Single-Stage Resonant AC-DC Dual Active Bridge
Converter with Flexible Active and Reactive Power
Control
Y. P. Chan, K. H. Loo, Y. M. Lai
Department of Electronic and Information Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Email: 14903236r@connect.polyu.hk
Abstract—A new single-stage ac-dc resonant DAB converter
and modulation scheme is proposed. The resonant network is
based on a tuned 𝐿𝐶𝐿 structure that ensures unity-power-factor
operation at both ports. Due to the immittance characteristic
of the tuned resonant network, the low-frequency ac input
current of the DAB converter is directly controllable by means of
modulating the dc-side switches according to a prescribed current
reference generated by a closed-loop 𝐷𝑄 current control. The
proposed modulation scheme achieves soft switching for all ac-
side switches and at least half of the dc-side switches. It also
results in reduced rms bridge current and conduction loss.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Provision of grid voltage support function is commonly
achieved by injecting reactive power to the ac grid and this can
be achieved in numerous ways. One of the solutions is by using
STATCOM which are voltage-source converters that interface
DC capacitors to the ac grid and have the capability to inject
and absorb reactive power [1]. The same function can also be
achieved by grid-connected electric vehicles (GEV) which can
exchange reactive power between their onboard batteries or su-
percapacitors with the ac grid [2]. In larger power systems such
as hybrid ac-dc grid, reactive power can be exchanged between
the ac and dc sub-grids by using interlinking converters [3].
However, the state-of-the-art EV chargers and interlinking con-
verters that are intended to provide reactive power support to
the ac grid typically adopt a two-stage architecture with which
reactive power is exchanged between the ac grid and DC-
link capacitor through the front-end power factor correction
converter. Two-stage power conversion, however, inevitably
leads to reduced efficiency and higher component count [4].
A single-stage bidirectional ac-dc dual-active-bridge (DAB)
converter for single-phase ac grid was recently proposed
in [5]–[6]. Due to its one-stage architecture, the proposed
topology and modulation scheme can be a more energy
efficient option for EV chargers and interlinking converters.
However, the work focuses only on active power sharing
and achieving open-loop power factor correction by means
of hybrid PWM-plus-Phase-Shift (PWM-PS) modulation. The
absence of reactive power transfer capability prevents the
proposed DAB converter from providing grid voltage support
function. In order to control the active power and reactive
power of bidirectional AC-DC converter respectively, a DQ
current control is developed in [8]. The analysis is only based
978-1-5090-3528-1/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
on simple LC filter dynamics; however, the input current may
be unstable in steady-state or during start-up due to very low
damping factor of the input LC filter [9]. In this paper, a new
PWM-PS modulation scheme is proposed for realizing both
active and reactive power transfer capability in a bidirectional
resonant ac-dc DAB converter. In conjunction with the use
of a tuned 𝐿𝐶𝐿 resonant network, the proposed modulation
scheme enables a direct control of the low-frequency ac input
current’s amplitude and phase angle by means of modulating
the dc-side switches according to a prescribed current refer-
ence generated by a closed-loop 𝐷𝑄 current control based
on damped LC filter dynamics, thus the control of active and
reactive power transfer is made simple. Furthermore, due to
the immittance characteristic of the tuned 𝐿𝐶𝐿 network, the
proposed modulation scheme results in a reduction in rms
bridge current and conduction loss, and enables soft-switching
in all ac-side switches and at least half of the dc-side switches,
which leads to improved efficiency.
II. O PEN - LOOP A NALYSIS
Fig. 1 shows a single-stage bidirectional ac-dc DAB con-
verter that acts as an interfacing converter between an ac
source 𝑣𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑖 sin(2𝜋𝑓 𝑡) and a dc source 𝑉𝑜 . It consists
of eight switches on the ac side and four switches on the
dc side isolated by a high-frequency transformer with tuned
inductor-capacitor-inductor (𝐿1 𝐶𝐿2 ) network. Four-quadrant
switches are used on the ac side for rectification of the input
ac voltage, and 𝑆1 /𝑆4 and 𝑆2 /𝑆3 are switched alternately at
high frequency to generate a two-level (𝑣𝑖 , −𝑣𝑖 ) ac voltage
across the transformer’s primary winding 𝑣𝑝 (𝑡) as shown in
Figs. 2 and 3. Therefore, 𝑣𝑝 (𝑡) is a square-wave voltage
with its amplitude modulated by the low-frequency (𝑓 ) input
ac voltage since the voltage across the input filter can be
considered negligible, as described in Eqn. (1) by its Fourier
series expansion.
∞
4𝑣𝑖 ∑ 1
𝑣𝑝 (𝑡) = sin(2𝜋𝑎𝑓𝑠 𝑡) (1)
𝜋 𝑎=1,3,5...
𝑎
where 𝑓𝑠 is the switching frequency which is assumed to be
much higher than the input ac source’s frequency 𝑓 .
 Rf Lf ia(t) Lo

