Concrete Structures

Temesgen Wondimu, PhD

Chapter 6: Column Analysis & Design Based on Second Order

Deformations

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 1

 Column
Definition: A column is a vertical structural member
supporting axial compressive loads, with or without
moments. The cross-sectional dimensions of a column
are generally considerably less than its height. Columns
support vertical loads from the floors and roof and
transmit these loads to the foundations.
Common terms associated with columns:
• Compression members
• Members subjected to combined axial load and
bending

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 2

 Strength of Short Columns
(Axial load + Moment)
Usually moment is represented by axial load times
eccentricity, i.e.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 3

 Behavior under Combined
Bending and Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and
Moment ( Failure Envelope )

Concrete crushes
before steel yields

Steel yields before

concrete crushes

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 4

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 5
 Computation Method
for Interaction Diagrams
The relationships needed to compute the various points
on an interaction diagram are derived by using strain
compatibility and mechanics.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 6

 Biaxially Loaded Columns

The use of an iterative strain-

compatibility analysis for a
biaxially loaded column is the
most nearly theoretically correct
method of solving biaxially
loaded column problems
CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 7
 Slender Column

A slender column is defined as a column that has a significant

reduction in its axial-load capacity due to moments resulting from
lateral deflections of the column. In the derivation of the ACI Code, “a
significant reduction” was arbitrarily taken as anything greater than
aboutCENG
5%.
7051 Concrete Structures 8
 Slender Column
Buckling of Axially Loaded
Elastic Columns
Buckling load

 2 EI
Pc 
 kl 
2

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 9

Slender Column

Braced Frame

Unbraced
Frame

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 10

 Behavior And Analysis Of Pin-
ended Columns
• If the applied axial load is above the critical load,
the load-moment curve will not converge to a stable
position and it is referred to as a second-order
process, because it is described by a second-order
differential equation.
• In a first-order analysis, the equations of equilibrium
are derived by assuming that the deflections have a
negligible effect on the internal forces in the
members. In a second-order analysis, the equations
of equilibrium consider the deformed shape of the
structure.
• Generally the results of a first-order analysis is used
to approximate the second-order effects.
CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 11
 Behavior And Analysis Of Pin-
ended Columns
• P - 𝜹 Moments and P - ∆ Moments
The first one result from deflections, 𝜹 , of the axis of the bent
column away from the chord joining the ends of the column. It
causes the slenderness effects in pin-ended columns and in
nonsway frames. The second moments result from lateral
deflections, ∆, of the beam–column joints from their original
undeflected locations. It results in the slenderness effects in
sway frames.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 12

 Behavior And Analysis Of Pin-ended
Columns
• Material Failures and Stability Failures

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 13

 Behavior And Analysis Of Pin-ended
Columns
• Slender Column Interaction Curve

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 14

 Behavior And Analysis Of Pin-
ended Columns
• Moment Magnifier for Symmetrically
Loaded Pin-Ended Beam Column
𝜹 = 𝜹𝟎 + 𝜹𝒂 - Total second order
deflection. Assume the final
deflected shape has a half sine
wave. Then using the moment
area method, the first order
moment can be computed as:
𝑃𝑙2
𝛿0 = 2 𝛿0 + 𝛿𝑎 → 𝛿𝑎
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
𝑃
= 𝛿0 + 𝛿𝑎 𝑃 𝑃 = 𝛿 0 𝑃𝐸
𝐸 1−𝑃 𝑃
𝐸
CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 15
 Behavior And Analysis Of Pin-
ended Columns
• Column Rigidity, EI
Design Values of EI for the Computation of the Critical Loads
of Individual Columns

The following eqn. may be used in calculating

the critical load of an individual column:

This equation can be used for the preliminary design of columns.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 16

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 17
 Behavior And Analysis Of Pin-
ended Columns
• Effect of Sustained Loads on Pin-Ended
Columns
The ACI Code moment-magnifier procedure uses the
reduced-modulus procedure. The value of EI is reduced by
dividing by 1 + 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 where, for hinged columns and
columns in restrained frames, 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 is defined as the ratio
of the factored axial load due to dead load to the total
factored axial load.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 18

 Behavior And Analysis Of Pin-
ended Columns
• Limiting Slenderness Ratios for Slender Columns
Most columns in structures are sufficiently short and stocky to
be unaffected by slenderness effects. To avoid checking
slenderness effects for all columns, ACI Code allows
slenderness effects to be ignored in the case of columns in
sway frames if:

and in nonsway frames if:

This equation can be used for the preliminary design of columns.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 19

