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Vo Ghi Bai - Hoa 10
Vo Ghi Bai - Hoa 10
Trang 1
CHƯƠNG I: NGUYÊN TỬ
Bài 1: THÀNH PHẦN NGUYÊN TỬ.
I.Thành phần cấu tạo của nguyên tử:
1. Electron:
a. Sự tìm ra electron: (bởi ........................ vào năm ......................).
- Khi không có ............................. tia ........................... truyền ............... và .............. về phía .............................
-Tia âm cực la ........................................................................ gồm các .....................................................
b. Khối lượng và điện tích của e:
me = ......................................... kg. qe = ................................... C
2. Sự tìm ra hạt nhân ngtử:
- Ngtử có cấu tạo .........................., có phần mang ....................................... là ..............................................
- Xung quanh ....................... có các ................ tạo nên ..........................................
- Khối lượng ngtử hầu như tập trung ở ...................................................
3. Cấu tạo của hạt nhân nguyên tử:
a. Sự tìm ra proton (bởi ............................. vào năm ................................)
mp = ......................................kg qp = ................................... C
qp = ...................................
b.Sự tìm ra nơtron (bởi ............................. vào năm ................................)
mn = ..................................................kg q n = ..........
II. Kích thước và khối lượng của ngtử :
1. Kích thước:
Ngtử có đường kính khoảng ......................... m
1Å = .......................m, 1nm = ..................... m
1 nm = .............Å
2. Khối lượng: ...... :đơn vị khối luợng ngtử (...................).
1u = …… khối lượng của 1 ngtử ..................................................................................
* Kết luận:
-Đặc điểm các hạt p, n, e:
Hạt p n e
Điện tích ..................................... ...................................... ......................................
Khối lượng ...................................... ...................................... ......................................
- Do nguyên tử trung hòa điện nên ....................................
- Nguyên tử nào cũng có 3 loại hạt trên, trừ ........ chỉ có .....p và ......e.
Trang 2
Bài 2: HẠT NHÂN NGUYÊN TỬ- NGUYÊN
TỐ HÓA HỌC – ĐỒNG VỊ.
I. Hạt nhân ngtử:
1. Điện tích hạt nhân (ĐTHN):
- Trong ngtử : Số đơn vị ..............................................................................................................................
- Vd: ĐTHN của ngtử nitơ là......Vậy ngtử nitơ có ...p, .... e và số đơn vị ĐTHN của nó = ........
2. Số khối (A) :
- Là ..............................................................................................................................................................
A =..................................................................
-Vd1: Ngtử Na có 11P và 12N
Vậy ANa =.............................. =...................
-Vd2: Ngtử clo có số đơn vị ĐTHN là 17 và số khối là 35. Tính các hạt cấu tạo nên clo?
Ta có Z =........; P = E = ................
N =........................................
II. Nguyên tố hóa học:
1. Định nghĩa:
-Là .....................................................................................................................................................................
-Vd:Tất cả ngtử có số đơn vị ĐTHN là 19 đều thuộc ngtố Kali.
Vậy K có .................................................
2. Số hiệu nguyên tử (Z):
- Cũng chính là ..............................................................................................................................................
-Vd: Ngtố S có số hiệu ngtử là 16
Vậy S có .................................................
3. Kí hiệu nguyên tử (KHNT):
.....
..... X Trong đó: …… là số khối, ……. = Z + N
..….. là số hiệu nguyên tử = số đơn vị
điện tích hạt nhân = tổng số proton
31
Vd: 15 P
P co Z=......, A = .......`
P = E =......., N =...............................
III. Đồng vị :
- Các đồng vị của 1 nguyên tố hóa học là những nguyên tử có cùng ....................... nhưng khác
nhau .............. do đó.............. cũng ........................................
- Vd: Nguyên tố ...... có ...... đồng vị: .......................................................
IV.Nguyên tử khối và nguyên tử khối trung bình của các nguyên tố hóa học :
1.Nguyên tử khối:
-Cho biết khối lượng của nguyên tố đó ......... gấp bao nhiêu ...........................................................................
-Nguyên tử khối ...........................................................................................
2. Nguyên tử khối trung bình:
Trang 3
Trong đó: ……………………………………………………………….
A ..................................................
...............
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
VD1: SGK trang 13.
A Cl =
...................................................
................. = ....................
VD 2: Trong tự nhiên Clo có hai đồng vị bền là 3517Cl và 3717 Cl. Tính tỉ lệ % của mỗi đồng vị đó, biết
nguyên tử khối trung bình của Clo là 35,5.
Giải: Gọi a là phần trăm số ng tử cuả : 3517Cl.
% số ngtử cuả 3717 Cl là ......................
..............................................
35,5= .............
a=........... và b=...................................
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ngtử
proton mp = ………………..kg=………………… u
nơtron mn = mp = ………………..kg=……………………u
qn = ……….… C
- Số khối
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- Đồng vị………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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- Nguyên tử khối và nguyên tử khối trung bình.
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- Nguyên tố hóa học
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…………
- Kí hiệu nguyên tử
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B. BÀI TẬP:
79 81
Bài 1: Trong tự nhiên brom có hai đồng vị là 35 Br và 35 Br . Tính tỉ lệ % số nguyên tử của mỗi đồng vị
đó, biết nguyên tử khối trung bình của brom là 79,99.
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Bài 2: Hãy cho biết số đơn vị điện tích hạt nhân, số proton, số nơtron và số electron của các nguyên tử có
kí hiệu sau đây
7 23 39 40 234
a) 3 Li, 11 Na, 19 K, 19 Ca, 90Th
2 4 12 16 32 56
b) 1 H, 2 He, 6 C, 8 O, 15 P, 26 Fe.