Rd S1 S2 S5 S7 io(t)
ii(t) 1:n L1 L2
vi(t) Cf vp i1 C i2 vs Co Vo
S6 S8
S3 S4

Fig. 1. Single-stage bidirectional ac-dc DAB converter.

 φ

i
SS

 vi t 
SS

vp
TS TS TS
 Ts
S

  


−vi t 
S

Vo
S

dTS i


dTS
 
S

vs

TS TS TS
 Ts
vp

  


dTS
i




−Vo −Vo
vs

Fig. 3. Voltage and current waveforms of a tuned 𝐿1 𝐶𝐿2 resonant network.

i

Fig. 2. Gate signals and operating waveforms of a tuned 𝐿1 𝐶𝐿2 resonant Assume that higher harmonics are removed by the 𝐿1 𝐶𝐿2
network. network, only the fundamental components of 𝑣𝑝 (𝑡) and
𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) are considered, which are given in the phasor form by
Eqns. (3) and (4), respectively. When converting 𝑣𝑝 (𝑡) and
On the dc side, an internal phase shift is introduced between 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) to their phasor representation at the switching frequency,
𝑆5 and 𝑆8 and between 𝑆6 and 𝑆7 to generate a three-level the slowly varying input ac voltage 𝑣𝑖 is assumed to be a
(+𝑉𝑜 , 0, −𝑉𝑜 ) ac voltage 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) across the secondary bridge. constant value denoted by 𝑉 .
By applying a phase shift 𝜙 between 𝑣𝑝 (𝑡) and 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡), voltage
difference occurs across 𝐿1 𝐶𝐿2 and power can be transferred 4𝑉
from the ac side to the dc side (for 𝜙 > 0) or vice versa (for Vp1 = 𝑉𝑝 ∕ 0 = ∕ 0 (3)
𝜋
𝜙 < 0). Assume that 𝑑𝑇𝑠 /2 is the duration over which 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡)
is +𝑉𝑜 or −𝑉𝑜 , the voltage 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) is represented by its Fourier ( )
series expansion, as given by Eqn. (2). 4𝑉𝑜 𝜋𝑑
Vs1 = 𝑉𝑠 ∕ −𝜙= sin ∕ −𝜙 (4)
𝜋 2
∞
∑
4𝑉𝑜 1 𝑏𝜋𝑑 Consequently, the fundamental components of 𝑖1 (𝑡) and
𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) = sin(2𝜋𝑏𝑓𝑠 𝑡 − 𝑏𝜙) sin( ) (2)
𝜋 𝑏 2 𝑖2 (𝑡) are given by Eqns. (5) and (6).
𝑏=1,3,5...
 directly proportional to modulation index 𝑚 and to be leading
1 (𝜃 > 0), lagging (𝜃 < 0), or in phase (𝜃 = 0) with 𝑣𝑖 (𝑡).
I1 =
𝜔 (𝐿 + 𝐿2 − 𝜔𝑠2 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐶) 𝑖𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝑚 sin (2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 + 𝜃)
{𝑠 1
𝜋
𝑉𝑠 sin 𝜙 (5) 𝜙(𝑡) = sgn(𝑖𝑟 (𝑡))
 2 
} 2 
[ ( ) ] 𝑑(𝑡) =  sin (𝑖𝑟 (𝑡))
−1
− 𝑗 𝑛𝑉𝑝 𝜔𝑠2 𝐿2 𝐶 − 1 + 𝑉𝑠 cos 𝜙 𝜋 
8𝑛𝑚𝑉𝑜
𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) = sin (2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 + 𝜃) (11)
𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝜋 2
1
I2 = Since the voltage across the input filter is small, by combin-
𝜔𝑠 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 − 𝜔𝑠2 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐶)
{ ing 𝑣𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑖 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡) and Eqn. (11), the apparent power
( )
𝑉𝑠 𝜔𝑠2 𝐿1 𝐶 − 1 sin 𝜙 (6) (𝑆), active power (𝑃 ), and reactive power (𝑄) drawn from the
} ac source can be derived as given by Eqn. (12).
[ ( ) ]
− 𝑗 𝑉𝑝 𝜔𝑠2 𝐿1 𝐶 − 1 cos 𝜙 + 𝑛𝑉𝑝
4𝑛𝑚𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑜
𝑆 =
where 𝜔𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑠 . 𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝜋 2
Due to the immittance characteristic of the 𝐿1 𝐶𝐿2 network, 4𝑛𝑚𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑜
𝑃 = cos 𝜃
under the tuned condition given by Eqn. (7), ∣I1 ∣ is propor- 𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝜋 2
tional to ∣Vs1 ∣ and ∣I2 ∣ is proportional to ∣Vp1 ∣, as shown by 4𝑛𝑚𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑜
𝑄 = − sin 𝜃 (12)
