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Cast Steels For Creep-Resistant Parts Used in Heat Treatment Plants
Cast Steels For Creep-Resistant Parts Used in Heat Treatment Plants
of
FOUNDRY ENGINEERING ISSN (2299-2944)
Volume 12
DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0103-0 Issue 4/2012
Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences
31 – 38
Abstract
Creep-resistant parts of heat treatment furnaces are in most cases made from high-alloyed chromium-nickel and nickel-chromium iron
alloys, both cast and wrought. This paper presents the types of casting alloys used for this particular purpose, since the majority of furnace
components are made by the casting process. Standards were cited which give symbols of alloy grades used in technical specifications by
the domestic industry. It has been indicated that castings made currently are based on a wider spectrum of the creep-resistant alloy grades
than the number of alloys covered by the standards. Alloy grades recommended by the technical literature for individual parts of the
furnace equipment were given. The recommendations reflect both the type of the technological process used and the technical tasks
performed by individual parts of the furnace equipment. Comments were also made on the role of individual alloying elements in shaping
the performance properties of castings.
Keywords: Innovative foundry technologies and materials, Cast Ni-Cr austenitic steel, Castings for heat treatment plants
The next three standards (items 2, 3) were used in Poland. quoted here because the cast steel designations proposed by those
Although they ceased to apply quite a long time ago, they are standards are still used in technical contacts, and in quotations
Table 2.
Properties of heat-resistant casting alloys, PN-EN 10295:2004
R0.2, Rm, A10, % 1%-10000 h ‒ creep limit in N/mm2 at
Alloy N/mm2 N/mm2 min.
min. min. (Lo = 5do) 700oC 800oC 900oC 1000oC
Cast austenitic steel
G-X25CrNiSi18-9 230 450 15 44,0 22,0 9,0 ‒
G-X40CrNiSi22-10 230 450 8 46,0 23,0 10,0 ‒
G-X25CrNiSi20-14 230 450 10 46,0 23,0 10,0 ‒
G-X40CrNiSi25-12 220 450 6 50,0 26,0 13,0 6,0
G-X40CrNiSi25-20 220 450 8 65,0 36,0 17,0 7,0
G-X40CrNiSiNb24-24 220 450 4 80,0 46,0 22,0 7,5
G-X35NiCrSi25-21 220 430 8 80,0 45,0 22,0 7,5
G-X40NiCrSi35-17 220 420 6 55,0 30,0 17,0 6,0
G-X40NiCrSiNb35-18 220 420 4 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒
G-X40NiCrSi38-19 220 420 6 55,0 32,0 18,0 7,0
G-X40NiCrSiNb38-19 220 420 4 60,0 38,0 20,0 8,0
G-X10CrNiSiNb32-20 180 440 20 64,0 36,0 15,5 5,0
G-X40NiCrNb35-26 220 440 6 70,0 40,0 20,0 8,0
G-X40NiCrSiNb35-26 220 440 4 72,0 41,0 22,0 9,0
G-X50NiCrCo20-20-20 320 420 6 ‒ ‒ 27,0 17,0
G-X50NiCrCoW35-25-15-5 270 480 5 ‒ ‒ ‒ 17,0
G-X40NiCrNb45-35 240 440 3 ‒ ‒ ‒ 8,0
Nickiel alloy DIN 17 465 (1992)
G-NiCr28W 240 440 3 70,0 41,0 22,0 10,0
Table 3.
Physical properties of heat-resistant casting alloys, PN-EN 10295:2004
Working Thermal expansion Heat conductivity
Alloy temperature, (10-6/K-1) between 20oC and (W/(m×K)) at
o
C 400oC 800oC 1000oC 800oC 1000oC
Cast austenitic steel
G-X25CrNiSi18-9 900 17,4 18,3 18,8 26,0 30,0
G-X40CrNiSi22-10 950 17,2 18,3 18.5 25,4 28,8
G-X25CrNiSi20-14 950 17,2 18,3 19,3 25,4 28,8
G-X40CrNiSi25-12 1050 17,5 18,4 19,3 25,4 28,8
G-X40CrNiSi25-20 1100 17,0 18,0 19,0 25,0 28,0
G-X40CrNiSiNb24-24 1050 16,8 18,0 18,5 24,5 27,7
G-X35NiCrSi25-21 1000 16,4 17,5 18,2 23,8 27,7
G-X40NiCrSi35-17 1000 15,3 17,0 17,6 23,0 26,8
G-X40NiCrSiNb35-18 1000 15,3 17,0 17,6 23,0 26,8
G-X40NiCrSi38-19 1020 15,3 17,0 17,6 23,3 26,5
G-X40NiCrSiNb38-19 1020 15,3 17,0 17,6 23,3 26,5
G-X10CrNiSiNb32-20 1050 17,6 18,7 19,5 25,1 ‒
G-X40NiCrNb35-26 1100 15,7 17,4 18,3 23,8 27,7
G-X40NiCrSiNb35-26 1100 16,0 17,8 18,6 23,5 27,7
G-X50NiCrCo20-20-20 1150 15,2 16,5 17,0 25,0 ‒
G-X50NiCrCoW35-25-15-5 1200 ‒ ‒ 17,3 ‒ 28,0
G-X40NiCrNb45-35 1160 14,3 15,3 15,7 30,6 36,1
Nickel alloy DIN 17 465 (1992)
G-NiCr28W 1150 14,4 15,7 16,3 30,6 36,1
Table 5.
