zeor 100'm, which the ks ‘The derivation of the appropiate dein wind wloctiy Ve for a pareula feta ager apd eights nfiove the fru ground surface sul then ema ing at ern ne wing ely a Reig 10 mn fr Category 2 condone by plage veloc pet tenn Table 2_ NOTATION AND SYMBOLS. '@, the general eel of the ground at the top of| te Sesepment (Gs — the genera lel of he ground atthe bottom ‘ofide cearpment 'y the horizontal dinesion ofthe excarpnent Z_= the aia ground datum from which is mesure height above acta! ground surface. Feo poet ARTIFICIAL GROUND DATUM, Ze Fg. D2 TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION OF FIG. DI ON ACTUAL TERRAIN SECTIONAS 117, rat 9s 2 [APPENDIX E CALCULATION OF VELOCITY V FOR ALTERNATIVE RETURN PERIODS 1 gINDMAL fr my en ey esos BSR UL eon aati oeeus Bele | eet eed Re tees a SSA YM Te rong er mop eee Pie SEO eras 2-1. | ee 3 (= 9196 ‘ofthe Brea of Masorolg aM 16x16 2 CALCULATION OF VELOCITY. If gst Fs peel es her an = sem Uae yay sR ert De a er Sarr ih fete 25 ond from Agree SPA a | smb eo frm Sent ah ee Pee cee as See Race eS Vet Oyo ~ Va) 20... (8) Salata ne Waa a | : Sacre inet ae Fg. E1, WIND VELOCITY ¥_ FOR RETURN PERIOD To AS 11m, Pet 23095 ANNEX NOTES ON WIND FORCES ON TALL BUILDINGS Ercts from a paper presented tthe 1973 Conference on Planning and Desig ‘of Tal Bigs, Ssdney Unversty, by Anocine Profesor Bary J. Vickery, ‘School of Cit Engineering, Univers of Sydney 1 Inodsction ‘edn of wind eto i ag fe ton way Cle Ta of ew notes io dsr the nore ipo pons of £3 ABS beta lg a 1m etn 2 he ein, caf al Wg ae bretly dius. I Secon 3 the problem ‘Siemintg dgn wind speeds for a given ocon iftiemed tnd te ee of Sind data ofer an that rpg SAS 0 i Ucn pre ee et i Sie of wi el Scsion i conermd wih the gas actor aprcach {© the determination of alng-wind loads, we Stton $scrosevnd fade fect atenion, “The (povidone of AS 1170 te cened on alonjwed Eads however focal ings pertcuatyy Sos svn ads ae crcl ins many ccansanes In'Seton $ reference is mae To the we of ‘wind anne a design too and aa espn check 2 Design Criteria Davenport” ha sugested entatve desi citer for tal bligy aed the ae reproduced in Table 1A tose wh the eorepondig eer inherent Inthe provisons of AS 1170 and he provisions of ter Aostion code slated tothe Seg tll Sulliag"Pethape the most "aotable fete ot ‘abe Ai i the absence fom AS-1I70 of doen ‘tra Tor ‘other han oa! or rest Tegromene second fen rth marked dcepaney between the nat of faire signed by Daveapot andthe {hk tha could sonetably Be encoustered Jas {ign based on AS 1170 The sbeace of serviceability itera from the proof AS. 1190 i epretble bu not sur Pring tie ony in recent sears that the question of [ound evel nds and the question of ncepabe Sosbitin Wel hie ced conic td "The cateria sagpesed by Davenport wit respec! to Foon etd tapes seal ak Str pon, rather severe ti fl that the ‘cerrnce ents forward by Davenport woud be ‘pote tng for “using” mova aber than ‘Feri’ motions and that che acceatign el ‘Rint on average, once ia 0 gers sould be no ‘more thin say 20 rater than the perception kel Sich appears to be beimeen O-Seg and 15, The variation i rks of fall shown in Table talks dateting but a dation sbould be made wean the tic ako fare st that which might be Jedoed frm ce eguremens “The rik quoted for AS 1170 apple only to a sure tor Wh alps under fa ca lt ihe re of singe mene whic ar stressed te Signed for wid scion only and Tartherore i gn fea at feat