 Behavior And Analysis Of Pin-
ended Columns
• Definition of Nonsway and Sway Frames
ACI Code allows designers to assume that a story in
a frame is nonsway if

where Q is the stability index, 𝑃𝑢 is the total vertical load

in all the columns and walls in the story in question, Vus is
the shear in the story due to factored lateral loads, ∆0 is the
first-order relative deflection between the top and bottom of
that story due to Vus and lc is the height of the story
measured from center to center of the joints above and
below the story.
CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 20
 Behavior And Analysis Of Pin-
ended Columns
• Summary of ACI Moment Magnifier Design Procedure
for Columns in Nonsway Frames

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 21

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 22
 Design Of Columns In Nonsway
Frames
The equivalent hinged column is designed for the axial load, P, and
the end moments, M2 , from the first-order analysis. Unfortunately,
the length li is difficult to compute. In all modern concrete and steel
design codes, the empirical assumption is made that can be taken
equal to the effective length for elastic buckling, kli

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 23

 Design Of Columns In Nonsway
Frames
K Factor

  EI / l of columns
u

 EI / l of beams
u

YA and YB are the top and bottom factors of the

column. For a hinged end Y is infinite or 10
and for a fixed end Y is zero or 1

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 24

 Design Of Columns In Nonsway
Frames
For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)

k  0.70  0.05  Y A  Y B   1.0

k  smaller of 
 k  0.85  0.05Y min  1.0
YA and YB are the top and bottom factors of the
column.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 25

 Design Of Columns In Nonsway
Frames
For a Sway Frame:
a) Restrained @both ends
 20  Y m 
if Y m  Y avg  2.0 : k    1 Ym
 20 
if Y m  2.0 : k  0.9 1  Y m
b) One hinged or free end
k  2.0  0.3Y
Non-sway frames: 0  k  1.0
Sway
CENG 7051 frames:
1.0  k  
Concrete Structures
 typically k=1.5  26
 Design Of Columns In Nonsway
Frames
Use the Y values to obtain the K factors for the columns.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 27

 Behavior Of Restrained Columns
In Sway Frames
• Statics of Sway Frames
A sway (unbraced) frame is one that depends on moments
in the columns to resist lateral loads and lateral deflections.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 28

 Behavior Of Restrained Columns
In Sway Frames
• Statics of Sway Frames

Because the maximum lateral-load moments and

the maximum 𝑃 − ∆ moments both occur at the ends of
the columns, and hence can be added directly, the
equivalent moment factor, Cm, does not apply to sway
columns.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 29

 Behavior Of Restrained Columns
In Sway Frames
• Ms and Mns Moments
Two different types of moments occur in frames:
1. Moments due to loads not causing appreciable
sway, Mns
2. Moments due to loads causing appreciable sway, Ms

ACI Code defines the nonsway moment, as the

factored end moment on a column due to loads that
cause no appreciable sidesway, as computed by a first-
order elastic frame analysis. These moments result
from gravity loads.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 30

Column Design Process

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 31

 Calculation Of Moments In Sway
Frames Using Second-order Analyses
• A first-order frame analysis is one in which the effect of
First-Order and Second-Order
lateral deflections on bending moments, axial forces, and
Analysis
lateral deflections is ignored. The resulting moments and
deflections are linearly related to the loads.
• In a second-order frame analysis, the effect of deflections
on moments, and so on, is considered. The resulting
moments and deflections include the effects of
slenderness and hence are nonlinear with respect to the
load. Because the moments are directly affected by the
lateral deflections, it is important that the stiffnesses, EI,
used in the analysis be representative of the stage
immediately prior to yielding of the flexural reinforcement.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 32

 Calculation Of Moments In Sway
Frames Using Second-order Analyses
• Second-Order Analysis
Load Cases
In a second-order analysis, column moments and lateral
frame deflections increase more rapidly than do loads.
Thus, it is necessary to calculate the second-order
effects at the factored load level.
 1.2DL+1.6L

 1.2DL+1.6(Lr or S or R) + 0.8W

 1.2DL+1.0LL+1.6W+0.5(Lr or S or R)

 0.9D+1.6W

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 33

 Calculation Of Moments In Sway
Frames Using Second-order Analyses
• Second-Order Analysis
Lateral Stiffness-Reduction Factor
The moments of inertia given in ACI Code have been
multiplied by 0.875, which, when combined with the
underestimate of Ec lead to an overestimation of the
second order deflections on the order of from 20 to 25
percent, corresponding to an implicit value for 𝜑𝐾 of
0.80 to 0.85 in design based on second-order analyses.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 34

 Calculation Of Moments In Sway
Frames Using Second-order Analyses
• Second-Order Analysis
Stiffness of the Members

