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978-0-521-82213-8 - Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management

Edited by Marcos Kogan and Paul Jepson
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Perspectives in Ecological Theory and

Integrated Pest Management
Since the early days of integrated pest management a sound ecological
foundation has been considered essential for the development of effective
systems. From time to time, there have been attempts to evaluate the ways in
which ecological theory is exploited in pest control, and to review the lessons
that ecologists learn from pest management. In the last 20 years there have
been many developments within the contribution of ecological theory to
integrated pest management, and the objective of this book is to capture
some of the new themes in both pest management and ecology that have
emerged and to provide an updated assessment of the role that basic ecology
plays in the development of rational and sustainable pest management
practices. The major themes are examined, assessing the significance and
potential impact of recent technological and conceptual developments for
the future of integrated pest management.

M a r c os K o g a n is Professor and Director Emeritus of the Integrated

Plant Protection Center at Oregon State University.

P a u l J e p s o n has been Director of the Integrated Plant Protection Center

at Oregon State University since 2002.

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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-82213-8 - Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management
Edited by Marcos Kogan and Paul Jepson
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Perspectives in
Ecological
Theory and
Integrated Pest
Management
edited by
Marcos Kogan
and Paul Jepson
Oregon State University

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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-82213-8 - Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management
Edited by Marcos Kogan and Paul Jepson
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cambridge university press

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ß Cambridge University Press 2007

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First published 2007

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge.

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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Perspectives in ecological theory and integrated pest management / edited by Marcos Kogan,
Paul Jepson. - - 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-521-82213-8
ISBN-10: 0-521-82213-0
1. Pests- -Integrated control. I. Kogan, M. (Macros) II. Jepson, Paul C. III. Title.

SB950.P37 2007
632’.9- -dc22

2007003606

ISBN-13 978-0-521-82213-8 hardback

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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-82213-8 - Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management
Edited by Marcos Kogan and Paul Jepson
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On May 14, 2004 we were shocked and saddened by the news that our
good friend and colleague Ron Prokopy had died. He will not see
published the excellent chapter he wrote for this volume in
collaboration with his former student, Bernie Roitberg, but his
legacy will live on. We dedicate this volume to Ron’s memory for
all that he contributed to advances in our knowledge of insect
behavior and to progress in IPM.

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978-0-521-82213-8 - Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management
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Contents

List of Contributors ix
Preface xv

1 Ecology, sustainable development, and IPM:

The human factor 1
M. Kogan and P. Jepson

2 From simple IPM to the management of agroecosystems 45

R. Levins

3 Populations, metapopulations: elementary units

of IPM systems 65
L. Winder and I. P. Woiwod

4 Arthropod pest behavior and IPM 87

R. J. Prokopy and B. D. Roitberg

5 Using pheromones to disrupt mating of moth pests 122

R . T . C a r d é

6 Nutritional ecology of plant feeding arthropods and IPM 170

A. R. Panizzi

7 Conservation, biodiversity, and integrated

pest management 223
S. D. Wratten, D. F. Hochuli, G. M. Gurr, J. Tylianakis and
S. L. Scarratt

vii

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978-0-521-82213-8 - Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management
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viii Contents

8 Ecological risks of biological control agents:

impacts on IPM 246
H. M. T. Hokkanen, J. C. van Lenteren and I. Menzler-Hokkanen

9 Ecology of natural enemies and genetically

engineered host plants 269
G. G. Kennedy and F. Gould

10 Modeling the dynamics of tritrophic

population interactions 301
A . P . G u t i e r r e z a n d J . B a u m g ä r t n e r

11 Weed ecology, habitat management, and IPM 361

R. F. Norris

12 The ecology of vertebrate pests and

integrated pest management (IPM) 393
G. Witmer

13 Ecosystems: concepts, analyses, and

practical implications in IPM 411
T. D. Schowalter

14 Agroecology: contributions towards a renewed ecological

foundation for pest management 431
C. I. Nicholls and M. A. Altieri

15 Applications of molecular ecology to IPM: what impact? 469

P. J. De Barro, O. R. Edwards and P. Sunnucks

16 Ecotoxicology: The ecology of interactions between

pesticides and non-target organisms 522
P. C. Jepson

Index 553

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Contributors

Miguel A. Altieri
Division of Insect Biology
University of California
Berkeley, CA
USA