the oad wih a return period of 0 yearn the ‘Soe‘f ll buldings ils normal forthe pinay ‘pomber tobe loaded by dead lo, Noor He lad ‘nd wind loa, an the od factor spit ature by ets om Tall Rulings Crane aay |) Uscomable stecte by DepartAS 11, ra 21978 ind action with the remaining on factors tunity tl te pel a exc of the prsbed mists Feet tha_ applic when wind ie heal od tried by the member Oterhiddea lad factors Tie"to' he te" nina rahe than aera thee hate Sod eee a Sad eed (the most unfavourble wing ietion and that, ey faiive of single member wil tex fare of the setae Anayer by Vihey®) and ‘ya suapest tat ihe wi peed nec to produce lage deformations in yekdng stare fay be 15 pe cent fo 20 por cen restr than tt ‘Eguted o ot pods sem pec oe tion “The oveel ett of thes iden factor Foch hat the wind oped’ neseay to cae the i offal dg ce Sh ee he esi Spe and im auch ete the ta Joel ple posed by Davenport would be approeheds 3 Desgn Wind Speeds The design wind spodsdeined by AS 1170 have been ered from anal mania gus Seeds fReorded ata Height of abowt TO m aad orca invopen county. The observed spelt have bet je fos cmon hgh of 10s Caen 2 fern andthe wind speed comesponding (0 & fen pepo SM year aap te Ee fSelonal dian sped “The espn wind seed at Fights other than 10 mv and inet thoy ops Soumya teen derived from she bse repeal Ege speed ung smo the form % (3) am Y= ot oped at Ish « 2 = rulent eight or boghe at wbich the ind speeds vital independent of ‘ound rogines = an exponen, Values of fe and Kare sesommended forfour see is ores an fe Iremely oper toa pial ey wi © hig but she an pune a ting 10m ay} AAS TO ta tee tales have been edad from the Basie pst dat sing mple model cf stn hese winds and. ot amily tat vaoey fedoced cl rom messed mest jee would {fer ‘comidrabiy "tome elon "Fhe model Moped a AS 150 ls of the fem em Hb x ov. ey ay i which — Y= gust sped at Hight = 7, = mean hourly speed st height = Gy = rms. vale of the Muctuting com: ‘nent of wind speed 1 = 4 peak factor rating the ems. value {oll expat manimum a pio fsbo ovr The baie repoml design speod (23 second gust 1 I'm in catapory 2) ad the mean hourly sped the Same te eben Feed by puting" ¥ = vA0) = Lo FI0) a) a hs of x end fr 25 and ev 01 Yue the gust spect dened by euaions Gay and GAY sate howe dened by sauatin IA) ie Strips ing he ast eed ad Shae SS Pr a wuse (4)! on oe 106 r (E)h event here ig the base region ian apeed and the Salie of and pate gen it Tabi 28 Table 2A. Vales of fe Tea] = % “The adequacy of AS. 1170 wit sepect to the ‘getrminatin ot Sind lads on tal bangs is limi by the Secure with which the nd at the alg ate am fe etd tthe bau Feplona design sed, Te. bythe accuracy of eau fms (SA) and" (@A) and he dt of Tale BA. ‘The models adoped in the deiation of easton: (GGAW"and (GAY are not at all uoresomable tut ‘het ape many tations for whic they wl be ror. The movely are appt to statins where sete Wn carer and ie row Tos ele opesraphie featur aad. wher the ‘nds ve assed wih age ale stone rather ‘han loa! Storms wih sang ermal fest, © ‘handerstorms tomdecs Tae Melboune aes tne Tor whch the anemometer (Essendon) ated {2 ie ‘unform tera snd ein whi thud Sore dot cn acl to antl as tum gos speeds Ia Shey the ty anememeer: re pel sate a alee ote on harp id ital bdings win sfonde metre ‘thie “the mcondsfemomrtet “(Kigetord Sia ‘Report isin am open aren of Im extent nd ouhded ty Realy developed urbon are t,he ‘st and pen way to the South