SIMULATION OF ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS

PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL

USING ELEMENT FREE GALERKIN METHOD

SUPERVISOR CO SUPERVISOR PRESENTED BY

Dr. Somnath Bhattacharya Dr. Kamal Sharma Aman Agrawal
Assistant Professor Scientific Officer-F M.Tech Machine
Design BARC, Mumbai 18231003
NIT, Raipur
 Contents
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Research gap
• Objectives of Dissertation
• Introduction to EFGM

Numerical Formulation for FGM using EFGM
• Research Methodology
• Results & Discussions
• Conclusion
• References
 INTRODUCTION

Need of crack analysis:

• The crack analysis needs to be done effectively it has been found from
investigating the fallen structures that most failure began with cracks.

• To ensure reliability and to avoid catastrophic consequences, the analysis of static

crack is very important issue.

• In case of aerospace structures, engines and many other industrial applications,

the fallen structures leads to the loss of life.

• To prevent the loss of materials and increase the service life of the engineering
components.

Modelling methods of cracks

• To model the crack various methods such as boundary element method, finite
element method (FEM), meshfree methods(free mesh method (FMM),
reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM), element free galerkin method
(EFGM)), extended finite element method (XFEM), have been extensively
used.

• BEM solves the unknowns on the boundaries.

• The finite element method has been widely used due to its accuracy, simplicity
and flexibility, but due to re-meshing, element locking, discontinuous
derivatives of the primary variable at element boundaries, etc restricts the usage
of FEM.

• EFGM has been developed to simulate fracture mechanics problems to

overcome the cumbersome process of remeshing.
• EFGM technique allows mesh independent crack modeling, and avoids
remeshing as it is done with the help of nodes.

• Standard FE approximation is enriched with some functions, which are

obtained from the theoretical background of the problem to model a crack
in EFGM.

• To track a moving discontinuity, the level set method is used.

• Material defects (dislocation, impurities), discontinuities in assembly

and/or design (sharp corners, grooves and voids), harsh environments
results in the development of crack.

• Fracture Mechanics was introduced to analyze the relationship among

stresses, cracks, and fracture toughness.

Fracture Mechanics

• Fracture Mechanics was introduced to study the connection between stresses,

cracks, and fracture toughness.
• Applications in design
1. Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM)
2. Elasto-Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM)
• In Fracture Mechanics, most formulas are derived for either plane
stresses or plane strains, associated with the three basic modes of loadings on
a cracked body: opening (Mode I), sliding (Mode II), and tearing (Mode III).

Fig 1. Different Modes of Loading

 Literature Review
S. Author Title Publisher & Year Description
No.
1. T. Belytschko, L. Fracture and crack Modelling Simul. EFG method is particularly effective in
Gu & Y.Y. Lu growth by element Mater. Sci. progressive fracture problems because
free Galerkin Eng,1994 it can accurately compute stress
methods intensity factors with very irregular
arrangements of nodes.
2. J. Dolbow & T. An introduction to Archives of A detailed description of a EFGM and
Belytschko programming the computational its numerical formulation are
mesh less element methods in presented and a step by step
free Galerkin method engineering,1998 explanation of the MATLAB program
used to solve the problem in one
dimension as well as two dimension.
3. T. Belytschko & Elastic Crack Growth International The Finite element mesh in most cases
T. Black in Finite Elements journal for need not conform to the shape of the
with minimal numerical methods crack. Thus crack growth problems can
remeshing in engineering, be solved with no or very little
1999 remeshing.
4. B. N. Rao & S. An interaction integral Computational Two new interaction integrals have been
Rahman method for analysis of Mechanics 32, developed for calculating stress-
cracks in orthotropic 2003 intensity factors for a stationary crack in
functionally graded 2D orthotropic functionally graded
materials materials of arbitrary geometry.
5. Mohit Pant, A numerical study of ICCES,2009 Crack inclination has a significant
I. V. Singh, & centre crack under effect over the values of both mode-I
B. K. Mishra thermo-mechanical and mode-II stress intensity factors.
load using EFGM
6. I.V. Singh, A modified intrinsic Materials and A modified intrinsic enriched criterion
B.K. Mishra enriched element free Design,2010 was proposed to solve multiple
& Mohit Pant Galerkin method for interacting edge crack problems. The
multiple cracks results obtained by modified intrinsic
simulation enrichment are more accurate.

