#2 Evaluate the following integrals, where in each case C is the circle |z|=3

counter clockwise

a) b) c) d)

Solutions a) for the denominator z (z-1) ,the holes are z=0&1 using
residual theorem

=b12 i,for several singularities 2 i

B1=

For zo=0 , = =-1

For zo=1 , = =1

There fore =2 i =2 i*[-1+1] =0

b) Using the same theorem for the denominator has holes

@z=i&-i

For zo=-i, =1/2

For zo=I, , =1/2

There fore =2 i =2 i*[1/2+1/2]= 2 i

C) = the holes are z=1&2

For z=1, b1= =-1

For z=2, b1= =2

There fore =2 i =2 i*[-1+2]= 2 i

D) ,the poles are z=0 with order 3,1&-1 with order 1& all
roots are in the region of the circle
Residue b1@z=0 with order 3 is :-

since m=3

= = =-2

Residue b1@z=1 with order 1is :-

= =1/2

Residue b1@z=-1 with order 1is :-

= =1/2

There fore =2 i =2 i*[-2+1/2+1/2]= -2 i

#3 using the residue theorem show that

= -1<a<1

Solution f(t) = since f(t)=f(-t),f(t) is an even function

Let z=a , then dz=ai dt for 0  dt=

Cost= = =

1-2acost+ =1-2a + =

There fore = =

=
The Integrand have simple poles @z=0, 1& where c is unit circle, since
z=1 is outside of contour c, only z=0&a2 are taken in the determination of
residues

Residue @z=0 b1 = = = =

Residue @z=a2 b1= = =

 = =

= =

#4. evaluate by means of the residue theorem the integral

[HINT: The contour in the z-plane must be a closed loop, one time around
.Thus, the limits on the polar angle must be any 2 interval ,such as 0 to 2
or – .]

Solution = , dz=izd  d =

= =

= =

= = =

The poles are z=0,4&1/4

Residue @z=0 b1= = =1

Residue @z=4 b1= = Residue @z=0 b1=

= =17/15

Residue @z=1/4 b1= = =-17/15

 = =1/4i*2 *(17/15+(-17/15)+1)=
#6 Let represents the Levi-Civets epsilon&ui be a vector in IR3 .show
that

=6

uiuj=0

Solutions: - =

Summation w.r.t ,i

+ +

Summation w.r.t ,j 

= +
+

Summation w.r.t ,k )=

=
+ +
+

+ +

+ +
+

Note

=(1)(1)+(-1)(-1)+(-1)(-1)+(1)(1)+(1)(1)+(-1)(-1)=6

---------------------------------------------------------------Ans.

uiuj=0

Solution k is free indices &i&j are summation indices

 uiuj =0
 +

+ + + + + +
+ +

Note

+ + + + + =-
U2U1+U3U1+U1U2-U3U2-U1U3+U2U3=0

-------------------------------ANS.

#10.consider triple of vectors in IR3

U=(1,0,0 ) ,v=(1,1,0) ,w=(1,1,1)

i) Can this set of vectors be a basis (yes/no)

ii) If yes then

Compute the reciprocal basis

Determine the contra variant component of the vectors (1,2,3)

Find the conjugate metric component of the space

Solutions I) these vectors to be basis, det (u v w)≠0

≠01(1(1)-1(0))+0+0≠01≠0

Hence, vectors can be basis.

ii) A) Reciprocal basis=ei=

e1= =(1,-1,0)/1=(1,-1,0)

e2= =(0,1,-1)/1=(0,1,-1)
e3= (0,0,1)/1=(0,0,1)

b) The contra variant component of the vectors (1,2,3)