Trang 5
.....................................................................................................................................................
Trang 6
Bài 4: Nguyên tử Mg có ba đồng vị ứng 24Mg, 25Mg, 26Mg với thành phần phần trăm trong tự
nhiên lần lượt là 78,6%; 10,1%; 11,3%. Tính nguyên tử khối trung bình của Mg.
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1 2
Bài 5: Cho hai đồng vị hiđro với tỉ lệ % số nguyên tử : 1 H (99,984%), 1 H (0,016%) và hai đồng vị
35 37
của clo : 17 Cl (75,53%), 17 Cl (24,47%). Tính nguyên tử khối trung bình của mỗi nguyên tố.
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Bài 6. Tính nguyên tử khối trung bình của nguyên tố Oxi, biết Oxi có 3 đồng vị : 99,757%
16
8 O;
0,039%
17
8 O ; 0,204% 18 O . 8
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Trang 7
TT lớp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tên lớp ...... ...... ..... .... .... .... ....
Lớp 1 2 3 4
Phân lớp ....... ........ ............ ................
Lớp 1 2 3 4
Phân lớp .... ....... ............. ....................
Số e tối đa .... ....... ............. ....................
- Số e tối đa của lớp thứ ..... là ..................
- Một lớp chứa đủ số .......................... gọi là .....................................................................
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Vd: Sắp xếp e vào các lớp của ng tử nitơ có kí hiệu nguyên tử là 7N .
N có Z=P=E=...... và A=.................
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Trang 8
Bài 5: CẤU HÌNH ELECTRON CỦA NGUYÊN TỬ
I. Thứ tự các mức năng lượng trong nguyên tử
- Các e trong nguyên tử lần lượt chiếm ............................................ từ ................... đến .................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p
Khi có sự…………………………………………. thì :………………………..
II. Cấu hình electron của nguyên tử:
1. Cấu hình electron của nguyên tử :
- Là ............................................................................ trên các ............................. thuộc .............................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. ..........
* Quy ước để viết cấu hình e của nguyên tử:
+ STT lớp e được .................................................................................................................
+ Phân lớp ...........................................................................................................................
+ Số e được .........................................................................................................................
Vd: Na(Z=11): ........................................................................................................................
* Cách viết cấu hình e của nguyên tử:
+ Bước 1: ................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................
+ Bước 2: ................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................
+ Bước 3:. ................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................
Vd: Na (Z=11): ................................................................................................................. ....................................................................
2. Cấu hình electron của 20 nguyên tố đầu :
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21
22
24
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Bài 5: Hãy viết cấu hình electron các nguyên tử sau và cho biết số lớp, số electron lớp ngoài
cùng, số electron phân lớp ngoài cùng của các nguyên tử H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, C, Si, O.
Làm bài bằng cách hoàn thành bảng sau :
Li
Na
Ca
Mg
Si
Trang 12
Trang 13
Phân lớp có
Là kim loại, phi
Số Loại nguyên mức năng
Z Cấu hình electron kim hay khí
lớp tố (s, p, d ,f) lượng cao
hiếm ?
nhất
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Trang 23
CHƯƠNG II: BẢNG TUẦN HOÀN CÁC NGUYÊN
TỐ HÓA HỌC. ĐỊNH LUẬT TUẦN HOÀN
Trang 24
- Đối với nhóm A: STT nhóm = .............................................................
Vd:…………………………………………………………………………
- Đối với nhóm B: Thường gặp nguyên tố nhóm B có cấu hình dạng: ................................
- Nếu a = ..... thì stt nhóm = .....
Vd:………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Nếu a < 10 thì stt nhóm = ........... (trường hợp a+b= ...., ..... thì nguyên tố cũng .........................................
Vd:………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Vd:………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Trang 25
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Bài 8: SỰ BIẾN ĐỔI TUẦN HOÀN CẤU HÌNH
ELECTRON NGUYÊN TỬ CỦA CÁC NGUYÊN TỐ HÓA
HỌC.
****************
I. Sự biến đổi tuần hoàn cấu hình e nguyên tử của các nguyên tố :
Trong một ................... đi từ ........... sang .......... , ...................................... của các nguyên tố ...............................
...................... (tăng từ .....đến ..... trừ ...................) nên tính chất của .................................... cũng biến
đổi ...............................
II. Cấu hình e nguyên tử của các nguyên tố nhóm A :
1. Cấu hình e lớp ngòai cùng của nguyên tử các nguyên tố nhóm A :
- ........................................... của các nguyên tố trong .................................. ................... nên ....................... ..... của
chúng .................................
STT nhóm A = .............................................................................
2. Một số nhóm A tiêu biểu :
a/ Nhóm VIIIA (Nhóm ..........................................)
- Gồm các nguyên tố: ..............................................................................................................................................
- Chúng đều có ....... ở ngoài cùng ...............(- ........: ..........) → Đó là cấu hình ...................,
nên ................ ..................................................( .................................).
- Đều ở ................................... và phân tử gồm có .............................................
b/ Nhóm IA (........................................................)
- Gồm các nguyên tố : .......... (.....), .......... (.......), ............ (.........), ................ (.......), ............. (........) v à ..............
(.........................................).
- Chúng đều có .......e ở lớp ngoài cùng (..............) → ............................ để đạt ..............................
..........................................................
M → ................... +........e ⇒ có ...................................
Li → ...............................
Na → ...............................
K → ...............................
- Là .......................................................................
c/ Nhóm VIIA (................................................ ).
- Gồm các nguyên tố: ..........(.......), ............(...........), .................(................), .......................(.............).