7. Mohit Pant, Numerical simulation International Journal EFGM has been successfully extended
I.V.Singh & of thermo-elastic of Mechanical to solve steady state thermo-elastic
B.K.Mishra fracture problems using Sciences,2010 fracture mechanics problems in both
element free Galerkin isotropic and bi-material domains.
method The modeling capabilities and accuracy
of EFGM shows that it has a great
potential to solve real life fracture
mechanics problems.

8. Mohit Pant, I. Mesh Free Solution of Journal of ASTM The cracks present in the domain were
V. Singh, B. Two Dimensional Edge International.2010 characterized by the diffraction criteria
K. Mishra, Crack Problems under which were modified with multiple
Vivek Bhasin, Thermo-Mechanical crack weight technique
Kamal Load
Sharma & I.
A. Khan
9. Sayyed Shahram Orthotropic enriched Engineering The orthotropic enrichment
Ghorashi, Soheil element free Galerkin Fracture functions along with a sub-triangle
Mohammadi & method for fracture Mechanics,2011 technique was used for the Gauss
Saeed-Reza analysis of composites quadrature accuracy near the crack
Sabbagh-Yazdi for its enhancement. The mixed-
mode stress intensity factors were
obtained for determining the
fracture properties.
10. I. V. Singh, XFEM simulation of International The SIF for the major crack increases
B. K. Mishra & S. cracks, holes and journal for with the increase in number of holes,
Bhattacharya inclusions in functionally mechanical inclusions and minor cracks. The
graded materials material design, increase in SIF is found to be more
2011 severe for the FGMs containing major
center crack as compared to a major
edge crack. The presence of multiple
minor cracks has small impact on the
SIF as compared to multiple holes,
inclusions or both.
11. S. Bhattacharya, I. Mixed-mode fatigue crack International The minor cracks have the least effect
V. Singh, & B. K. growth analysis of Journal of on the fatigue lives of the materials
Mishra functionally graded Fracture, 2013 whereas effect of holes is quite
materials by XFEM significant. In FGM, if a crack is
present on the ceramic rich side, the
fatigue life becomes quite small as
compared to alloy rich side.
12. S. Bhattacharya, Fatigue-life Engineering with FGM plate with a center crack survives
I. V. Singh & estimation of Computers 2013 more than the plate with an edge crack for
B. K. Mishra functionally same amplitude of cyclic loading. The
graded materials presence of holes/voids in the domain has a
using XFEM more significant effect on the fatigue life of
the material as compared to the presence
of minor cracks and inclusions. The effect
of minor cracks in the domain on the
fatigue life of the material is found
minimum.
13. S. Bhattacharya, Fatigue crack Computational The study found that the plate having
I. V. Singh & B. growth Mechanics,2013 interfacial central crack has more fatigue life
K. Mishra simulations of as compared to the plate having interfacial
interfacial cracks edge crack
in bi layered
FGMs using
XFEM
14. Mohit Pant, A novel International Some additional terms in the linear basis of
I.V.Singh & enrichment Journal of EFGM were added to obtain the crack tip
B.K.Mishra criterion for Mechanical stress singularity. This was done for
modeling kinked Sciences,2013 modeling of kinked cracks as the
cracks using conventional intrinsic enrichment is
element free incapable of doing the kinked crack
Galerkin method modeling.
15. Kamal Simulation of Bi- Procedia The jump function was used to model
Sharma, V. Metallic Interfacial Engineering,2014 the material discontinuity at the
Bhasina, I. V. Cracks using Element interface. The crack tip stress field was
Singh, B. K. Free Galerkin modeled using the intrinsic enrichment.
Mishra & R. Method
K. Singh
16. I. V. Singh, Nonlinear Fatigue Advanced The residual compressive stresses develop
B. K. Mishra, Crack Growth Analysis Materials a residual SIF, which reduces the crack
Sachin Kumar of a Center Crack Plate Manufacturing & driving force for the next loading cycle.
& A. S. by XFEM Characterization, Hence, plastic region at the crack tip
Shedbale 2014 improves the Fatigue life.