Let A=(1,2,3) then its contra variant component is given by A i=A.ei

->A1=A.e1=(1 ,2 3).(1,-1,0)=-1

->A2=A.e2=(1 ,2 3).(0,1,-1)=-1

->A3=A.e3=(1 ,2 3).(0,0,1)

c) The conjugate metric component of the space. The space is:-

gik,gik,gi.k& gi.k &let e1=u,e2=v&e3=w

g11=e1.e1=(1,0,0).(1,0,0)=1,g12=e1.e2=(1,0,0).(1,1,0)=1,g13=e1.e3=(1,0,0)
.(1,1,1)=1,

g21=e2.e1=e1.e2=1,g22=e2.e2=(1,1,0).(1,1,0)=2,g23=e2.e3=(1,1,0).(1,1,1)=
2

g31=e3.e1=e1.e3=1, g32=e3.e2=e2.e3=2 g33=e3.e3=(1,1,1).(1,1,1)=3

g11=e1.e1=(1,-1,0).(1,-1,0)=2, g12=e1.e=(1,-1,0).(0,1,-1)=-1 g13=e1.e3=(1,-

1,0).(0,0,1)=0

g21=e2.e1=(0,1,-1)).(1,-1,0)=-1, g22=e2.e2=(0,1,-1)).(0,1,-1)=2 g23=e2.e1=(0,1,-

1)).(0,0,1)=-1

g31=e3.e1=(0,0,1).(1,-1,0)=0, g32=e3.e2=(0,0,1).(0,1,-1)=-1
g33=e3.e3=(0,0,1).(0,0,1)=1

g1.1=e1.e1=(1,0,0).(1,-1,0)=1, g1.2=e1.e2=(1,0,0).(0,1,-1)=0,
g1.3=e1.e3=(1,0,0).(0,0,1)=0

g2.1=e2.e1=(1,1,0).(1,-1,0)=0, g2.2=e2.e2=(1,1,0).(0,1,-1)=1,
g2.3=e2.e3=(1,1,0).(0,0,1)=0

g3.1=e3.e1=(1,1,1).(1,-1,0)=0, g3.2=e3.e2=(1,1,1).(0,1,-1)=0,
g3.3=e3.e3=(1,1,1).(0,0,1)=1

g1.1=e1.e1=(1,-1,0).(1,0,0)=1, g1.2=e1.e2=(1,-1,0).(1,1,0)=0, g1.3=e1.e3=(1,-

1,0).(1,1,1)=0

g2.1=e2.e1=(0,1,-1).(1,0,0)=0, g2.2=e2.e2=(0,1,-1).(1,1,0)=1, g2.3=e2.e3=(0,1,-

1).(1,1,1)=0
g3.1=e3.e1=(0,0,1).(1,0,0)=0, g3.2=e3.e2=(0,0,1).(1,1,0)=0,
g3.3=e3.e3=(0,0,1).(1,1,1)=1

gik= ,gik= , gi.k= , gi.k =

#8.Let q1,q2,q3 be coordinates related to rectangular coordinates x1,x2,x3

with orthonormal basis i1,i2,i3 by the formula

q1=x1+x2, q2=x1-x2, q3=3x3

(A). find the basis vectors corresponding to the vectors q1, q2, q3

(b).find the metric tensor gik;

©. Find the covariant & contra variant components of the vectors

A=i1+i2, B=2i1-3i3

Solution a) Rectangular coordinates x1, x2&x3 with orthonormals i1, i2&i3

are shown below.

 q1,q2,q3 are related with x1,x2&x3 as q1=x1+x2, q2=x1-x2, q3=3x3

x1=1/2*( q1+ q2) &x2=1/2*( q1- q2) &x3=1/2* q3

Let v£R3 be a vector V=(x1,x2,x3)=1/2*( q1+ q2, q1- q2, q3 )

V=v1e1+v2e2+v3e3=1/2*[(1,1,0)q1+ (1,-1,0)q2 +(0,0,1) q3 ]

Where v1,v2&v3 are components relative to basis vectors e1,e2&e3

V1= q1 ,v2= q2 ,v3= q3

 V=v1e1+v2e2+v3e3 =(1/2,1/2,0)q1+ (1/2,-1/2,0)q2 +(0,0,1/2) q3 ]

e1==(1/2,1/2,0),e2=(1/2,-1/2,0)&e3=(0,0,1/2)