Eqns. (8) and (9), thus the voltage sources are converted into 𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝜋 2
current sources by means of the immittance network [7]. III. C LOSED - LOOP A NALYSIS
1 Both the magnitude and direction of active power and
𝐿1 𝐶 = 𝐿2 𝐶 = 𝐿𝐶 = (7) reactive power can be controlled through the control variables
𝜔𝑠2
𝑚(𝑡) and 𝜃(𝑡). A relationship between the input current 𝑖𝑖 (𝑡)
𝑉𝑠 and the filtered input current 𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) is given by Eqn. (13).
I1 = ∕ (𝜙 − 90o ) (8)
𝜔𝑠 𝐿
𝐿𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎 (𝑡)
+ 𝑖𝑎 (𝑡)
𝑛𝑉𝑝 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡
I2 = ∕ − 90o (9)
𝜔𝑠 𝐿 𝐶𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝑑 𝑑2 𝑖𝑖 (𝑡) 𝐿𝑓 + 𝐶𝑓 𝑅𝑑 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑖 (𝑡)
= +
By further imposing the condition 𝜙 = +𝜋/2, it can be 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡2 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡
2
concluded from Eqns. (3), (4), (8) and (9) that Vp1 is in phase 𝐶𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑑 𝑣𝑖 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑣𝑖 (𝑡)
+ 𝑖𝑖 (𝑡) − − 𝐶𝑓 (13)
with I1 and Vs1 is in phase with I2 . Under this condition, 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡2 𝑑𝑡
the rms values of I1 and I2 are minimized for a given amount
The single-phase current can be decomposed into 𝛼𝛽 com-
of power transferred from the ac side to the dc side, which
ponents in stationary reference frame, where the original
leads to minimum conduction loss. On the contrary, when 𝜙 =
current can be considered as 𝛼 component, and the imaginary
−𝜋/2, power is transferred from the dc side to the ac side
current, which is achieved by phase shifting the original cur-
with Vp1 and Vs1 being 180o out of phase with I1 and I2 ,
rent by 90o , can be considered as 𝛽 component. To transform
respectively. In other words, I1 can be varied in amplitude
the 𝛼𝛽 reference frame into the 𝑑𝑞 synchronized reference
by modulating ∣Vs1 ∣ and in direction by switching between
frame, which rotates at the AC source angular frequency 𝜔,
𝜙 = +𝜋/2 and 𝜙 = −𝜋/2.
𝑑𝑞 transform is performed as expressed in the matrix form of
By averaging 𝑛𝑖1 (𝑡) over switching cycle, the average input
Eqn. (14). In contrast, to transform the 𝑑𝑞 components into
current after the input filter 𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) can be derived from Eqns. (4)
the 𝛼𝛽 components, 𝛼𝛽 transform is performed as expressed
and (8) as
in the inverse matrix form of Eqn. (15).
( )
8𝑛𝑉𝑜 𝜋𝑑 [ ] [ ][ ]
𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) = sgn(𝜙) sin (10) 𝑋𝑑 (𝑡) sin 𝜔𝑡 − cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑋𝛼 (𝑡)
𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝜋 2 2 = (14)
𝑋𝑞 (𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑋𝛽 (𝑡)
Eqn. (10) shows that when other parameters are kept
constant, the average input current after the input filter 𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) [ ] [ ][ ]
𝑋𝛼 (𝑡) sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑋𝑑 (𝑡)
drawn from the ac source is related to 𝑑 and 𝜙. By gener- = (15)
𝑋𝛽 (𝑡) − cos 𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑋𝑞 (𝑡)
alizing 𝑑 and 𝜙 to be time-varying functions 𝑑(𝑡) and 𝜙(𝑡)
given by Eqn. (11),the magnitude and phase of 𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) can be By substituting Eqn. (15) to Eqn. (13), two KCL equations
programmed according to a prescribed current reference 𝑖𝑟 (𝑡) in the rotating frame are given by Eqns. (16) and (17) where
 Fig. 4. Control diagram.