- Chúng có ....e ở lớp ngoài cùng (.......................) → nhận ............e để đạt ..........................................
X +.....e → ........ ⇒ có .....................................
Cl +.....e → .......... ……………………………
Br +.....e → .......... ……………………………
I +.....e → .......... ……………………………
- Là .....................................................................................................................................
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Trang 28
Dựa vào quy luật biến đổi tính chất của một nguyên tố sẽ so sánh được hóa tính với các nguyên tố
lân cận.
Cách so sánh tính chất các nguyên tố (thường các nguyên tố thuộc nhóm A):
- Viết cấu hình e, xác định vị trí (chu kì, nhóm).
- Vẽ sơ đồ vị trí các nguyên tố trên bảng hệ thống tuần hoàn.
- Vận dụng các qui luật theo hàng (chu kì), theo cột (nhóm) để so sánh.
- Nếu gặp trường hợp các nguyên tố chéo hàng hoặc cột thì mượn nguyên tố trung gian để so sánh.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
A.LÍ THUYẾT :
I. Bảng tuần hoàn:
1. Nguyên tắc sắp xếp của các nguyên tố trong BTH.
-.......................................................................................................................................................................
-.......................................................................................................................................................................
-.......................................................................................................................................................................
2.Cấu tạo bảng tuần hòan :
a/ Ô nguyên tố :
STT nguyên tố = ......................................................................................................................................
b/Chu kì :
- Mỗi ........... là một ..............
- Có .......chu kì, trông đó:
+ Chu kì nhỏ: .................
+ Chu kì lớn: ..............
- STT chu kì = ...................... .
c/Nhóm nguyên tố :
-Nhóm A :....nhóm .....A → ........A
STT nhóm A = .........................................
Nhóm A gồm nguyên tố .... và....., gồm các nguyên tố ở chu kì ....... và chu kì ..........
-Nhóm B:.... nhóm ..................................
STT nhóm B = ................................
Nhóm A gồm nguyên tố .... ........, ở chu kì ...............
II.Sự biến đổi tuần hòan :
1. Cấu hình e nguyên tử:
-Trong cùng chu kì khi ........... tăng thì số ................................. của các nguyên tố nhóm A ........................
........................
- Chúng ..................................................................
2. Sự biến đổi tuần hoàn tính kim loại, phi kim của các nguyên tố:
Trang 29
................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................
..................................................................................................................................................................... .......................
III. Định luật tuần hoàn:
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
B. BÀI TẬP:
Bài 1: Một nguyên tử của nguyên tố X ở nhóm VA có tổng số hạt là 46.
a. Tìm nguyên tử khối của X.
...................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
b. Viết cấu hình e nguyên tử của X.
...................................................................................................................................................................
c. Số e ở từng lớp.
...................................................................................................................................................................
d. Nguyên tố X có tính gì? Khuynh hướng?
...................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
Bài 2: Nguyên tố R có công thức hợp chất khí với hidro là RH2, oxit cao nhất của nó chứa 60% oxi về khối
lượng.
a. Xác định nguyên tử khối của R?
...................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
b. R là nguyên tố gì?
.....................................................................................................................................................................
Bài 3: Oxit cao nhất của 1 nguyên tố là R2O5, hợp chất của nó với hidro có 17,7% hidro về khối lượng.
Xác định nguyên tố R.
...................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
Bài 4: Khi cho 1,95g một kim loại kiềm tác dụng với nước thu được 0,56 lít khí(đktc).
a. Xác định tên kim loại đó.
...................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
b. Tính khối lượng của dung dịch tạo thành.
...................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
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Trang 37
CHƯƠNG III: LIÊN KẾT HÓA HỌC
Bài 12: LIÊN KẾT ION
I. Sự hình thành ion, cation và anion
1. Ion, cation , anion :
a/Ion :
Ion được hình thành khi các nguyên tử …………………………… hoặc …………...………………… thì chúng trở
thành ……………………………………………..
b/ Cation (ion ……………. ) hình thành khi nguyên tử …………………………………….
Vd : Na → ................ + .............e
Mg → ................. + .........e
Al → ……… + …..e
TQ: M → ………+ ……e ( n =……..... )
* Tên = ................ + ………………………………..
c/ Anion (ion ……….) hình thành khi nguyên tử …………………………………………… .
Vd: Cl +.....e → ........... .........................................
S + .....e → .....................................................
N + .....e → .....................................................
TQ: X + .....e → .......... (n = ................)
* Tên = ................... + ....................................................
O2- : ....................................... .
2. Ion đơn nguyên tử , ion đa nguyên tử :
- Ion đơn nguyên tử : tạo nên từ .................................................
Vd : .........................................................................
- Ion đa nguyên tử là .............................................................................................................................
Vd : ......................................................................
II. Sự hình thành liên kết ion :
Na + Cl → ........... + ................ .
Hai ion trái dấu hút nhau: ........... + ................. → ................... .
PTHH biểu diễn pư giữa Na và Cl:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trang 38
Bài 13: LIÊN KẾT CỘNG HÓA TRỊ
***********
I. Sự hình thành liên kết cộng hóa trị :
1. Liên kết cộng hóa trị hình thành giữa các nguyên tử giống nhau. Sự hình thành phân tử đơn chất :
a/Sự hình thành phân tử hidro :
H (Z=1) có cấu hình: ........ .
. .
H +H → ............................
CT e:..........................
CTCT: ........................
* Liên kết đơn: biểu thị giữa 2 nguyên tử có ...........cặp electron.
b/Sự hình thành phân tử N2 ,
N(Z= 7) có cấu hình: ................................................