The factored axial forces Pu, the factored moments M1 and M2 at the
ends of the column, and, where required, the relative lateral story
deflections Δo shall be computed using an elastic first-order frame
analysis with the section properties determined taking into account the
influence of axial loads, the presence of cracked regions along the
length of the member, and effects of duration of the loads. Alternatively,
it shall be permitted to use the following properties for the members in
the structure:

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 35

 Calculation Of Moments In Sway
Frames Using Second-order Analyses
• Second-Order Analysis
At serviceability Limit State
Columns:

Beams and Slabs:

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 36

 Calculation Of Moments In Sway
Frames Using Second-order Analyses
• Second-Order Analysis
Foundation Rotations
The rotations of foundations subjected to column end moments
reduce the fixity at the foundations and lead to larger sway
deflections. These are particularly significant in the case of
shear walls or large columns, which resist a major portion of
the lateral loads.

Effect of Sustained Loads

ACI Code accounts for such effect by dividing I by ds, where
ds is defined as:

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 37

 Methods of Second-Order Analysis
Computer programs that carry out second-order
analyses are widely available. The principles of such an
analysis are presented below.
Iterative P-Δ Analysis

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 38

 Methods of Second-Order Analysis

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 39

 Methods of Second-Order Analysis
Direct P-Δ Analysis for Sway Frames

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 40

 Design Of Columns In Sway
Frames
1. Computation of 𝛿𝑠𝑀𝑠
• Computation of using second-order analyses
• Computation using direct P-∆ analysis
• Computation using sway-frame moment magnifier

2. Moments at the Ends of the Columns

The unmagnified nonsway moments are added to the
magnified sway moments at each end of each column to
get the total design moments:

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 41

Design of Long Columns- Example
A rectangular braced column of a multistory frame
building has floor height lu =25 ft. It is subjected to
service dead-load moments M2= 3500 k-in. on top and
M1=2500 k-in. at the bottom. The service live load
moments are 80% of the dead-load moments. The
column carries a service axial dead-load PD = 200 k and
a service axial live-load PL = 350 k. Design the cross
section size and reinforcement for this column. Given YA =
1.3 and YB = 0.9. Use a d’=2.5 in. cover with an sustain
load = 50 % and fc = 7 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 42

 Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the factored loads and moments are 80%
of the dead loads
Pu  1.2 PD  1.6 PL  1.2  200 k   1.6  350 k 
 800 k
M 1u  1.2M D  1.6M L  1.2  2500 k-in   1.6  0.8  2500 k-in 
 6200 k-in.
M 2u  1.2M D  1.6M L  1.2  3500 k-in   1.6  0.8  3500 k-in 
 8680 k-in.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 43

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the k value for the braced compression
members
k  0.7  0.05  Y A  Y B   0.7  0.05 1.3  0.9 
 0.81  1.0
k  0.85  0.05Y min  0.85  0.05  0.9 
 0.895  1.0

Therefore, use k = 0.81

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 44

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check to see if slenderness is going to matter. An
initial estimate of the size of the column will be an
inch for every foot of height. So h = 25 in.

kln 0.81 25 ft 12 in./ft 

  32.4
r 0.3  25 in.
 6200 k-in. 
32.4  34  12    25.43
 8680 k-in. 

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 45

Design of Long Columns-
Example
So slenderness must be considered. Since frame has
no side sway, M2 = M2ns, ds =0 Minimum M2

M 2,min  Pu  0.6  0.03h   800 k  0.6  0.03  25 in. 

 1080 k-in.  M 2  8680 k-in.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 46

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute components of concrete
Ec  33w f c  33 150 
1.5 1.5
7000
 5.07x106 psi  5.07x103 ksi
The moment of inertia is

 25 in. 25 in.
3 3
bh
Ig  
12 12
 32552 in 4

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 47

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the stiffness

0.4 Ec I g 0.4  5.07x103 ksi  32552 in 4 

EI  
1  d 1  0.5
 4.4x10 k-in 7 2

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 48

Design of Long Columns-
Example
The critical load is

 EI
2  2  4.4x107 k-in 2 
Pc  
 klu 
2 2
  12 in.  
 0.81 25 ft   ft  
  
 7354.3 k

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 49

Design of Long Columns- Example
Compute the coefficient

 M1 
Cm  0.6  0.4  
 M2 
 6200 k-in. 
 0.6  0.4    0.89  0.4
 8680 k-in. 

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 50

Design of Long Columns- Example
The magnification factor

Cm 0.89
d ns  
 Pu   800 k 
1   1  
 0.75Pc   0.75  7354.3 k  
 1.04  1.0

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 51

Design of Long Columns-
Example
The design moment is

M c  d ns M 2  1.04 8680 k-in.  9027.2 k-in.