[ 𝐿 𝜔𝐿
]−1
the cross coupling relationship between the active current 1 + 𝑠 𝑅𝑑 +𝑅
𝑓
− 𝑅𝑑 +𝑅
𝑓

𝑖𝑎𝑑 (𝑡) and the reactive current 𝑖𝑎𝑞 (𝑡) are clearly seen, hence 𝑀 (𝑠) = 𝜔𝐿𝑓
𝑓 𝑓
𝜔𝐿
𝑅𝑑 +𝑅𝑓 1 + 𝑠 𝑅𝑑 +𝑅
𝑓
𝑓
decoupling is required.
𝐴(𝑠) = 𝐶(𝑠)𝐼id (𝑠) − 𝐷(𝑠)𝐼iq (𝑠) + 𝐸(𝑠)𝑉𝑖𝑑 (𝑠)
𝐵(𝑠) = 𝐶(𝑠)𝐼iq (𝑠) + 𝐷(𝑠)𝐼id (𝑠) + 𝐹 (𝑠)𝑉𝑖𝑑 (𝑠)
𝐶 𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑅 𝑑 2 𝐿𝑓 + 𝐶 𝑓 𝑅 𝑓 𝑅 𝑑
𝐿𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑑 (𝑡) 𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝐶(𝑠) = 𝑠 + 𝑠+1
+ 𝑖𝑎𝑑 (𝑡) − 𝑖𝑎𝑞 (𝑡) 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓
𝐶 𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑅 𝑑 𝐿𝑓 + 𝐶 𝑓 𝑅 𝑓 𝑅 𝑑
𝐶𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝑑 𝑑2 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) 𝐷(𝑠) = 2𝜔 𝑠+
= [ 2
− 2𝜔 − 𝜔 2 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)] 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 𝑓 𝐿𝑓 2 𝐶 𝑓 𝐿𝑓
𝐿𝑓 + 𝐶𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝐸(𝑠) = − 𝑠 − 𝐶𝑓 𝑠 + 𝜔 2
+ [ − 𝜔𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡)] 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑓 𝐿𝑓
𝐶𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑑2 𝑣𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑣𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝐹 (𝑠) = −2𝜔 𝑠 − 𝜔𝐶𝑓 (18)
− [ − 𝜔 2 𝑣𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)] − 𝐶𝑓 (16) 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡2 𝑑𝑡
Fig. 4 shows the overall control diagram. Since the 𝛽 com-
ponent current is generated by delaying the original current
by 90o and the 𝑃 𝐼 controller is designed to control the
active current 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) and the reactive current 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) which
𝐿𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑞 (𝑡) 𝜔𝐿𝑓 are functions of the line voltage, the response time of the
+ 𝑖𝑎𝑞 (𝑡) + 𝑖𝑎𝑑 (𝑡)
𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 controller cannot be too fast. Given the reference active current
𝐶𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝑑 𝑑2 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑖𝑑,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡) and reactive current 𝑖𝑖𝑞,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡), the steady-state errors
= [ 2
+ 2𝜔 − 𝜔 2 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡)] 𝑒𝑖𝑑 and 𝑒𝑖𝑞 will be driven to zero by the controller. The
𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿𝑓 + 𝐶𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) complex reference current 𝑖𝑎,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡) is given by Eqn. (19),
+ [ + 𝜔𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)] where 𝑖𝑎𝑑,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡) and 𝑖𝑎𝑞,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡) are given by the decoupling
𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡
matrix 𝑀 (𝑠). The control variables 𝑚(𝑡) and 𝜃(𝑡), which are
𝐶𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑑𝑣𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)
− 2𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) (17) related to the magnitude and phase of 𝑖𝑎,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡), are given by
𝑅𝑑 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝑡 Eqns. (20) and (21) and shown as 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 in the control
diagram, respectively.
In order to simplify the equation and decouple the active
currents and reactive currents for individual control, the equa- 𝑖𝑎,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝑎𝑑,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡) + 𝑗𝑖𝑎𝑞,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡) (19)
tions are converted to 𝑠 domain and expressed in the matrix
form of Eqn. (18), where 𝑀 (𝑠) is a decoupling matrix for
𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝜋 2 √ 2
𝑖𝑎𝑑 (𝑡) and 𝑖𝑎𝑞 (𝑡). 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝑖𝑎𝑑,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡) + 𝑖2𝑎𝑞,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡) (20)
8𝑛𝑉𝑜
[ ] [ ] 𝑖𝑎𝑞,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡)
𝐼𝑎𝑑 (𝑠) 𝐴(𝑠) 𝜃(𝑡) = tan−1 [ ] (21)