17. Mohit Pant, Application of EFGM Procedia Found that the spatial location of crack in
Kamal and XFEM for Fatigue Engineering,2017 a FGM plays a major role in determining
Sharma & Crack growth Analysis the fatigue life of component. The results
Somnath of Functionally Graded also reveal that the fatigue life reduces
Bhattacharya Materials considerably in case of mixed mode
loading as compared to that of pure mode-
I loading.
18. Showkat Modeling Of Materials The material and geometric
Ahmad Nonlinear Crack Today,2018 nonlinearities was used in this
Kanth & G. Growth in Steel study. The Lagrangian approach
A. Harmain, and Aluminum was used to model the geometric
AzherJameel Alloys by the nonlinearity and to obtain the
Element Free elasto-plastic behavior of the
Galerkin material the isotropic hardening
Method has been used with the Ramberg-
Osgood model.
19. Wafaa Farouq, Fracture analysis Optics and •The SIFs were determined
Haider Khazal of functionally Lasers in experimentally by the DIC
& Abdul graded material Engineering. technique for a CT specimen. The
KareemF. using digital 2019 XEFGM was employed for
Hassan image correlation comparison of the DIC tests. The
technique and numerical and DIC methods
extended exhibited good agreement to
element-free solution.
Galerkin method
 RESEARCH GAP

• On the basis of these literature it is observed that much research

have been done on homogeneous & isotropic material using EFGM.

• There is no work done in FGM material having major crack with

additional in-homogeneities/discontinuities like holes and minor
cracks under mode-I loading conditions considering elastic fracture
mechanics theories.
 Objectives of dissertation
1. Simulation of FGM material cracked Plate considering 2-D Elastic
fracture mechanics theories.
2. Study of Edge and centre cracks under mode-I loading conditions
considering linear elastic fracture mechanics theories for FGM
material.
3. Calculating the stress intensity factor at the tip of the major crack
(Edge as well as centre) with additional in-homogeneity (presence
of holes and minor crack) under mode-I loading conditions
considering elastic fracture mechanics theories for FGM material.
4. Compare and validate simulation outcomes with analytical or
reference solutions.
Fig 2: A rectangular domain along with major Left edge crack, major Centre crack, major Right edge crack and major
left and Right edge crack
 Introduction to EFGM
• EFGM stands for Element Free Galerkin Method. The Element Free Galerkin
Method(EFGM) is a numerical method, based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), that
is especially designed for treating discontinuities.
• EFGM is based on global weak-form method and moving least square function for
construction of shape function which is used for solving partial differential equations.
• Support domain

Fig.3: Domain of influence

• Moving Least Square Method

…….1 ……………..3

,,,,,,,,….2 ………………4
 ……………5 ………………………..6

……..7 ………..8

……9 ………………..10

…………………………………..11

• Governing Equation
A given domain (Ω) boundary is partitioned into displacement (Γu), traction (Γt) and
traction-free (Γc) boundaries as shown. The equilibrium conditions and boundary
conditions are given as
……………..12 ………………13

…………14 …………………15
 Fig.4: Domain with discontinuities
• The final discrete equation

…………16 ………………17

…………..18 …………………19

……………20 ………………21

…………22 …………….23
• Moving Least Square approximation for Cracks
• …………………………………………….24
• Moving Least Square approximation for Holes
• ……………………………………………………………25
• Moving Least Square approximation Formulation for Cracks and holes