Therefore the design conditions are

Pc  800 k & M c  9027.2 k-in.

9027.2 k-in.
e   11.28 in.
800 k

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 52

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Assume that the r = 2.0 % or 0.020

As  0.02  25 in.  12.5 in

2 2

Use 14 # 9 bars or 14 in2

As  7.0 in 2

Acs  7.0 in 2

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 53

Design of Long Columns-
Example
The column is compression controlled so c/d > 0.6.
Check the values for c/d = 0.6

c  0.6d  0.6  22.5 in.  13.5 in.

a  1c  0.7 13.5 in.  9.45 in.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 54

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the strain in the tension steel and
compression steel.

 c  d   13.5 in.  2.5 in. 

 s1     cu    0.003
 c   13.5 in. 
 0.00244
f cs1  Es s1   29000 ksi  0.00244 
 70.76 ksi  f cs1  60 ksi

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 55

Design of Long Columns-
Example
The tension steel

 d c  22.5 in.  13.5 in. 

s     cu    0.003  0.002
 c   13.5 in. 
fs  Es s   29000 ksi  0.002 
 58 ksi

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 56

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined forces

Cc  0.85 f cba  0.85  7 ksi  25 in. 9.45 in.

 1405.7 k
Cs1  Acs  f cs  0.85 f c    7 in 2   60 ksi  0.85  7 ksi  
 378.35 k
T  As f s   7 in 2   58 ksi 
 406.0 k

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 57

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined force

Pn  Cc  Cs1  T
 1405.7 k  378.35 k  406.0 k
 1378.05 k

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 58

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Moment is
h a h   h
M n  Cc     Cs1   d    T  d  
2 2 2   2
 9.45 in. 
 1405.7 k 12.5 in.  
 2 
378.35 k 12.5 in.  2.5 in.
406.0 k  22.5 in.  12.5 in.
 18773 k-in

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 59

Design of Long Columns-
Example
The eccentricity is

M n 18773 k-in
e 
Pn 1378.05 k
 13.62 in.

Since the e = 11.28 in. < 13.62 in. The section is in

the compression controlled region f = 0.65. You will
want to match up the eccentricity with the design.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 60

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the values for c/d = 0.66

c  0.66d  0.66  22.5 in.  14.85 in.

a  1c  0.7 14.85 in.  10.395 in.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 61

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the strain in the tension steel and
compression steel.

 c  d   14.85 in.  2.5 in. 

 s1     cu    0.003
 c   14.85 in. 
 0.00249
f cs1  Es s1   29000 ksi  0.00249 
 72.35 ksi  f cs1  60 ksi

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 62

Design of Long Columns-
Example
The tension steel

 d c  22.5 in.  14.85 in. 

s     cu    0.003
 c   14.85 in. 
 0.00155
fs  Es s   29000 ksi  0.00155 
 44.82 ksi

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 63

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined forces

Cc  0.85 f cba  0.85  7 ksi  25 in.10.395 in.

 1545.26 k
Cs1  Acs  f cs  0.85 f c    7 in 2   60 ksi  0.85  7 ksi  
 378.35 k
T  As f s   7 in 2   44.82 ksi 
 313.74 k
CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 64
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined force

Pn  Cc  Cs1  T
 1546.26 k  378.35 k  313.74 k
 1610.9 k

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 65

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Moment is
h a h   h
M n  Cc     Cs1   d    T  d  
2 2 2   2
 10.395 in. 
 1545.26 k 12.5 in.  
 2 
378.35 k 12.5 in.  2.5 in.
313.74 k  22.5 in.  12.5 in.
 18205.2 k-in

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 66

Design of Long Columns-
Example
The eccentricity is
M n 18205.2 k-in
e 
Pn 1610.9 k
 11.30 in.

Since the e  11.28 in. The reduction factor is equal

to f = 0.65. Compute the design load and moment.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 67

Design of Long Columns-
Example
The design conditions are
Pu  f Pn  0.65 1610.9 k 
 1047.1 k  800 k OK!
M u  f M n  0.65 18205.2 k-in 
 11833.4 k-in.  9027.2 k-in. OK!

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 68

 Design of Long Columns-
Example
Design the ties
Provide #3 ties, spacing will be the minimum of:

48dstirrup  48  0.375 in.  18 in.


s  smallest  16d bar  16 1.128 in.  18 in.  controls
 h  25 in.

Therefore, provide #3 ties @ 18 in. spacing.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 69

 Design Of Columns In Sway
Frames
See Example 12-3 & 12-4
Assignment: Problem 12.4 of Text. Use
SAP/ETABS to analyze the structure
accounting for second-order effects and
compare your results with the moment
modifier method.

CENG 7051 Concrete Structures 70