North South University

Prepared for: Ashit Boran Paul, Ph.D (Abp1)

Professor, Department of Archaeology
Department of Archaeology
Jahangirnagar University & North South University.

Prepared by:

Date: 5th December, 2019

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The successful completion of this report is the outcome of contribution of a number of people to
whom I am grateful and thank them from the very deep of my heart. So I would like to take this
opportunity to thank all those people who helped me in preparing this internship report on
"Implementation of Demand and Capacity Management of an International Gateway ".

First of all I do magnify my Lord Allah, the most Merciful and Compassionate, who has
empowered and enabled me to accomplish this study successfully. After that I submit my earnest
thank to my affectionate parents, who have prayed for my success and always been a source of
encouragement.

Then I would like to thank my honorable supervisor, Mrs. Tina Umnia Hussain, Full Time
Faculty, School of Business, Presidency University, for her continuous guidance, cooperation
and assistance in the preparation of this report. I am immensely thankful to her for the
support she has provided to complete this report.

Next, I would like to express heartfelt gratitude to my organizational supervisors, managers and
fellow colleagues at NovoTel Limited for providing me with the required information presented
in this report. I would also like to thank Tanveer Ehsanur Rahman, CTO, Director of NovoTel
Limited and Mr. Numan Kibria Shaan, Senior Manager, Core Netowork Operations, for
supporting and allowing me to carry out my internship here after performing regular
responsibilities; since I’m a full time employee of this organization.

Last of all, I have to mention the infinite mental support that I received from my parents
throughout the whole EMBA program I have completed in parallel with my Job in NovoTel
Limited.Their valuable contribution has facilitated the successful completion of this report to a
great extent.
 Table of Content
Topic Page No.
Introduction 1
 Introduction

In Bangladeshi context the timeline of Mahasthangarh is around Early Historic Period (c. 500
BC to 550 AD) to Medieval Period (c. 550 AD to 1200 AD). Several personalities contributed to
discover and identification the ruins of Mahasthangarh. That site was identified as a capital city.
At present several mounds and structural remains indicate significant characteristics of
Mahasthangarh. The present study concentrates on the political, economical and religious
functions of Mahasthangarh on the basis of central place as revealed by archaeological data and
historical sources.
 Study Area

Population growth in the region of Mahasthangarh has had two specific and deleterious effects
on archaeological remains: the removal of some sites and the covering of others with modem
habitation. Sites that consist of elevated areas with structures, Le mounds, are subject to
destruction since by removing the mound, villagers can simultaneously recover valuable building
materials from buried structures and create level ground for agriculture. Since mechanical
equipment is not yet utilized in the region for digging and construction, the removal sites is
undertaken by hand, although the process can still be extremely rapid. Sites can also be subjected
to superimposed human habitation, as the mounds provide elevated ground that is particularly
desirable when it is above the surrounding flooded areas during the annual monsoon. In practice,
most large archaeological sites suffer from a combination of both the factors, as materials are
recycled within meters of where they are dug out and restacked into new dwellings made of pisé
or re-used baked brick. (Alam and Sallas, 2001)

Population growth has also affected the natural environment of Mahasthangarh hinterland. In
1879, Cunningham noted that the region to the northwest of Mahasthangarh was thickly covered
with vegetation and trees. Today, the landscape retains its lush character and capacity for
luxuriant growth. However, with the current demand for land and fuel, vegetation is now usually
found only in villages and around smailer clusters of houses while the majority of the
surrounding area is used for crops (principally rice, potatoes, cauliflower, sweet potatoes, wheat
and betel) (Bramer, 1966).
 Previous work

The ancient urban center and hinterlands of Mahasthangarh have attracted attention since the
visit of Alexander Cunningham in 1879, when he identified the archaeological remains with the
historically-known city of Pundravardhana. Information about the surrounding area was
compiled into a map by P.C. Sen in 1929, and remains to this day the only comprehensive
archaeological map of the Mahasthangarh region.2 Other publications have described sites in the
surrounding region, notably the report on archaeological survey of Bogra District prepared by
Ali and Bhattacharjee, as well as the site-specific volume on Mahasthangarh by Ahmed. The
reconciliation of these descriptions (generally consisting of site sizes and relative locations) with
Sen's map is often difficult, as there are numerous cases in which the description does not
correspond to the locations of similarly-named sites on the map.