ad he eat" Uitouty fesdmting te tration of wind speed Sh Aig tbat tose tons Bas rene ihk tion fom sts ord dete ‘mining Sse speds in AS 1170 andthe we ol te oie hn fe opt ‘Sou. fs some’ 30 Aa froin yey” abd within fo ‘ofthe Bue Mesos. To ation to te show probleme epmring the angmometn its tome. 50 per cet of anneal mntimum pst in ‘Syne ach are Suto tndertonm ong lle om this bt dscsson might be conde tha pis hei abwe abt 100 ma probably well pra Sie sft ws ih ne ge spon + ‘These ie noel for ations! data to improve heb of design spsde at Height above To moran, Unfortunately tower data Te mojo ies ie ray non exigent snd the eal Ten {erm dua avalible ne other than ground eve that deriv from baloon‘bsertions. Haloon surements at how neva and at hehe SERGI at 0 ale rom te ore of Meteorology and thete exit sbow Stone hrowphoct Atria wher the eng of Feeord in ekcess of 20 yeary in an ent 10 Provide at tensive approach tthe evaluation EP sen speeds for tal bugs ja Sey the ‘eter as aflyoed the tlloon data fr Syne he ‘Eins of ths analy are peetemted ceewhers “The analyss dered in Ret. (4) lade tothe todo ape fostered feeds at baht of about 200'm and st gradient ek V (200) = (27 4 2-3, R) m/s... (PAY Veg = G44 29 op, R) m/s... (BA) to ao to oan talon ta an azalys waa of me ened oer 2 S03 Esdcy."A mel of eda within sow 68 ke oT smenamece nog somrced 4 8 ale of 3300 and he i poe sore tee meaied ior tge ef wind edits The menu po: tue ten amled cette dered fpr io abled S10 me sprosh ed Yo lowing lao for tenn owl sed 7 (200) = (23 4 2-6 ope R) m/s. OA) “The coresponding slatonsips dened by AS 1170 Fi = (B+ 45 lope) m/s... (10A) ¥ (200) = (20 + 3-3 og, R) m/s. (UIA) enons (7A) to (IIA) ave plated in Eg Ea Tany Gees By ob 36 Jo ole he wenn moog ee ler sds 2200 ae 5 (AS Un) Se be feta goed) a 38. m/s (Gallon data); for R= 50 yr and at Pes Ca Say As i evel Sai Sa Bed eh ton dt S83 OSs ow mee daa bee te sone RS TD te spe ene fr un in. DEN tome ite Be Sees Wry pensar Se Ls wey ie Sri toa SESS Emr a ie SSeS See iis iad ane eat el oF pat tr roach should be quite seat, the ‘Slumption of mo incens in speed wil Ret and to at fa ene ete of hue ‘oem pte ead to te contusion that mate rbe {SSI tm be otc t eights above about 100 mor Altough tis ot specially stated in AS 1170 ‘eimay be nered that inthe den of pre Inari the deign wind speed sal be sociated ‘nhte mest unfavourable wind direction. The ot at all umemonable slace the sade dost not {peciy “rections “diwibatons Howees, ‘Sreconal shrstrstx of the wind can pla impoan part in the determination of the"rik of ‘vb. Davenport hae presen tccnigus foe desing with dsconal eae bat these reaue 2st bnowtege a the behave ofthe Bul ingvand the ats of Windspeed which ae not mally sable There However, a case for Eng ome. comideraton to drecinal est, flyin cues where theese marked change Ecreaim touphaess yh ection Ty Sync, ‘ot uncommon for ty bulls to Be open to the arbour Tor lied range wind deste {ated ite north of ena The deal ehar- Sas il pt tyne 28 ‘rom ths iets about 0 per cen that fom ther west or the south Ik would ten be und Senate de or Cg nd he fo sig wind speed hen the probity of sich 30 ‘en aking nelly sl § Gost Factor Methods I an attempt to provide a envy simple yet seale approach tthe cvalton of lognd (Sn eigen ye "Th el faut ofall these approsshes ate the ‘Spurstion of the mean andthe acting come Fenets of wind fad and te Incsion ofa iow. {nce forse fests and dame eer AS 