• ….........26 ………….27

Where r, s = u, a, b, d
………28 …………29

……………..30 ………….31

Where l=1, 2, 3, 4
…………….32
Where are finite element shape function, Biu, Bia, Bib,Bid the matrices of shape function
derivatives given by:
 ....................33 ……………..34

….....35 ……………..36

Where l=1, 2, 3, 4

…………37

Numerical formulation for FGM using EFGM

• FGMs are composite material whose composition and microstructure vary in space
following a predetermined law. The gradual change in composition and microstructure
gives place to a gradient of properties and performances.
• The variation of the elastic modulus for FGM is modeled as

• ………….38 …………….39
 Fig. 5: FGM plate geometry
• Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors for FGM

Fig. 6: Path independent closed contour around the crack tip

• Cracked body is considered in two states:
…..Present State …………Auxiliary state
 …………..Combined J integral of the two states

….Interaction
integral for states 1 and 2
………. interaction strain energy

,....SIF at the tip of the crack where…….

• Calculation of Equivalent SIF

………………equivalent SIF for mode-I

……..obtained from maximum principal stress criterion

 Research Methodology
1. Modeling of problem domain and its boundary have been done firstly and it is
represented by using sets of scattered nodes.

2. The level set function is used to represent the crack and the nodes which are to be
enriched are selected.

3. Within the problem domain the field variables are interpolated using the function values at
the field nodes.

4. The stiffness matrix and nodal force vectors are computed with the help of MATLAB
codes.

5. Essential boundary conditions are imposed.

6. The solutions for displacement vectors and forces are determined.

7. Stress intensity factors are calculated using interaction integral method.

 Results & Discussions
• Validation:
A rectangular FGM domain of length 100 mm. and height 200 mm. with a left edge crack
and a center crack is solved by EFGM under the elastic conditions. Mode-I SIF is
calculated at the tip of the left edge crack and at the right tip of center crack for a FGM
plate of graded alumina nickel alloy with Ealloy=397GPa and Eceramic = 417.35GPa. In this
problem keep α = 0.5/m in the Eq. 3.47 and υ = 0.23. The results obtained from the study
and the literature results (I. V. Singh et al. 2011) are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Comparison of literature result and present study

Left Edge Crack Centre Crack

Crack Length 40mm 40mm
I. V. Singh et al.
75.28 27.72
2011
Present study 72.54 26.87
% error 3.64 3.07
• Problem description:
A rectangular plate of length 100 mm and height 200 mm with material properties of
functionally graded material as 100% copper nickel alloy on left side and 100% ceramic
(alumina) on right side is considered in the problem. In x-direction, where x varies
from x = 0 to x = 100 mm, gradation in property is taken. On the top edge of the
rectangular domain along y direction, a uniform traction of 100 Mpa is applied.
In some problems, domain contains major crack along with minor cracks or/and holes.
Major crack is located at the centre of the left edge or at the centre of the right edge or
at the centre of the plate or at both, left edge and right edge. The discontinuities, such as
minor cracks and holes are added either singly or in combination with each other.
The minor cracks are of length 12 mm, and are oriented at angles of 00. The holes are of
circular nature with their radii of 8 mm. Random locations of minor discontinuities is
taken such that they do not intersect with each other.
Static load is applied at top edge of the plate with a value of 100 Mpa. The values of
equivalent SIF are computed at the tip of the major crack. The following properties are
used in the study:

Ealloy = 160Gpa Eceramic = 386Gpa υalloy = 0.35 υceramic = 0.21

alloy ceramic
KIC = 79Mpa√m KIC = 5Mpa√m

C = 3*10-11 m = 3

Case 1: Results of major Left Edge Crack in FGM Plate

• A major Left edge crack in FGM plate

The SIF at the tip of the crack is 63.1484 Mpa√m

• A major Left edge crack in FGM plate with 3 minor cracks

The SIF at the tip of the crack is 65.0346 Mpa√m

• A major Left edge crack in FGM plate with 9 minor cracks

The SIF at the tip of the crack is 65.1820 Mpa√m

• A major Left edge crack in FGM plate with 2 holes

The SIF at the tip of the crack is 66.2510 Mpa√m

• A major Left edge crack in FGM plate with 2 holes and 3 minor cracks
The SIF at the tip of the crack is 68.0817 Mpa√m
 Fig. 7: FGM plate having left edge crack and several discontinuities