CT e:...........................
CTCT: ........................
* Liên kết ba: biểu thị giữa 2 nguyên tử có ...........cặp electron.
- Liên kết cộng hóa trị được hình thành giữa ...................................... bằng .............................hay nhiều.................
............................dùng chung.
- Liên kết cộng hóa trị không phân cực là liên kết được hình thành khi cặp electron dùng
chung ..............................................................................................................
2.Liên kết giữa các nguyên tử khaùc nhau. Sự hình thành hợp chất :
a/Sự hình thành phân tử HCl :
H(Z=1) có cấu hình: ........ .; Cl (Z=17) có cấu hình: ....................................................
CT e:...........................
CTCT: ........................
- Liên kết cộng hóa trị phân cực là liên kết cộng hóa trị được hình thành
khi ......................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................
b/ Sự hình thành phân tử CO2 ( .................................................):
C (Z=6) có cấu hình:.......................................
O (Z=8)......................................
CT e:...........................
CTCT: ........................
* Liên kết đôi: do ………..............cặp electron dùng chung tạo thành
3.Tính chất của chất có liên kết cộng hóa trị :
- Chất có chứa liên kết cộng hóa trị (chất cộng hóa trị) có thể là …………………………………………..
……………………………. .
- Chất ………………….. tan trong ………………………………………..
- Chất . .………………….. tan trong ………………………………………..
- Chất cộng hóa trị không phân cực ………………………dẫn điện ở mọi trạng thái.
II. Độ âm điện và liên kết hóa học :
1/Quan hệ giữa liên kết cộng hóa trị không cực , có cực và liên kết ion :
Trong liên kết giữa 2 nguyên tử, nếu cặp electrong chung ………………… ta có liên kết công hóa trị
không cực, nếu cặp electrong dùng chung lệch về phía 1 nguyên tử thì đó là ………………………….. . Còn nếu
Trang 39
……………………………… chuyển hẳng về phía 1 nguyên tử, ta có liên kết ……………………………….... Như vậy,
…………………………………………………. Là một trường hợp riêng của liên kết cộng hóa trị.
* Chú ý: Cách xác định loại liên kết và công thức hợp chất tạo thành bởi 2 nguyên tố:
- Viết cấu hình e, xác định tính chất (kim loại, phi kim). Thường liên kết giữa kim loại và phi kim sẽ là lk ion,
còn liên kết giữa phi kim với phi kim sẽ là liên kết cộng hóa trị.
- Nếu một nguyên tố là kim loại, một nguyên tố là phi kim thì là liên kết ion (thường gặp trong các bài
thi).
Ví dụ: X (Z=12), Y(Z=15)
Ta có: X: [Ne]3s2 là kim loại nhóm IIA nên X X2+ + 2e
Y: [Ne]3s23p3 là phi kim nhóm VA nên Y + 3e Y3-
Công thức hợp chất tạo bởi X và Y là X3Y2
- Nếu cả hai nguyên tố là phi kim thì liên kết cộng hóa trị (ít gặp trong các bài thi).
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Trang 40
..........................................................................
Vd: Al3+ → ........................
-
NO3 → .................................
→ x = ..........
-Qui tắc 4 : ......................................................................................................................................................
.................................................
Vd: ..........................................................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C2H2 H C C H H C=C H
H N H H-N-H
NH3
H H
-----------------------------------------------
Trang 42
Trang 43
CHƯƠNG IV: PHẢN ỨNG HÓA HỌC
Bài 17 : PHẢN ỨNG OXI HÓA-KHỬ
************************
I. Định nghĩa :
1) Hình thành quan niệm mới về sự oxi hóa:
Ví dụ 1 : Đốt cháy magie trong không khí, xảy ra sự oxi hóa magie theo PTHH :
Mg + O2 ⃗
t0 .............
Ta có : Mg → ........ + .....e .
Qúa trình oxi hóa (..........................) là qúa trình ..............................
2) Hình thành quan niệm mới về sự khử:
Ví dụ 2 : Sự khử CuO bằng H2 xảy ra theo PTHH sau :
Cu O + H 2 ⃗0
t ........................................
2
Cu + ......e → ........
Qúa trình khử (...........................) là qúa trình ....................................
3) Hình thành quan niệm mới về chất khử, chất oxi hóa:
- Chất khử (............................. ) là chất ..........................................
Vd : .........................................
- Chất oxi hóa (.........................) là chất ............................................
Vd : ..........................................
4) Hình thành quan niệm mới về phản ứng oxi hóa – khử:
Phản ứng oxi hóa - khử là ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………..............................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... (hay …………………………………………
............................................................................................................ ) .
II. Lập phương trình hóa học của phản ứng oxi hóa khử : Theo phương pháp thăng bằng electron
( Cách cân bằng phản ứng oxi hóa – khử)
* Nguyên tắc : .....................................................................................................................................................
Vd: Lập PTHH của phản ứng sau theo phương pháp thăng bằng electron:
Al + O2 ⃗
t0 Al2 O3
- Bước 1 : ...............................................................................................................................................................
Chất khử: ………………..
Chất oxi hóa: ……………………
-Bước 2 : ...............................................................................................................................................................
+ Qúa trình oxi hóa : ............................
+ Qúa trình khử : .................................
-Bước 3 : ...............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................
........................................................
-Bước 4 : ...............................................................................................................................................................
....Al + ......O2
⃗0
t ..................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Trang 44
Bài 18 : PHÂN LOẠI PHẢN ỨNG TRONG HÓA VÔ CƠ
*******************************
I. Phản ứng có sự thay đổi số oxi hóa và phản ứng không có sự thay đổi số oxi hóa :
1. Phản ứng hóa hợp :
Vd: .....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................