Recommended cast materials for parts and fixtures for carburizing and carbonitriding furnaces [8]
Alloys:
Furnace parts
ASTM A 297/A 297M – 97 / PN-EN 10295:2004
HK / G-X40CrNiSi25-20,
HT / G-X40NiCrSi35-17
Construction elements
HU / G-X40NiCrSi38-19
HX
HT / G-X40NiCrSi35-17, G-X40NiCrSiNb35-18
Functional accessories HU / G-X40NiCrSi38-19, G-X40NiCrSiNb38-19
HX
Table 6.
Recommended cast materials for parts and fixtures for salt baths [8]
Alloys:
Proces
ASTM A 297/A 297M – 97 / PN-EN 10295:2004
HT / G-X40NiCrSi35-17
Neutral hardening at 675‒870oC
HU / G-X40NiCrSi38-19
Carburizing at 870‒940oC HT / G-X40NiCrSi35-17
20
15
3. Choice of alloy chemical composition 10
S, %
allows obtaining better plastic properties. Higher carbon content S= 100%
900oC
(about 0.4-0.5%) is, however, necessary when the casting is KCcast state
expected to carry high mechanical loads and / or when its surfaces 50
are ex-posed to heavy wear. Yet, it should be remembered all the
time that this is achieved at the expense of reduced ductility of the
material, sometimes below the acceptable standard levels.
10
a
0 0.1 0.3 0.6
M23C6 C, wt-%
Fig. 3. Effect of carbon content and annealing process on the
value of S parameter determined for cast steel of the 17%Cr-
36%Ni type [11]. Key to symbols: KC as-cast state – the impact
resistance of specimen cast at 900oC, KC after annealing ‒ the impact
resistance of specimen annealed at 900oC/ 400 hours
HK
nickel alloys is their high price as compared to the cast
wt
20 HU
chromium-nickel steel (nickel cost may reach even 70-80% of the
Cr,
HT
10 HW value of all the metallic materials used for melting). The simplest
and most general philosophy concerning the use of cast nickel
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 steel / nickel alloys for parts of the heat treatment furnaces is
Fe comprised in the following statement: for castings less exposed to
Ni, wt-%
Fig. 4. Corrosion behaviour of heat-resistant alloy castings in air the risk of thermal shocks during operation (construction elements
at 1095oC [8]; cast steel designations as in Table 1 [13]), it is recommended to use cheaper grades of alloys from the
cast Cr-Ni steel family.
25
metal loss
15
10
0
400
b
corrosion, mm/year
300
Intergranular
200
100
0
HW HT HK
HW HT HK
Fig. 6. Corrosion rates in terms of metal loss (a) and intergranular attack (b) observed for three commercial cast alloys in a 20NaCl-
25KCl-55BaCl2 salt bath under different conditions of rectification at 850oC [8]*/; cast steel designations as in Table 1
_________________________________
*/
The resistance to corrosion of cast steel in salts strongly increases when carbon content decreases to a level below 0.1% (average carbon
content in these alloys is about 0.4%) and as a result of structure refinement. The results also show that cast high-chromium steel has
higher resistance to this type of corrosion (according to [8]) .
6 total cost of the heat treatment, while improving the quality of the
heat treated parts. An important limitation in a more widespread
Co use of composite materials is the high cost of purchase compared
4
Nb to the cost of the tooling cast.
Ni
Ti Si
2
Zr
Cr References
0
Al
0 2 4 6 20 30 40 [1] Blair, M., (2007). Stainless Steels: Cast. In J. W. Martin
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carburizing agent: Dugassa KG6 during service exposure of two cast, heat resisting stainless
steels – HP-Nb modified and 20-32Nb. Mat. Char. 59, 1029-
Other castings (functional accessories [14]) should be made 1040.
primarily of cast Ni-Cr steel and nickel alloys. In the second [3] Folders: LOHMANN, CRONITE, POSE-MARRE.
group of alloys (Fe-Ni-Cr), the most commonly used materials are [4] Lai, G.Y. (2007). High-Temperature Corrosion and
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elements to creep-resistant alloys is mainly aimed at further between structure and creep rupture strength of centrifugally
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X50NiCrCo20-20-20, G-X50NiCrCoW35-25-15-5, G-X40NiCr [10] Mrowec, St. & Werber T. (1982). Modern heat-resistant
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[12] Yamasaki, D. & Hirata I. (1997). Study on the Carburizing
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