Therefore basis vectors corresponding to the vectors q1, q2, q3 are :-

e1==(1/2,1/2,0),e2=(1/2,-1/2,0)&e3=(0,0,1/2)----------------------ANS

Alternate solution for (A)

q1, q2, q3 are related with x1, x2&x3

x1, x2&x3 are with orthonormal basis i1,i2,i3 respectively.

q1, q2& q3 are related with orthonormal basis e1, e2 & e3 respectively

q1 =x1+x2 e1=i1+i2+i3=(1,1,0)

q2 =x1-x2 e1=i1+i2+i3=(1,-1,0)

q3=2x3 e3=2i3=(0,0,2)

Related to 

V1=e1.(e2xe3)= e2.(e1xe3)= e3.(e1xe2)

V1=(1,1,0).[(1,-1,0)x(0,0,2)]=(1,1,0).(-2,-2,0)=-2-2=-4

=[(1,-1,0)x(0,0,2)]/-4=(-2,-2,0)/-4=(1/2,1/2,0)

=[(0,0,2)x(1,1,0)]/-4=(-2,2,0)/-4=(1/2,-1/2,0)

=(1,1,0)x(1,-1,0)=(0,0,-2)/-4=(0,0,1/2)

Therefore basis vectors corresponding to the vectors q 1, q2, q3 are :-

e 1=(1/2,1/2,0)

e 2=(1/2,-1/2,0)

e 3=(0,0,1/2 the same result with the previous solution

b) The metric tensor gik; is calculated as gik=ei.ek

g11=e1.e1=(1/2,1/2,0).(1/2,1/2,0)=1/4+1/4+0=1/2

g12=e1.e2=(1/2,1/2,0).(1/2,-1/2,0)=1/4-1/4+0=0

g13=e1.e1=(1/2,1/2,0).(0,0,1/2,)=0+0+0=0

g21=e2.e1=(1/2,-1/2,0).(1/2,1/2,0)=1/4-1/4+0=0

g22=e2.e2=(1/2,-1/2,0).(1/2,-1/2,0)=1/4+1/4+0=1/2

g23=e2.e3=(1/2,-1/2,0).(0,0,1/2)=0+0+0=0

g31=e3.e1=(0,0,1/2).(1/2,1/2,0)=0+0+0=0

g32=e3.e2=(0,0,1/2).(1/2,-1/2,0)=0+0+0=0

g33=e3.e3=(0,0,1/2). (0,0,1/2).()=0+0+1/4=1/4

gik= =

©. Find the covariant & contra variant components of the vectors

Given vectors, A=i1+i2, B=2i1-3i3

Covariant components

For a vector v=v1e1+v2e2+v3e3 v1, v2&v3 are Covariant vectors

Now A=A1e1+A2e2+A3e3, Covariant components Ai=A.ei

=>A1=A.e1=(1,1,0).(1/2,1/2,0)=1/2+1/2+0=1

A2=A.e2=(1,1,0).(1/2,-1/2,0)=1/2-1/2+0=0

A3=A.e3=(1,1,0).(0,0,1/2)=0+0+0=0

B=B1e1+B2e2+B3e3 ,Bi=B.ei

B1=B.e1=(2,0-3).(1/2,1/2,0)=1+0+0=1

B2=B.e2=(2,0-3).(1/2,-1/2,0)=1+0+0=1

B3=B.e3=(2,0-3).(0,0,1/2)=0+0+-3/2=-3/2
Hence Covariant components are

Ai=(1,0,0) & Bi=(1,1,-3/2)------------------ANS

contra variant components

Ai=A.ei & Bi=B.ei

A1=A.e1=(1,1,0).(1,1,0)=1+1+0=2

A2=A.e2=(1,1,0).(1,1,0)=1+1+0=2

A3=A.e3=(1,1,0).(0,0,2)=0+0+0=0

B1=B.e1=(2,0,-3).(1,1,0)=2+0+0=2

B2=B.e2=(2,0,-3).(1,-1,0)=2+0+0=2

B3=B.e3=(2,0,-3).(0,0,2)=0+0-6=6

Hence contra variant components of vector A&B are:-

Ai= (2, 0, 0) & Bi= (2, 2,-6)