Trong phản ứng hóa hợp ......................................................................................................................
2. Phản ứng phân hủy :
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Trang 45
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Bài 19 : LUYỆN TẬP PHẢN ỨNG OXI HÓA – KHỬ.
********************
I. Lí thuyết :
1. Các khái niệm :
- Chất khử (........................................ ) là ................................................
- Chất oxi hóa (....................................) là ...............................................
- Qúa trình oxi hóa (............................. ) là ........................................................
- Qúa trình khử (...................................) là ..........................................................
- Phản ứng oxi hóa khử là ........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
2. Lập phương trình hóa học của phản ứng oxi hóa – khử.
- Phương pháp thăng bằng e: ............................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
- Lập PTHH:..........................................................
+ ......................................................................................................................................................................
+ ......................................................................................................................................................................
+ ......................................................................................................................................................................
+ ......................................................................................................................................................................
3. Phân loại phản ứng hóa học:
- Phản ứng ........................................................................................................................................................
- Phản ứng ..........................................................................................................................................................
II.Bài tập :
−
Bài 1: Xác định số oxi hóa của các nguyên tố trong các hợp chất và ion sau: (NH4)2SO4, K2Cr2O7, ClO 4 ,
2− −
CO 3 , Cr2(SO4)3, Na2MnO4, HPO42-, NH4+, KMnO4, HSO 4 , PH4+, NaClO3, NH4NO3, MnO42-, H2PO4- và
Al2(SO4)3.
Bài 2: Lập PTHH của các phản ứng sau đây theo phương pháp thăng bằng electron.
a) FeSO4 + H2SO4+KMnO4 → H2O + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + MnSO4
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
b) KClO3
⃗
t0 KCl + O2 .
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
c) Cl2+KOH → KCl+ KClO +H2O
......................................................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
d) FeS2 + O2
⃗0
t Fe2O3 + SO2 .
......................................................................................................................................................................
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Trang 51
......................................................................................................................................................................
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Bài 3:
Cho 3,9(g) hỗn hợp hai kim loại Mg và Al tác dụng với dung dịch HCl 0,1M thì thu được 4,48 lít khí (đktc).
a)Xác định % về khối lượng của từng kim loại trong hỗn hợp đầu.
b) Tính thể tích dung dịch HCl đã dùng.
......................................................................................................................................................................
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Trang 52
CHƯƠNG V: NHÓM HALOGEN
Bài 21 : KHÁI QUÁT VỀ NHÓM HALOGEN
*********************
I. Vị trí của nhóm halogen trong BTH :
- Nhóm halogen ..........................................................................................
- Gồm : ...................................................................................................................
II. Cấu hình e nguyên tử , cấu tạo phân tử :
- Đều có ........ ở lớp ngòai cùng : ............................................
- Để đạt cấu hình bền chúng ........................................................
X + ...... → ..................
→ Thể hiện tính ...........................................................
- Dạng đơn chất , các nguyên tố halogen tồn tại ................................................................
III. Sự biến đổi tính chất :
1. Sự biến đổi tính chất vật lí của đơn chất :
Khi đi từ F → I thì:
- Trạng thái : khí (...........................) , lỏng (..................) , rắn (..................) .
- Màu sắc : .......................................
- t0s , t0nc : ...........................................
2. Sự biến đổi độ âm điện
Khi đi từ F → I thì:
- BKNT ...........................................................................
- Độ âm điện ........................................................................ .
- Flo chỉ có số oxi hóa .............................(..............................................................................).. ; clo, brom, iot ngòai số
oxi hóa ....... còn có số oxi hóa ......................................................
3. Sự biến đổi tính chất hóa học của đơn chất :
- Do có ....................................... nên tính chất của đơn chất, thành phần và tính chất các hợp chất của các
nguyên tố halogen ......................................................................
- Tính ................................................ từ ........... đến ................
- Là những .........................................................:
+ Tác dụng với kim loại → ........................................................
+ Tác dụng với H2 → ............................................................... .
+ Hidroxit của các halogen là những axit.
Tính axit ..........................................................................................
- Tính khử .........................................................................................
Muối AgX: AgF ................................, AgCl là ....................................., AgBr là .........................................., AgI
là ..............................................................
2 Na Cl 2 .......................
............................
Fe Cl 2 .......................
...........................................
2. Tác dụng với H2 → .............................
H 2 Cl 2
.......
................................
Hỗn hợp nổ mạnh nhất khi ................................................
⇒ KL: Clo thể hiện tính .....................................................................................
3. Tác dụng với nước :
0
Cl2 + H 2 O ..................................................................
...........................
⇒ Clo .....................................................................................
HClO có tính ...................................................................................
Cl2 + quì tím ẩm ⇒ ..................................................................................
III.Trạng thái tự nhiên :
- Tồn tại dạng ......................... , chủ yếu là ............................... (nước biển ,muối mỏ , khóang cacnalit
KCl.MgCl2.6H2O ).
- Clo có ..... đồng vị bền : ......................................................................................
IV. Ứng dụng :
..................................................................................... ...............................................................................
..................................................................................... ...............................................................................
..................................................................................... ...............................................................................
V. Điều chế :
1. Trong phòng thí nghiệm :
Cho HCl tác dụng với ...............................................................................
HCl + MnO2 → ...............................................................................
HCl + KMnO4 → ...............................................................................
KClO3 + HCl ...............................................................................
K2Cr2O7 + HCl ...............................................................................