P. J. De Barro
CSIRO Entomology
120 Meiers Rd
Indooroopilly
QLD 4068
Australia

Johann Baumgärtner
Center for the Analysis of Sustainable Agroecosystems (CASA)
Kensington, CA
USA
and
Population Ecology and Ecosystem Science
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
Nairobi, Kenya

Ring T. Cardé
Department of Entomology
University of California
Riverside, California 92521
USA

O. R. Edwards
CSIRO Entomology
Private Bag No. 5

ix

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x Contributors

Wembley, WA 6913
Australia

Fred Gould
Department of Entomology
Box 7630
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7630
USA

Geoff M. Gurr
Faculty of Rural Management
The University of Sydney
PO Box 883
Orange, NSW 2800
Australia

Andrew Paul Gutierrez

Ecosystem Science
University of California
Berkeley, CA
USA
and
Center for the Analysis of Sustainable Agroecosystems (CASA)
Kensington, CA
USA

Dieter F. Hochuli
School of Biological Sciences
The University of Sydney
NSW 2006
Australia

H. M. T. Hokkanen
Laboratory of Applied Zoology
Box 27
University of Helsinki
FIN-00014 Helsinki
Finland

Paul Jepson
Integrated Plant Protection Center and Department of
Environmental and Molecular Toxicology
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
USA

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Contributors xi

George G. Kennedy
Department of Entomology
Box 7630
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7630
USA

Marcos Kogan
Integrated Plant Protection Center and Department of Horticulture
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
USA

Richard Levins
Department of Population and International Health
Harvard School of Public Health
Boston, MA
USA
and
Cuban Institute of Ecology and Systematics
Havana, Cuba

I. Menzler-Hokkanen
Laboratory of Applied Zoology
Box 27
University of Helsinki
FIN-00014 Helsinki
Finland

Clara Ines Nicholls

Division of Insect Biology
University of California
Berkeley, CA
USA

Robert F. Norris
Weed Science Program
Plant Science Department
University of California
Davis, CA
USA

Antônio R. Panizzi
EMBRAPA
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja

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xii Contributors

Rod. Carlos João Strass

Caixa Postal 231
Londrina PR 86001-970
Brazil

Ronald J. Prokopy{
Department of Entomology
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, MA 01003
USA

Bernard D. Roitberg
Department of Biological Sciences
Simon Frasier University
Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6
Canada

Samantha L. Scarratt
Soil, Plant and Ecological Sciences Division
PO Box 84
Lincoln University
Canterbury
New Zealand

T. D. Schowalter
Entomology Department
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
USA

P. Sunnucks
Department of Genetics
La Trobe University
Bundoora, VIC 3086
Australia

Jason Tylianakis
Soil, Plant and Ecological Sciences Division
PO Box 84
Lincoln University
Canterbury, New Zealand

{
Deceased May 14, 2004

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Contributors xiii

J. C. van Lenteren
Laboratory of Entomology
Wageningen University
The Netherlands

Linton Winder
School of Biological Sciences
Faculty of Science and Technology
University of the South Pacific
Suva, Fiji Islands

Gary Witmer
USDA/WS National Wildlife Research Center
4101 LaPorte Ave.
Fort Collins
CO 80521-2154
USA

Ian P. Woiwod
Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division
Rothamsted Research
Harpenden
Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ
UK

Steve D. Wratten
Soil, Plant and Ecological Sciences Division
PO Box 84
Lincoln University
Canterbury, New Zealand