1170 rte the ise of sch method and the information Steno Coton os ao, FR preeted in Figs 3A, 4A, 5A and 8A. The Bush fader tan Stim ok he ra the anced bak srs or defion n'a prod of sonst four {Gta mean vale ofthe sume ses or defection inAS 174 Pan 21095 that period. The gust factor i defined by an gun of the fora Gm t69¢,[(a+SE)....028) in whieh — ‘fe = a pea factor equal to the ratio ofthe ‘etd pak ve tothe em. vale ot octing steno daecion 1 = a eoughness factor whichis dependent Sve dan of ie ctr eat {She tran ough 2 = amen of. oy ‘varying com- Setsston = © 5 x measure of the ‘reson’ component 7% oye acta sess oe ec s £ sae factor = a meaare of the aviale every in then stream at te natal fe foersy ofthe snctue the damping capacity (a a feation of rica damping) ofthe srctre “The gus factor has heen show” to ive zn hich ompare favourably wih wind tunnel test Fels and he very Tie eld ata aaa $e al fo fa aprement Recent measurements of ‘xsclraony net the top ofthe 140m Pu Regi Buia tr Shdeey ere made with a abean sped ‘roa lo aot 3 ve he ered sk ‘O:S4Ep as compared to 0-087 preted by te swt flor appt sing the tans om er Far JE cha ose Saute = mean defiston a the postion where the acelration is reed “The sist factor methods 20 fr proposed have bee de gringo rr (5) and fo this reno sea sient ude ‘feresponse hon tho neni trounce rater than about 20 per ent of in Catepory & Sherine lie tthe sors Iighe he soar uence of second. ord ters fan be acount for by wing a modified Sat {Seton flow Gate ae/[ecsers # own were «= SVE. ie soppced tat the modi- Sed for be only applied for L<_ 75 m approx mately above th eit expeicce indicate that the get ndeesinite ot the simpler fora dssahe ast end fo balance the comeratne sssunpion tht ll gas at capable of petra the we This ate point is dacused [a eset rarer hy Simi ’As an example of the gu aor mtd compu cui ped Ape | er ile aay Shae Mad te omen ‘Seated by pt ae Spon: the peak ec appre ante eines owen ce ied Row ul et fo 2M (gust factor) = 1980 Nm M (peak gust). = 2180 Nm ‘AM (nd tunel) = 1880 Naw While the gust factor method yields value of tat mot he he ate ah boat 20 por at, ha Lecrepancy i us rly the sly high presore cof’ deduced ftom the. coe requrementes The spe. lator ‘doce tom the nn fess wae aot 1-0" fmpared toa Value of 1-2 recommended in Tab REAPS 1170 fr tag ptm th ett S Acrosenind Matis aang cad eae men yeiie procs Sree Extaceeiieden ascites, the sour of tteseind os and dectons (0) the unsteady nto ofthe wind car: bot {pec and diction sre random fenton of i) forge indoed by he nsteady sare of the ‘wake eg. sore sheng; and (Gi) forces asoited wih movement of the tae {urge atodynamle damping seodymamic ‘lias and rodjsomic mat Se oe Sen nists mene ae Sn ENE S/un Se ree Jn an tee 0 prove he deer with 9 ncn of arg ats Fogh estimate of sers ‘opens the wer has euained ths rests of wind ‘nme tenr on a vary of model buldings wih 3 tae to producag 1 snicempced ean be cen ‘wind sped and scrovind espns‘ase premise behind the approach taken shat the ecgeeintehmor "ah badag at {Tcharcterkhe dense and tht fequeny, mas Sn damping The haractertc imetslon chosen inthe sod} wat the square root ah the crow ‘Steal ae whe nated a ee ‘would be invcrly proportional fo the well pet biome he bling ud rely reprint eile ei ie me ted oy reste bred fund andon oi in ‘shone acumpdons mension) alas lads tosan equation of the form 5 a bt dens of uling amping capacity asa fraction of Sita