* Chú ý: chất nào tạo ra nhiều Cl2 nhất:...................; chất nào tạo ra ít Cl 2 nhất ...............................
*Để loại bỏ các tạp chất, lần lượt dẫn khí clo qua các bình đựng dung dịch ......................................................
NaCl + H2SO4
⃗
¿ 2500 C . ...................................................................................
2NaCl +H2SO4
⃗¿ 400 0 C . ...................................................................................
b.Trong công nghiệp : . ...................................................................................
¿ ........................
H2 + Cl2 →
III. Muối clorua và nhận biết ion clorua :
1.Muối clorua :
Đa số muối clorua đều ............. trừ ............................................. không tan , ................................. ít tan .
- NaCl : làm ........................................ ;KCl ........................ ;ZnCl2 : ............................... ; AlCl3 : ......................
..................... ;BaCl2 : ........................................
2.Nhận biết ion clorua :
Dùng ............................ để nhận biết ion clorua do tạo ..............................................................
NaCl + AgNO3 → ................................................................................
Trang 55
HCl + AgNO3 → ................................................................................
NaClO ...............................................
t
3.Điều chế
a/Trong phòng thí nghiệm : ...............................................
NaOH + Cl2 → ..................................................................
b/Trong công nghiệp : ........................................................................................................
2NaCl + 2H2O ⃗
dpdd ............................................... ...................
2NaOH + Cl2 → .....................................................................................
II. Clorua vôi :
CTPT : ............................................
- Là .......................................................................................................
- Muối hỗn tạp: là .......................................................................................................
Trong không khí:
CO2 + CaOCl2 +H2O ................................................................................
- Với HCl:
CaOCl2 + HCl ..................................................................
- Nhiệt phân:
0
CaOCl2 .................................................................
t
- Điều chế :
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
⃗
30 0 C ..........................................................
- Clorua vôi có ....................................... do ........................................................
⇒ .........................................................................................
III/ Kali clorat: .............................................
1. Tính chất:
- Có tính . .............................................
KClO3 + HCl ......................................................................
- Dễ bị nhiệt phân:
0
KClO3 .............................................................
t
2. Điều chế:
Được tạo thành khi cho khí clo tác dụng với dung dịch KOH đặc ở nhiệt độ cao.
Cl2 + KOHđ .............................................................
0
t
Trang 56
3. Ứng dụng: ........................................................................................................................................
Trang 57
c/T/d với nước :
Br2 + H2O → ..............................................................................................................
.............................................................
Kết luận : Brom có .......................................... ..................................................
3. Ứng dụng:
- . .......................................... ..................................................
. ......................................... ..................................................
.......................................... ..................................................
4. Trạng thái tự nhiên:
.......................................... ..................................................
5. Điều chế:
Trong công nghiệp, brom được sản xuất từ ....................... Dùng khí clo oxi hóa NaBr để sản xuất Br2:
NaBr + Cl2 ..................................................
III.Iot (................) :
1.Tính chất vật lí và trạng thái tự nhiên :
- Iot là .......................................... ...................................................
I2 rắn
⃗
t0 I2 hơi ⃗
ll I2rắn
- Toàn tại dạng ...................................................................................
2.Tính chất hóa học :
I + …. → …..
→ Thể hiện tính................................... (.........................................................)
xt / t 0
a/T/d với KL
.................................
0
Al + I2
xt / t
.................................
...........................................
0
Fe + I2
xt / t
.................................
b/T/d với H2 → ...........................................
0
H2 + I2
xt / t
.................................
Khí HI + nước → dd axit iothidríc , …………………………….. HBr
Tính axit: .........................................................................................
c/ Khả năng oxi hóa:
Cl2 + NaI ......................................................
Br2 + NaI ......................................................
* Iot khoâng t/d .........................................
* Iot + hồ tinh bột → ........................................................................................
Dùng hồ tinh bột nhận biết iot và ngược lại.
3. Ứng dụng:
......................................................................................................................................................................
4. Trạng thái tự nhiên:
. .....................................................................................................................................................................
V. Điều chế:
- Trong công nghiệp, người ta sản xuất iot từ rong biển.
- Iot có tính oxi hóa kém clo và brom nên có thể dùng clo, brom oxi hóa muối iotua thành iot
NaI + Cl2 ..................................................................
2NaI + Br2 .........................................................
Trang 58
FeCl3 + KI ..................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
Trang 59
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Câu 2: Bằng pphh hãy nhận biết các dd sau: Viết các PTHH xảy ra.
a) HCl , NaOH , KCl , K2CO3
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
b) HCl, KOH, NaBr, NaCl, BaCl2 và Al(NO3)3.
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
Câu 3: Hòa tan hòan tòan 18.8g hỗn hợp gồm Mg và Fe bằng dd HCl dư thu được 10.08 lit khí (đktc) .Tìm
% khối lượng các KL trong hỗn hợp .
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
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Trang 69
Trang 70
CHƯƠNG VI: OXI – LƯU HUỲNH
Bài 29 : OXI – OZON
I. OXI(……………) :
1. Vị trí và cấu tạo :
- Oxi thuộc …………………………………………………………………………….
- Cấu hình : ………………………….
- Đơn chất oxi : ……………………………………….
2. Tính chất vật lí :
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Tính chất hóa học :
O + …e ………….. ……………………………………………..
a/T/d với kim loại(………………..) ……………………………
O2 + Na ………………………………………………………
t0
O2 + Fe
………………………………………………………
…………………………….
0
O2 + Al
………………………………………………………
t
KMnO4
⃗
t0 ……………………………………………………………
KClO3
⃗
Mn O 2 , t 0
……………………………………………………
KNO3
⃗
t 0
……………………………………………………………
2.Trong công nghiệp :
-Từ không khí : ...............................................................................................................
