14.7 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1011 atthe points where ¢ = ~27/4, 0, and 2/4. The funetion f gives the square of the distance from a point P(r, x. 2) on the helix 10 the origin. The derivatives caleulated here give the rats at which the square ofthe distance is changing with respect to ras P moves ‘through the points where 1 = 7/4, 0, and 7/4, Normal curves A smooth curve is mormal to a surface fl, at a point of intersection if the curve's velocity Yector is a nonzero scalar multiple of Vf atthe point ‘Show that the curve a n Vis Va hurr aie {is normal othe surface x? + y? — = = 3 when = 1 63. Tangent curves A smooth curve is tangent to the surface at @ 60, Change along the involute of a eirele Find the derivative of point of intersection if its velocity vector is orthogonal to VF fs») =x? + 37 in the direction ofthe unit tangent vector of there. the curve ‘Show tha the curve rl0) = (cost + rsinfh + (Sint ~ ro0sh 1 > 0. 10) = Vit Vij+ @r- 61. Change along @ helix Find the dev is tangent tothe surface x24 y? — ive of flr.ys: x! +p? +27 in the direction of the unit tangent vector of the helix H10) = (cos! (sin) + a PMSA extreme Values and Saddle Points FIGURE 14.36 The function 2 = (coss)(cosye™ has « maximum value of J and a minimum value of about ~0.067 on the square region |x| = 307/2,|»| = 3/2. Continuous functions of two variables assume extreme values on closed, bounded do- mains (see Figures 14,36 and 14.37). We see in this section that we can narrow the search for these extreme values by examining the functions” first partial derivatives. A function of two variables can assume extreme values only at domain boundary points or at interior do- ‘main points where both first partial derivatives are zero or where one or both of the first partial derivatives fails to exist, However, the vanishing of derivatives at an interior point (@, b) does not always signal the presence of an extreme value. The surface that is the graph of the function might be shaped like a saddle right above (a, 6) and cross its tangent plane there. Derivative Tests for Local Extreme Values ‘To find the local extreme values of a function of a single variable, we look for points ‘where the graph has a horizontal tangent line. At such points, we then look for local max- ‘ma, local minima, and points of inflection, For a function f(x,y) of two variables, we look for points where the surface z = f(x, y) has a horizontal tangent plane. At such points, we then look for local maxima, local minima, and saddle points (more about saddle points in a moment).1012 chapter 14: Partial Derivatives FIGURE 14.37 The “roof surface” =H (llxt—bil -It- bl) viewed from the point (10, 1S,20). The defining fanction has a maximum value of (and a minimum value of ~@ on the square region|x| = a,|y| a HisToRicat. BiocRapity Siméoo-Denis Poisson (1781-1840) FIGURE 14.39 If local maximum of f ', then the frst, 5) and f,(a, 5) are ‘ccursat x = ay partial derivatives, both ze, DEFINITIONS Local Maximum, Local Minimum Let f(x) be defined on a region R containing the point (a, 6)-"Then 1. f(a, b) isa local maximum value of f if f(a, 6) = f(x,y) forall domain points (x, y) in an open disk centered at (a, b). 2 fla, 6) is a local minimum value of f if fla,b) = flx.y) forall domain | ‘points (x, 9) in an open disk centered at (a). Local maxima correspond to mountain peaks on the surface = = f(x, y) and local minima correspond to valley bottoms (Figure 14.38). At such points the tangent planes, when they exist, are horizontal. Local extrema are also called relative extrema. AAs with functions of a single variable, the key to identifying the local extrema is a first derivative test. Local maxima (oo gpeater yale of fear) PO Local minimum (no smaller value ‘ol feats) FIGURE 14.38 A local maximum is « mountain peak and a local ‘minimum isa alley low: THEOREM 10 First Derivative Test for Local Extreme Values If f(x,y) has @ local maximum or minimum value at an interior point (a,b) ofits domain and if the first partial derivatives exist there, then fala, 6) = 0 and fda, b) = 0. Proof IF fhas a local extremum at (a), then the function g(x) = f(x, b) has a local ex- tremum at x =a (Figure 14.39), Therefore, (a) = 0 (Chapter 4, Theorem 2). Now £'(a) = fia,b), 50 f.