=𝑀 𝑖𝑎𝑑,𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑡)
𝐼𝑎𝑞 (𝑠) 𝐵(𝑠)
 (a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 5. Simulated 𝑣𝑖 (𝑡) and 𝑖𝑖 (𝑡) for power transfer from ac to dc side.
(a) 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) = 10A, 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) = 0A; (b) 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) = 8A, 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) = −6A; (c)
𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) = 8A, 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) = 6A
IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
The proposed modulation scheme is verified by computer
simulations using PSIM. The specifications of the DAB con-
verter and modulation parameters are listed in Table I. Six
steady state cases are simulated, where Fig. 6(a)–(c) corre-
spond to the cases where active power is transferred from the
ac side to the dc side 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) > 0, and Fig. 5(a)–(c) correspond
to the cases where active power is transferred from the dc
side to the ac side 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) < 0. Within each group, the cases
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 6. Simulated 𝑣𝑖 (𝑡) and 𝑖𝑖 (𝑡) for power transfer from dc to ac side.
(a) 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) = −10A, 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) = 0A; (b) 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) = −8A, 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) = −6A; (c)
𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) = −8A, 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) = 6A
of 𝑄 = 0 (𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) = 0) [Fig. 6(a) and Fig. 5(a)], 𝑄 > 0
(𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) < 0) [Fig. 6(b) and Fig. 5(b)], and 𝑄 < 0 (𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) > 0)
[Fig. Fig. 6(c) and Fig. 5(c)] are simulated. Moreover, two step
change cases are also simulated. Fig. 7(a) correspond to the
case where the active current 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) undergoes a step change
at 𝑡 = 0.15s from 8A to -8A, and Fig. 7(b) correspond to the
case where reactive current 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) undergoes a step change at
𝑡 = 0.15s from 0A to 6A. Figs. 7(a) and (b) show that the
settling time is about half of the line period due to the delay
in generating the 𝛽 component current.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 7. Simulated 𝑣𝑖 (𝑡) and 𝑖𝑖 (𝑡) for a step change. (a) 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) from 8A to
-8A and 𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) = 0A; (b) 𝑖𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) from 0A to 6A and 𝑖𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) = 8A.
TABLE I
S PECIFICATIONS OF DAB CONVERTER .
Parameter
AC source voltage
DC source voltage
AC source frequency
Switching frequency
Resonant tank inductance
Resonant tank capacitance
Filter inductance
Filter capacitance
Filter resistance
Damping resistance
Out filter capacitance
Out filter inductance
Transformer’s turn ratio
Phase shift
V. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, a new modulation scheme for single-stage
bidirectional ac-dc DAB converter that enables both active and
reactive power transfer capability is proposed. The proposed
modulation scheme has the advantages of flexible 𝑑𝑞 control of
the magnitude and direction of active and reactive power flows.
Single-stage operation also improves the converter’s efficiency
and favors its adoption in high-power applications requiring
bidirectional power flow such as EV chargers with vehicle-to-
grid (V2G) capability and interlinking converters for hybrid
ac-dc grid. The proposed modulation scheme has been verified
by computer simulations using PSIM.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the University Grants Com-
mittee of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,
Research Grants Council, under Earmarked Research Grants
PolyU 5390/13E.
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𝐿1 , 𝐿 2 170 𝜇H
𝐶 0.166 𝜇F
𝐿𝑓 400 𝜇H
𝐶𝑓 8 𝜇F
𝑅𝑓 0.1 Ω
𝑅𝑑 20 Ω
𝐶𝑜 500 𝜇F
𝐿𝑓 10 𝜇H
1:𝑛 1:1
𝜙 ± 𝜋2