-Từ nước : ...............................................................................................................
H2O ⃗
dp ……………………………………………..
II.OZON (…………..)
1.Tính chất :
a.Tính chất vật lí :
...........................................................................................................................................................................
Trang 71
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b.Tính chất hoá học :
...............................................................................................................
*T/d với kim loại (...................)
O3 + Ag → ...........................................
*T/d với hợp chất :
O3+ KI + H2O → .................................................................................................
O3 + PbS → ...........................................................................
Thuốc thử nhận biết ozon .............................................................................................................................
........................................................
3.Ozon trong tự nhiên :
Tầng ozon được hình thành do ........................................... O 2 O3 .
tiaUV
4.Ứng dụng :
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Na + S ......................................................................................................
t
Fe + S ......................................................................................................
t
Hg + S → .....................................................................................................................................................
t0
b/T/d với H2
..................................
0
H2 + S ..................................
t
2.Tính khử :
a/Tác dụng với đơn chất :
t0
S + O2
......................................................................................................
S + F2 → .............................................................................
b/T/d với hợp chất(…………………………………………)
t0
S + HNO3đ
..................................................................................................
t0
S + H2SO4đ
..................................................................................................
IV.Ứng dụng :
- …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Trang 72
V.Trạng thái tự nhiên và sản xuất S :
1. Trạng thái tự nhiên
- …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Sản xuất lưu huỳnh
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
H2S + O2
⃗0
t ……………………………………………………………
- Dung dịch H2S để lâu trong không khí …………………………………..
H2S + O2 + Ag →……………………………………………………………
- H2S làm ……………………………………………………………………….
H2S + Br2 + H2O → …………………………………..
III/Trạng thái tự nhiên và điều chế
1/ Trạng thái tự nhiên
- H2S có …………………………………..…………………………………..
- H2S có …………………………………..…………………………………..
2/ Điều chế: cho muối sunfua (…………………) với dd axit (…………………………)
FeS + HCl → …………………………………..
* Nhận biết muối sunfua bằng …………………………………..
Vd: Na2S + Pb(NO3)2 → …………………………………..
B.Lưu hùynh đioxit:(…………)
II/ Tính chất vật lí :
…………………………………..…………………………………..…………………………………..
Trang 73
II.Tính chất hóa học :
1. SO2 là ………………………….:
-T/d với nước …………………………………..
SO2 + H2O ↔ …………………………………..
-T/d với oxit bazơ tan ..................
Na2O + SO2 ...........................................
-T/d với dd bazơ …………………………………..
NaOH + SO2 …………………………………..
NaOH + SO2 …………………………………..
2. Tính khử :
SO2 làm …………………………………..…………………………………..
SO2 + Br2 + H2O …………………………………………………………
SO2 + KMnO4 + H2O …………………………………………………………
3. Tính oxi hóa :
SO2 + H2S ……………………………………
III. Ứng dụng và điều chế
1. Ứng dụng :
-……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Điều chế :
- Trong phòng thí nghiệm …………………………………..
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 …………………………………..
- Trong công nghiệp : …………………………………..
S + O2 …………………………………..
FeS2 + O2
⃗
t0 …………………………………………
C. Lưu hùynh trioxit (.........)
I. Tính chất vật lí :
-……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
II.Tính chất hóa học : SO3 là .........................
- T/d với nước .........................
SO3+ H2O .........................
-T/d với oxit bazơ tan .........................
Na2O + SO3 .........................
.........................
-T/d với dd bazơ .........................
NaOH + SO3 .........................
NaOH + SO3 .........................
III. Ứng dụng và điều chế
- Ứng dụng : .......................................................................
- Điều chế :
V2O5 ,5000 C
SO2 + O2
……………
Trang 74
.........................
2.Tính chất hóa học :
a/ Dd H2SO4 lõang : .......................................................
-Làm ......................... .........................
-T/d với bazơ, oxit bazơ .........................
CuO + H2SO4 ...........................................
NaOH +H2SO4 .......................................
NaOH + H2SO4 ..........................................
-T/d với kim loại (......................) .........................
Zn + H2SO4 .........................................................; Cu + H2SO4 .........................
Fe + H2SO4 .............................................................
* Chú ý: ................................................................................................................
-T/d với muối .........................
BaCl2+ H2SO4 .....................................................................
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 .....................................................................
b/H2SO4 đặc : có tính ......................... tác dụng với ..................................................................................................................
-T/d với kim loại (.........................) ..................................................
0
Cu + H2SO4đ ..................................................
t
Fe + H2SO4đ ..................................................
t
C + H2SO4đ ..................................................
t
S+ H2SO4đ ..................................................
t
t0
-T/d với hợp chất(…………………………….)
..................................................
0
C + H2SO4đ ..................................................
t
3. Ứng dụng :
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Sản xuất H2SO4 : gồm……………………………
a. Sản xuất lưu huỳnh đioxit
Đốt quặng S hoặc pirit sắt (FeS2)
S + O2
⃗0
t ……………
FeS2 + O2
⃗
t0 …………………………………………………
b. Sản xuất lưu huỳnh tri oxi
Oxi hóa SO2 bằng oxi hoặc không khí dư ở nhiệt độ 450 – 5000C và xúc tác V2O5
Trang 75
V2O5 ,5000 C
SO2 + O2
…………………..
c. Hấp thụ SO3 bằng H2SO4
- Dùng H2SO4 98% hấp thụ SO3, được oleum H2SO4.nSO3
H2SO4 + SO3 ……………………………………………
- Sau đó dùng nước đem pha loãng
H2O + H2SO4.nSO3 …………………………………………
II. Muối sunfat. Nhận biết ion sunfat
1. Muối sunfat. Có 2 loại
-……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- Độ tan : …………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Nhận biết ion sunfat.