Table 2: Comparison of SIF of various SIF obtained for Left Edge Crack

Left Edge Left Edge Left Edge Left Edge Left edge
crack crack with crack with crack with crack with
3 minor 9 minor 2 holes 2 holes
cracks cracks and 3
minor
cracks
KIeq(MPa√ 63.1484 65.0346 65.1820 66.2510 68.0817
m)

Case 2: Results of major Right Edge Crack in FGM Plate

• A major Right edge crack in FGM plate

The SIF at the tip of the crack is 75.6646 Mpa√m

• A major Right edge crack in FGM plate with 3 minor cracks

The SIF at the tip of the crack is 75.9041 Mpa√m

• A major Right edge crack in FGM plate with 2 holes

The SIF at the tip of the crack is 80.6204 Mpa√m

• A major Right edge crack in FGM plate with 2 holes and 3 minor cracks
The SIF at the tip of the crack is 82.2232 Mpa√m
 Fig. 8: FGM plate having right edge crack and several discontinuities

Table 3: Comparison of SIF of various SIF obtained for Right Edge Crack

Right Edge Right Edge Right Edge Right edge

crack crack with 3 crack with 2 crack with 2
minor cracks holes holes and 3
minor cracks

KIeq(MPa√m) 75.6646 75.9041 80.6204 82.2232


Case 3: Results of major Centre Crack in FGM Plate

• A major centre crack in FGM plate

The SIF at the tip of the left crack is 25.1580 Mpa√m and the SIF at the tip of the
right crack is 48.1958 Mpa√m

• A major Centre crack in FGM plate with 6 minor cracks

The SIF at the tip of the left crack is 34.5451 Mpa√m and the SIF at the tip of the
right crack is 52.7909 Mpa√m
 Fig. 9: FGM plate having centre crack and several discontinuities

Table 4: Comparison of SIF of various SIF obtained for Centre Crack

Centre crack Centre crack with 6

micro cracks
KIeqL (MPa√m) 25.1580 34.5451
KIeqR (MPa√m) 48.1958 52.7909

Case 4: Results of major Left Edge and Right Edge Crack in FGM Plate

• A major Left Edge and Right edge crack in FGM plate

The SIF at the tip of the left edge crack is 30.2428 Mpa√m and the right edge
crack is 24.0508 Mpa√m

• A major Left Edge and Right edge crack with single hole in FGM plate
The SIF at the tip of the left edge crack is 31.7793 Mpa√m and the right edge
crack is 20.3847 Mpa√m
 Fig. 10: FGM plate having left edge and right edge crack and several discontinuities

Table 5: Comparison of SIF of various SIF obtained for Centre Crack

Left Edge and Right Left Edge and Right

Edge crack Edge crack with single
hole
KIeqL (MPa√m) 30.2428 31.7793
KIeqR (MPa√m) 24.0508 20.3847
 Conclusions

• In the present study the values of SIF of crack tip in FGM plate has been
calculated in the presence of inhomogeneities by EFGM.
• On the basis of this study it has been found that the SIF for the major crack
increases with the addition of inhomogeneities (holes and minor cracks).
• The increase in SIF is found to be more severe for the plate containing major
edge crack as compared to a major centre crack.
• The effect of holes and minor crack on the SIF is more prominent when they
exist together.
• It is also found that effect of minor cracks on the SIF is minimum, whereas holes
have maximum effect.
• This work can be further extended for thermal load, thermo-mechanical load,
dynamic load, and for the simulations containing arbitrary shape and size
multiple discontinuities randomly located in the domain.
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