datnping the store a characterinie wind spud which has teen taken ae the me Hourly Spesd lth top of the bling. The experimental resus obtained fog model autism en puma blag ae thorn fo Fig 7A "rhe ee lead to selatonship 0 he fam ee 15a) iva co in which — C= 0.000 = 0-08 Fel obervations ate very limited bt the srost- swing acegeravons mensved og the Joho Hancock Bulag a nae of Vy 2:8 and mote eee Ineasurtneats onthe Park eps bun (Sydney) ta valu of Vo T-8 mee Bath within the Bours ‘lene by equi 13 and the ales of Cand m Spotl alo Te sath tap hat he eo {enue dress wih nerensing arpet ato V4 In viow of tbe semiampisical nature, of the appre ik ool be wet apy equation 13A, ‘'hulings for wich the geomet he deny, or the damping: wan wel removed from The apt hveed The geomet af the bulking udled ‘ie shown ia Fig 7A while the average ales of eb and, were shout 200 Ep and 9-01 rspec- Yen. Aérosewind tp deletions may be ested from te relaonhip— che wc (FM) x ta x HF con in which — 8 = peak seronsnnd defection at he Site baling ” ness © = 0.0006 ++ 0-0002 1 might be noted thst while AS 1170 makes referees to erat wind motions ne Supgestons are Im fw tw mle be ent. Ee imental tudes’ have infletthaacrourvind ‘ots rel o be geil a regard ta acer ‘Sos for mot tl ling bat fr ses poo er cn ei mtn fe untaly Bex " (6 The Use ofthe Wind Tunael in the Design of ‘Tall Builngs “Tre ile doubt tat af the present sme dhe tet value method of valuing wind loads on (al bulge iby thease of prope sed wind pel test "The base sca rouiemeste toe ‘Ch te Se delaed im AS 1170 an deserted 0 ‘ui ctr forall bulge pari the maer recommends that the model shold be 2 ‘Syamic model aid the fst shouldbe sondaced in'proper sed ubuletsher Row A enti tha hus ben lvl tte we ofthe wed tel Sia ae camot be oda cay fetta or hp toe mat he ee tthe ge postin. “For mest bulllags the nly cruel forth conduct of 8 to brogeste Ste she extemal encom of the bling: the ‘Rog ve ach 2 hr pen SF ieee terial say ah form and tbe an of he bug ca be ead ‘within accuracy to allow a theoreti aust Bem oi et 1 fe made amore scat ‘Suites become aval imping capacity EMitcut‘to esimate bat apse the oly Fnvomiton raueed some Anowedg of the ro ool mood of contiuctim, eg relored Co ere, pressed conccs, fly welded steel, steal wih Sl coment errant Redosied at two or thee dumping ives and sehen i then ah de ets lop. The fot tine feed for ae pro= ae slo ed tf ey sh AES xy or ih cman oa mo say be conidorably pea. vin tel tes are planned at 2 very easly stage nthe development of & projet hen Ye real {tbe Incorporated ta he espn process and ‘Simul ult Ths hel ead ‘onserbly lest value as hore i a afral slut See to medy the Geen tunes the wind tel {ES rete iiewe Semeviour nell removed rom that Scum ‘An cxample of overall lauds determined by wind ‘une ests presented in Apron Tt hs caeZz 8117 Pat 9s he tens ndeted Yodssubtatly ee than those vated tedy from AS190 afaough tsheld Be emphasized that ts not always be the case 7 Conetsons The purpose of these notes has been to cus se peter ato of Sha ind Woaling Code “as "1170, Part altho Scalar ference 1 tll bullies 1 hope Th the major pons hve been darosed but thre ait sgher robo area which seo ese atone thes de the aration of wad spect height ‘Sie hea eit eee tccal topography on wind speeds the selienton ‘acing oda ue ee ot ‘usual shapes. Research f coming i these ter Spt of wind ect an ree uot tht ‘hges I the Wind Loading Cove can ‘expected in the