Dùng ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
H2SO4 + BaCl2 ………………………………………
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ……………………………………….
.........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... ..............................................................
........................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................
.............................
Bài 3: Nung nóng 3.72g hỗn hợp bột 2 kim lọai gồm Zn vaø Fe trong bột S dư . Chất rắn thu được sau
phản ứng được hòa tan bằng dd H2SO4 lõang dư thu được 1.344 lit khí (đktc) . Tính % khối lượng Zn và Fe
trong hh ban đầu
.........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... ..............................................................
........................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................
.............................
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......................................................................................................................................................... ..............................................................
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Trang 89
CHƯƠNG 7: TỐC ĐỘ PHẢN ỨNG VÀ CÂN BẰNG
HÓA HỌC
Bài 36: TỐC ĐỘ PHẢN ỨNG HÓA HỌC
I. Khái niệm :
1. Thí nghiệm :
- Cho 25ml dd H2SO4 vào 25ml dd BaCl2 : …………………………………………………………….
BaCl2 +H2SO4 ………….+ ……………………
- Cho 25ml dd H2SO4 vào 25ml dd Na2S2O3 : ……………………………………………………………
2. Nhận xét :
Tốc độ phản ứng hóa học là…………………………………………………………… của một trong các chất
………………….. hoặc ……………….. trong ……………………………………………… .
Trong đó:
C C1 C2
(mol.l 1.s 1 ) C1: Nồng độ ban đầu của một hợp chất tham gia phản ứng
V= t t C2: Nồng độ chất đó sau thời gian t giây phản ứng.
2NO2 N2O4
Nâu đỏ Không màu
- Nạp đầy khí NO2 vào 2 ống............................................. Quan sát màu khí 2
ống là .......................................
-.Đóng khóa K , ngâm ống a vào nước lạnh, sau một thời gian so sánh màu sắc khí ở 2 ống nghiệm ta
thấy: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. .........
..................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................
............................................................................................................................................................................................ ...........................
................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
2/Định nghĩa : Sự chuyển dịch cân bằng hóa học là................................................................................... ............................
............................................................. .................................................................... .................................................................... ................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. .........
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
Trang 91
III. Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến cân bằng hóa học :
1/Ảnh hưởng của nồng độ :
Khi tăng nồng độ 1 chất trong cân bằng thì .................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
-Vd: ...........................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
2/Áp suất :
Khi tăng áp suất chung của hệ thì ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………….
3/Nhiệt độ :
Phản ứng thu nhiệt có H ………0
Phản ứng tỏa nhiệt có H ………..0
Khi tăng nhiệt độ thì …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
* Nguyên lí Lơ Satơliê : Một phản ứng đang ở trạng thái cân bằng chịu 1 tác động bên ngòai như
…………...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
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…………………………………………………………………....................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………....................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………....................................................................................................................................
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trong đó:
C C1 C2
(mol.l 1.s 1 ) C1: Nồng độ ban đầu của một hợp chất tham gia phản ứng
V= t t C2: Nồng độ chất đó sau thời gian t giây phản ứng.
vY 2v X 1, 25.10 3 (mol / l.s ) . Chọn C.
II. BÀI TẬP VỀ VẬN DỤNG NGUYÊN LÍ LƠ- SA-TƠ-LI-Ê:
Cần nhớ:
- Yếu tố làm dịch chuyển cân bằng: Nồng độ, áp suất, nhiệt độ.
- Chiều dịch chuyển: Cân bằng dịch chuyển theo chiều làm giảm sự tác động.
Cụ thể:
- Nồng độ: Khi tăng nồng độ của một chất trong cân bằng thì cân bằng dịch chuyển theo chiều
làm giảm nồng độ chất đó và ngược lại.
- Áp suất: Khi tăng chung của hệ cân bằng, cân bằng dịch chuyển theo chiều làm giảm tổng số mol
chất khí và ngược lại.
Đối với một hệ cân bằng có tổng số mol chất khí ở hai vế của phương trình hóa học bằng nhau thì
áp suất không ảnh hưởng đến cân bằng.
- Nhiệt độ: Khi tăng nhiệt độ, cân bằng dịch chuyển theo chiều thu nhiệt; khi giảm nhiệt độ cân
Trang 93
bằng dịch chuyển theo chiều tỏa nhiệt.
Ví dụ 1: Cho cân bằng hoá học sau: 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k)
2SO3 (k); ΔH < 0.
Cho các biện pháp: (1) tăng nhiệt độ, (2) tăng áp suất chung của hệ phản ứng, (3) hạ nhiệt độ, (4) dùng
thêm chất xúc tác V2O5, (5) giảm nồng độ SO3, (6) giảm áp suất chung của hệ phản ứng. Những biện pháp
nào làm cân bằng trên chuyển dịch theo chiều thuận?
A. (1), (2), (4), (5). B. (2), (3), (5). C. (2), (3), (4), (6). D. (1), (2), (4).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Ví dụ 2: Cho phản ứng: N2(k) + 3H2(k)
2NH3 (k); H = -92 kJ. Hai biện pháp đều làm cân bằng
chuyển dịch theo chiều thuận là
A. giảm nhiệt độ và giảm áp suất. B. tăng nhiệt độ và tăng áp suất.
C. giảm nhiệt độ và tăng áp suất. D. tăng nhiệt độ và giảm áp suất.
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