The reconciliation of these written and cartographic sources with actual archaeological vestiges
is also often difficult. Many of the smaller mounds described in these sources have since
disappeared as farmers maximize the extent of their agricultural lands by removing
archaeological mounds (a phenomenon seen throughout northwestern Bangladesh). To gain a
better understanding of the archaeological resources of the region surrounding Mahasthangarh, a
reconnaissance was carried out in 1998 and 1999 to confirm the location of archaeological
remains in the hinterlands of the fortified urban center (fig. 1). This project can be described as
an adjunct to the more comprehensive geophysical investigation carried out by Christine
Jacqueminet, a report of which is found elsewhere in this volume.

Aim of objective

The objective of this paper is get an in depth knowledge about Mahasthangarh. Since this being
the most ancient arhiological site of this country. It has been used as a settlement for the ruler
and people of different historical period and civilization. The aim of the paper is to find out more
about the hypothesized settlement pattern of the site in different period.
 Methodology

The paper was written upon the instrusction of our honourable faculty member. And it was done
for the subject History of Bangladesh. Due to the time constraint we could not visit the site.
There was no primary sources of information.

However, there were ample amount of secondary sources. a large number of historical
information is available to compare with the cultural materials and special features.

According to France Bangladesh Joint Venture Excavations at Mahasthangarh First Interim

report, The area of the present survey was bounded by the presence of roads as noted on Sen's
map, the placement of which has not varied considerably since 1929. An effort was made to visit
all the principal mounds noted by Sen; more importantly, the landscape of the region was
scrutinized for other potential archaeological vestiges that may indicate much smaller sites. The
survey was carried out principally by foot or cycle along the roads that traverse the regions to the
north, west and south of the fortification walls of Mahasthangarh. (Bower, 1986) This method of
survey is effective in the local environment for several reasons. First, even in the dry season the
majority of the landscape is covered in wet rice fields with near-constant irrigation that makes
pedestrian transect survey impossible. (Moore, 1988) Secondly, seasonal flooding and
environmental effects have combined (in a process that is not yet well-understood) to greatly
limit artifact visibility on low lying areas. Artifacts can generally only be seen on elevated
surfaces, and even then the quantity of surface materials is quite small compared to subsurface
remains. In many cases, elevated areas are only confirmed to contain structural elements when
such structures are seen in pits dug by villagers for the recovery of bricks and building material. (
Alam and Sallas, 2001)
 Frame of Report

Alam and Salas divided he Hypothesized settlement pattern of the site throughout the time into 5
different phases.
Phase 1 Early Historic: (3rd century BC to 2nd Century AD)

No archaeological remains prior to the late fourth century B.C. have ever been recovered from
the region of Mahasthangarh, which suggests that the initial population selected this area and
quickly built up the site, possibly as a trading center given its favorable location on the banks of
the Karatoya river.13 The excavations at the Eastern Rampart site since 1993 have provided
stratigraphic information about successive phases of the site. The material record of the earliest
periods in this excavation indicate that the site was wealthy even at its inception, and the
residents of relatively mundane structures made use of items such as bronze mirrors and bowls,
stone beads, and coins.

Bronze mirrors and bowls

Bowl Mirror

Coins Stone beads

Phase 2 Gupta: (3-6 century BC)

Although the Gupta period may have witnessed something of an economic decline, the
archaeological record of the Mahasthangarh region shows that for the first time, there was
substantial activity outside of the fortification walls that resulted in the creation of structures.

The identifiable archaeological vestiges from this period in the survey material are exceedingly
rare, and the suggestion of a settlement pattern around Mahasthangarh is mostly drawn from
literary accounts and previous excavations in the area. In part the lack of Gupta period material
among the survey data may be the result of late-period occupations that have obscured any
remains from the Gupta period and earlier. In the region outside of the walls of Mahasthangarh,
excavated remains from this phase include later Gupta-era sculptures from the site of Mangalkot.
Early- phase Gupta sculptures were reported to have been recovered from areas to the south of
Mahasthangarh, at the site of Balai Dhap. Also reported from this region were two Gupta coins
from the village of Bamanpara, and a bronze image of the fifth century A.D. from the adjacent
village of Saralpur. (Ali & Bhattacharjee, 1928) Aside from these finds, sites with Gupta-period
structures include Govinda Bhita, located immediately outside of the rampart's northeast comer.