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Preface

The dependence of integrated pest management (IPM) on sound

ecological theory has been frequently reaffirmed by both IPM practitioners
and theoreticians. Insect pests, diseases, and weeds still present us with
enormous challenges in all global cropping systems, and we continue to
be engaged in a struggle to understand the underlying drivers of their
epidemiology and the most effective management strategies. Sustainable IPM
systems in the future are going to depend on significant further advances in
all the sciences and technologies that contribute to insect pest, disease, and
weed suppression. Although IPM systems are deeply ecological in nature, no-
one can argue that we have yet defined or formalized the ways in which
ecological theory can be developed and exploited to maximize their
effectiveness. The application of ecological ideas in the intensely practical
realm of agriculture is a slow and difficult process. In this regard the book by
G. H. Walter (2003) may serve as a preamble to this volume; although
focused on insects, Walter’s comments are equally applicable to plant
pathogens and diseases. In it Walter states that ‘‘Insect ecology research for
IPM purposes is represented by a rather grey area; the linkage between theory
and practice is still not explicit.’’ We think that some of the chapters in the
present book offer insights arguing that ecological theory has already
provided the foundation for some level of IPM. Unquestionably, however,
much more research must be done to fully integrate ecological theory into
IPM practice.
At their most fundamental level, IPM programs are directly linked to
the spatial scales for which they are targeted. These scales range from single
fields of a given crop, clusters of fields of the same crop, clusters of fields
of multiple crops, multiple crop fields and the surrounding non-crop
vegetation, complex landscapes, to entire watersheds and ecological regions.
Consequently, the ecological processes at those spatial scales must be

xv

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xvi Preface

understood if IPM is to achieve the desired level of integration and meet the
goals of the IPM program. Up until recently most IPM programs have been
targeted to single fields of a particular crop. Sampling procedures and
decision support systems have been developed for application at the field
level, targeting a key pest or pest complex (arthropod pests, plant pathogens
or weeds) in what we call level 1 IPM. The theory of single species population
dynamics or, at best, the dynamics of host/predator interactions has found
direct application in Level 1 integration for IPM programs. The complexity of
ecological functions and processes at the community and ecosystems levels,
however, have defied attempts to successfully advance IPM to higher levels of
integration, particularly, the integration of control tactics that take into
account interactions of multiple pests in different pest categories. The need
to translate ever more robust ecological theory into implementable IPM
systems has been perceived as one of the most serious constraints to the
global adoption of IPM as the paradigm of choice in the protection of crops
and domestic animals. This volume provides a collection of papers by some
of the leading authorities in the synthesis of ecology and IPM.
In 1984, at the annual meetings of the Entomological Society of America, a
symposium was held to assess the status of the ecological basis of IPM. The
expanded symposium papers were published in the book Ecological Theory and
Integrated Pest Management Practice, M. Kogan, editor (1986). On the occasion of
the XXI International Congress of Entomology, held at Foz do Iguassu, Brazil,
August 20–26, 2000, it seemed appropriate to revisit the subject. Much
had changed, both in IPM and in ecology. Issues of conservation biology,
biodiversity, and biological invasions now occupy the thoughts of many
ecologists and the field of large-scale ecology has experienced major advances.
More robust models for the population dynamics of single and interactive
species are being developed, the role of competition in community dynamics
and assembly is better understood, and the concept of metapopulations is
gaining increasing attention. Community, ecosystems, landscape, and, more
recently, ecoregion ecology studies have advanced with the incorporation of
more powerful data collecting and analytical tools. This volume provides
a collection of 16 chapters that incorporate some of the latest developments
in ecology and behavioral ecology as applied to IPM, both conceptually and
in real-life situations.
Much of the focus in these 16 chapters remains entomological, but
chapters on weed ecology and IPM and on IPM for vertebrate pests provide
compelling arguments supporting the need for more interdisciplinary
research and the importance of advancing IPM to higher levels of integration.
Finally, as stressed in chapter 1, it is vital to consider the human factor, not

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Preface xvii

only in the magnitude of its negative impact on the environment, but also in
its role as an engine for progress towards a more sustainable approach to
the exploitation of nature and its resources.
Especial thanks are due to Karen Skjei for her careful pre-submittal editing
of the manuscripts and formatting all chapters to comply with the publishers’
guidelines.
Marcos Kogan and Paul Jepson
Corvallis, OR.
November, 2005

Reference
Walter, G. H. (2003). Insect Pest Management and Ecological Research. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.

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