Equations:

V = ( 2 g h)1/2 P = Pressure (Pa)

Q = Sc V d = diameter of cross sectional opening = 28
Sc = Cd A mm
Cd = Qr/Q H = Height of water column (m) in tank
h = height of water in pitot tube
A = Cross sectional area of opening =
0.000615 m2
g = Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2
Sc = Contracted cross-sectional area (m 2)
Cd = Contraction coefficient (discharge
coefficient)
Q = Volume flow rate (m3/s) = VA
Qr = Q-rotameter (m3/s)

Results:
The following results were obtained, for the tree types of openings, the Borda type discharge opening,
the sharp edge opening and the smooth edge opening, and were represented in the following tables.

Data sheets:

Experiment # 1: Borda-type discharge opening

To set To Record To calculate
level of water in tank in cm V in
Q-Rotameter in m^3/s m/s Total flow in m^3/s Cd
H1= 5 0.00084 0.979 0.000602085 1.395152
H2= 14 0.0012 1.657 0.001019055 1.177562
H3= 24.5 0.0014 2.192 0.00134808 1.038514

Experiment # 2: Sharp edge discharge opening

To set To Record To calculate
level of water in tank in cm V in
Q-Rotameter in m^3/s m/s Total flow in m^3/s Cd
H1= 16 0.00055 1.771 0.001089165 0.504974
H2= 24 0.00069 2.169 0.001333935 0.517267
H3= 33.5 0.00084 2.563 0.001576245 0.532912
 Experiment # 3: Smooth-mouth discharge opening
To set To Record To calculate
level of water in tank in cm V in
Q-Rotameter in m^3/s m/s Total flow in m^3/s Cd
H1= 4 1.54333
0.00084 0.885 0.000544275 7
0.89612
H2= 8 0.00069 1.252 0.00076998 7
0.83385
H3= 27 0.00118 2.301 0.001415115 4

Discussion and Conclusion:

As it can be seen from the tables above, the discharge coefficient is varying for the three different types
of openings used. It has an average of 1.203 for the borda type opening, an average of 0.518 for the
sharp edge, and an average of 1.091 for the smooth edge opening. In parallel, the velocity varies
oppositely to the flow rate by changing the type of the opening.

In our experiment we have a lot of errors; first the discharge coefficient must be between zero and one,
which is the case of the sharp edge opening. The other two experiments the borda type and the smooth
openings discharge coefficient is higher than one, which means there are some errors like misreading
the actual flowrate from the rotameter, or maybe the error can be from the manufacturing structure of
the two openings.

In reality, in the smooth edge opening, the actual flow rate is the closest to the theoretical one,
therefore if the applicant intended to lose as much flow as possible, it’s recommended that a smooth
edge opening to be used. The borda type opening comes after the smooth edge in the flow rate. In this
type, the flow rate is slightly less than the theoretical one, therefore small losses occur. For the sharp
edge type, there’s an important difference between the two flow rates, therefore there are losses to be
taken into consideration.