The excavations at Bihar revealed structures in an area measuring about 0.75 hectares on the
eastern side of a mound that still measures 3.5 hectares, and was likely to have been larger than
this prior to the encroachment of fields and houses in the vicinity. The excavations at Bihar,
conducted in 1979-83, produced the outline of what appears to be a single large structure
measuring 57 x 61 meters with a number of rooms identified as monastic cells.

Gupta-era sculptures
from the site of Mangalkot Early- phase Gupta sculptures Gupta coins from
the village of Bamanpara

Gupta-period structures
include Govinda Bhita
Phase 3 Pala 8-12th Century AD

The zone to the northwest, already identified as a thriving zone of Buddhist activity in the
preceding Gupta period, appears to have received additional and substantial architectural
investment in the Pala era. The excavations at Bhasu Bihar show that in this period, two
substantial monasteries and a shrine were constructed, the latter decorated with terracotta
plaques. These monasteries are in the form of a closed rectilinear building with an interior
courtyard; on all four sides. the interior of the building is lined with small rooms that have a
single opening facing the courtyard. This striking architectural design is paralleled in at least two
cases by other preserved sites to the northwest of Mahasthangarh: Lohana and the westernmost
of the two mound groups known as Kanjerhari-Dhap.

Decorated with terracotta plaques

Two mound groups known as Kanjerhari-Dhap.

In this structure a small piece of gold leaf was found with a relief of a recumbent bull

A pair of temples, of the 8th century and of the 11th century, were recovered from the site of
Bairagi Bhita, also on the interior of the fortifications but located in the northeastern portion of
the site. To the south and southwest of Mahasthangarh, the types of structures found outside the
walls of this era are very different from the monasteries found to the northwest. The most
distinctive type of architecture is a kind of artificial hill such as that seen at Gokul Medh, about
1.5 kilometers south of the southern rampart of Mahasthangarh. This curious construction was
made of a lattice of brick cells solidly Slled in with carth. producing a densely-packed mound
measuring nearly 100 meters long by 50 meters wide, with the long axis running east-west. The
uppermost cells were cleared out in the excavations of 1934-36; excavations also produced
terracotta plaques that are reported to date to the 6th-7th century A.D. although the construction
was greatly enlarged in the subsequent Pala period.
Phase 4 Sena Period (12th Century AD)

There are few archaeological remains that can be securely dated to the Sena period from this cra,
although the introduction of Hinduism by the Senas permits the identification of some structural
clements that probably date to this period. Hindu votive and structural elements appear at the
uppermost levels of Gokul Medh, where a square construction was recovered and identified as a
temple. In this structure was found a small piece of gold leaf with a relief of a recumbent bull, an
attribute usually associated in Hinduism with the god Shiva. This temple also has architectural
elements that are not seen in earlier levels, such as a pavement on the west side made of bricks
laid on edge in a grid pattern.

Phase 5 Early Islamic (13th -16th Century)

On the south eastern interior of the site, religious investments had already been made in this
specific area throughout the site's history, During the Islamic period, this area was utilized by the
practitioners of Islam for the public display of new faith. The exact date of the earliest
construction is unknown and the mosque that now stands there is dated by an inscription to 1719
A.D.; carlier structures in the vicinity include possible tomb dated to the 17th century through
paleography, and a pre Mughal mosque that is located about 300 meters to the north-west at
Mankalit Kunda mound.

pre Mughal mosque

Here are numerous artificial ponds that are cut through dense deposits of ceramics that appear to
be late-period types. And to the fur southwest of the urban core there are sites such as Salban
Rajar bari, as well as Jogir Bhavan where there are a number of Hindu temples.

Salban Rajar bari

Reference

1. France-Bangladesh Joint Venture Excavations at Mahasthangarh First Interim Report,

edited by Md. Shafiqul Alam and Jean-Francois Salles, pp. 61-73, Dhaka, 2001.
2. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL HINTERLANDS OF MAHASTHANGARH OBSERVATIONS
AND POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE RESEARCH, Monica L Smith.
3. PC Sen. Mahasthangarh and its environs, Rajshahi, 1929. In 1998,
4. J. BOWER, "A Survey of Surveys: Aspects of Surface Archaeology in Sub Saharan
Africa". The African Archaeological Review, 4, 1986. p. 21-40.
5. E MOORE, Moated Sites In Early North East Thailand, British Archaeological Reports.
International Series 400. Oxford. 1988.
6. A. AHMAD, Agricultural stagnation under population pressure. The case of
Bangladesh. Vikas Publishing. New Delhi. 1984