not So tat fata (Bee ee ae Figg 20 ASCE Nal auc Mess Ro Rested til hal ht Sechta (0 Ne ais ie fratAS 11%, Pa 23995 APPENDIX 1 ‘Sample Caleulations fora Tall Reinforced Conerete Bi [AM Specitcaons “The aoe dnc ofthe bling ace sown in Fig. 8A an the properties te Toll Consuction Renfored concrete Datura iequeney Tehindomentalmode 0:20 elt 230m (Characericdimension (V/A): 45m ‘ule density 280 ke’ § Damping (C/Ce): Weskng suess levels 2% Location: Syne, Category 4 train ‘AZ tase Bending Moment by Peak Gast Method Presse Disibuton, Ia the absence of data other {han tha presented ia AS" 1170 the estimation of {he peewufe daibudoo on te balding ill sai wal vary wih hep hecae ot he age ‘Spore comer column. For the purp ample wit Be aed ha othe fot fae o-80 and ths wed In soxjnstion wih ht 48 mind 32 mort m0 edt 3S enh aww vale of ©, are coment Wwe the drag enon of 1520 recommended ‘bie Bor a towers srotre of ostapnoa Design Wind Speede and. Presres, The baie ‘nal Seugn ‘eed for Sydney te 44 mis for ‘lum porod of 30 years wind speed profile or Caper 4's ata vey = 135 44 x (55 v0) = 51 ms 4280) = 0-6 109 x S18 = 1s6ire “oe fads per uni Big sto ¢ = 20 mae, a og To gos Feri ie wey = 28456 (Z)" sam and a 0 = 48 we ese ($)" we Below = = 20 m the coresponding loads are 4S N/m and 82 Nan espectiny The resting base ening ments te 2000 MIN and 2800 MIN for 8 20 and 0 = 48" respecte “Appiation of the age reduction factor for that pat the buling below 130 m reduce te base omens fo 1900 MN and 2180 MN spec ta [AB Base Bending Moment by Gast Factor Method “The mean wind speed prof Per = voy (4g) ae nis ing in Syiney* Puy = sms ‘The loads per unit fright above 20m are at oom “ re nena (e)™ wm way = m9 298 (of) an ‘he corapontig bas bending momen are 850 MN and 80 MN for 0&0" and 0 45° repestiey ‘Gutt Factor Compuatons. 9S Bib ve hae For Casgory 4 ond from Fig 6A — LO) = 3900 m and ge = 145 pearca a or aS on Pen TH ee fom Fig 4A — B= 0-68 cafk 10% Vin = ses = 8 from Fig 34— S'= 0-085 ith) _ 0.20 x 3700 ay 73 au B= 007 vvasy (oes 1208007) 00D 41-05 0-98 = 2.04 ford = 0° 2-02f0r0 = 4S", ‘The design base moments ar thea — 1730 MN for U= O° 1980 MN. for O= 45 [AG Mase Mending Moment determin by Wind ‘Tanne Tes Wind tonne tts conducted ig aecondance with the provisos. of Rois 25 of AS 170, Pat 2, JEEP aung eanig maen for 3 ASmpingcapaciy of, per cen cial fr a ‘Samping Sapacy of 2 pl cet the values woul be [sth 5 per cet owes. "About aa ae noumal to. 0. = O° the base romeo yas 1400 Mi which anima moment eure gt an ax normal to'8 = 35" had wae of 1550 MN Sad Gn is Rass NOT We Tre Sones oe Bly he Coe Bt oe(58117, rat 918 “ Fig. 1A. MEAN HOURLY DESIGN SPEEDS FOR SYDNEY. | Fig. 2A. PROBABILITY CONTOURS FOR ‘SYONEY MET, BUREAU AND MASCOT Fig. 9A. SIZE REDUCTION FACTOR S‘As 137, Pat 20s a ine ‘exo Fig. 7A. ACROSS:WIND ACCELERATIONS OF PRISMATIC BUILDINGS Fig. SA. GUST ENERGY FACTOR E | mbit a AX, . eo EA i Fig. @A. MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF BUILDING [EXAMINED IN APPENDIX 18 1178 rt 90s 2 bara: Ce 106, 9 15 Fin LG ~ 1200 x 57 mete (Eg 6 Fag) mens Fi 60) 4. = Natural tequeney Seared Danring Vales | © Low ste ets Sel Frame o-05.0-010, Rea oc Prestened Cone 0-00820-010_ | (i) Working ses | Ste Fame ‘.010:02 Ste Frame 0:04.0.06 Reinfored Corte 0080-10 Reinforod Concrete vores | (i) Near yaPUBLICATIONS OF THE ASSOCIATIOI A Ist of Aswan Sungards may be parched or inspect fee ofthe Aca, OFFICES OF THE ASSOCIATION