Previous research of Pakistan shows that the production rate of waste is 2.

0 kg bed per day, from

that amount 0.1-0.5 is considered as hazardous waste (Hashmi & Shahab, 2003).The initial
isolation, storage activities and use of different separation techniques are the responsibility of
the care workers in the hospital. If contagious ingredients are mixed with non-contagious
components, the whole amount becomes highly contagious (Nugget, 2003).

Almost all systems require the processing and disposal by highly trained and energetic staff to
give more protection and safety to employees, patients and communities, rather than expensive,
sophisticated or complex systems which are run by the staff who have little knowledge or cannot
understand the risks and significance of theirs role (Patil & Pokhrel, 2005).

Before the “Biomedical Solid Waste (Management and Disposal) Rules 1998”, waste that are
gained from shop, houses, offices, streets, industries and hospitals was managed by the
municipal or government agencies, but now it is the responsibility of a hospital, clinic, Other
clinical centers and veterinary agencies to arrange clinical solid waste in accordance with the
law. Now it is the duty of hospitals and medical organizations to ensure that waste techniques
used for handling and disposing waste do not creates problems for health and environmental
consequences. Waste management is usually entrusted to not well educated (poorly-
educated)workers who engage in most settings without proper supervision and inadequate
protection (Diaz, Savage, & Eggerth, 2005).

The clinical management of the waste is still a major issue in the world. Producers, policy
makers, operators, and the general community have many problems with handling of biomedical
waste safely. The reason may be deficiency of awareness. Therefore, the proper training and
guidance about waste management to doctors, nurses, hospital administrations, surgeons,
paramedics and waste recyclers are needs of time (Almuneef & Memish, 2003).

In developing countries waste handlers and scavengers from low socioeconomic socities are
generally responsible in the collection and recycling of used syringes are often subjected to
needle stick injuries (Nema, Pathak, Bajaj, Singh, & Kumar, 2011).

Individual medical institutions should develop written waste policies and measures to handle
waste that are appropriate to their specific requirements (Hayashi & Shigemitsu, 2000). Accurate
management of medical waste is dependent on administration and associations, also on adequate
legislation, training and qualified staff, funding and active participation (Hashmi & Shahab,
2003; Horvath, 1991).

Anyone that will come in exposure to infectious waste is at risk. Medical professionals, hospital
patients, hospital visitors, hospital support workers (laundry, garbage disposal personnel and
transportation vehicles) and workers that are involved in activities like landfilling’s or
incineration (including scavengers). Number of diseases can be spread or transferred among
them the important ones are (AIDS) and hepatitis B, hepatitis C also typhoid and cholera
(Ahmed, 2004).

The US Centers for Disease Control recommended that the use of gloves as part of a common
precaution that is expected when dealing with body fluids or blood (Control, 1987). These
precautions are necessary to be taken during venipuncture or other vascular access procedures as
well as when handling objects soiled with blood or body fluids. Because gloves are now widely
used in health care settings, there have been frequent supply shortages and concern over the cost.
Unfortunately, considerable disagreement exists on optimal use of gloves in hospitals (Gobetti,
Cerminaro, & Shipman, 1986; Mitchell et al., 1983).

Some reports in the dental literature have been interpreted as supporting the reuse of gloves,
mainly if the gloves are washed between contacts with different patients. (Doebbeling, Pfaller,
Houston, & Wenzel, 1988; Mitchell et al., 1983)

A study reported that the number of organisms on contaminated gloves was reduced after
prolonged periods of washing, but whether organisms are easily removed in the usual amount of
time devoted to handwashing (Gobetti et al., 1986).

Experience suggests, however, that gloves are frequently used by health care workers when
caring for a series of patients without changing the gloves or washing them routinely between
each patient. Adding to the controversy is a suggestion that after removing gloves handwashing
is unnecessary, unless the hands are visibly contaminated from ruptured gloves (Lynch, Jackson,
Cumming, & Stamm, 1987).

India, China and Bangladesh have also reported these poor waste management practices, leading
to environmental threats to the population and major occupational risks (Harhay, Halpern,
Harhay, & Olliaro, 2009).
Now a day’s access to health care equipment has improved, so in developing countries the
generation of healthcare waste is also growing rapidly, which has enabled more and more
individuals to access new health services. Similarly the use of multi-purpose medical devices is
now shifted to single use devices means after using a device is discarded that has also increased
the amount of clinical waste in developing countries. These collective actions have led to a
increase the amount of biological waste rapidly that needs to be discard safely in developing
nations (Mbongwe et al., 2008).

Several studies have also revealed that the workers in the clinical unit does not meet the criteria
that cause a serious problems to whole ecosystem. Waste isolation is the main step that needs to
be implemented by health personnel in the hospital. Lack of training may be a one possible
reason(Paudel & Pradhan, 2010).