(a,b) ~ 0. A similar argument with the function h(y) = flay) shows that f(a, 5) 0. . If we substitute the values f,(a, 6) = Oand f(a, b) = 0 into the equation fla, BYx ~ a) + fla, By ~ b) ~ (= = fla,b)) = 0 for the tangent plane to the surface = = f(x,y) at (a, ), the equation reduces to Orr = a) + O+(y = b) = 2 + fla,d) =0 or = fla,b).FIGURE 14.40 Saddle points at the origin, FIGURE 14.41 ‘The graph ofthe function {fls.y) = 2 + ys the paraboloid 2 + y2. The function has a local ‘minimum value of Oat the origin (Example 1). 14.7. Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1013 ‘Thus, Theorem 10 says thatthe surface does indeed have a horizontal tangent plane at a lo- cal extremum, provided there is a tangent plane there, =] DEFINITION Critical Point {An interior point of the domain of a function f(x,y) where both f,and fy are zero ‘or where one or both off, and f, do not exis isa eritieal point off. ‘Theorem 10 says thatthe only points where a function f(x, y) can assume extreme val- ‘ues are critical points and boundary points. As with differentiable functions of a single variable, not every critical point gives rise to a local extremum. A differentiable function ofa single variable might have a point of inflection. A differentiable function of two vari- ables might have a saddle point. | DEFINITION Saddle Point | A ital neon 1) basa sade pln at itl poi (0 itn rare Ort fe) te oe tomo fl whe } G5) 27h) aon amaa ptt et) ve ay Paes The wre ‘peg poll sb fla) aero #= Jy) ealede mide po ot | Mesure 10) EXAMPLE 1 Finding Local Extreme Values Find the local extreme values of f(x.) = x? + 9? Solution ‘The domain of f is the entire plane (so there are no boundary points) and the partial derivatives f, = 2vand f, = 2y exist everywhere. Therefore, local extreme values can occur only where fea =0 and fy=2y ‘The only possibility is the origin, where the value of f is zero. Since f is never negative, ‘we see that the origin gives a local minimum (Figure 14.41), . EXAMPLE 2 Identifying a Saddle Point Find the local extreme values (if any) of flx, y) = Solution The domain of fis the entire plane (so there are no boundary points) and the partial derivatives f = —2x and fy = 2y exist everywhere. Therefore, local extrema can ‘occur only at the origin (0, 0). Along the positive x-axis, however, f has the value {lx 0) = —x? < 0; along the positive y-axis, f has the value f(0, y) = y? > 0. There- fore, every open disk in the xy-plane centered at (0, 0) contains points where the funtion is positive and points where itis negative. The funetion has a saddle point at the origin (Figure 14.42) instead of a local extreme value, We conclude that the function has no local extreme values. . ‘That f, = fy = 0 at an interior point (a, 6) of R does not guarantee f has a local ex ‘treme value there. If and is first and second partial derivatives are continuous on , how~ ‘ever, we may be able to learn more from the following theorem, proved in Section 14.10.1014 Chapter 14: Partial Derivatives FIGURE 14.42 The origin isa saddle point of the function f(x,y) = y? ~ x “There are no local extreme values (Example 2), Oo THEOREM 11 Second Derivative Test for Local Extreme Values Suppose that f(x, y) and its first and second partial derivatives are continuous throughout a disk centered at (a, b) and that f(a, b) = f(a, 6) = 0. Then i. fhasa local maximum at (a,b) if fay < O and fusfy ~ fy? > Oat (a, B). fi, has.a local minimum at (a,b) if fac > O-and foxfyy ~ f® > Oa (a,b). iil, f has a saddle point at (a, 5) if fury — fy? < Oat (a, 5). iv. The test is ineonelusive at (2, 6) if foxfy ~ fo” = 0.at (a, b). Im this ease, ‘we must find some other way to determine the behavior of f at (a,b) | ee ed ‘The expression farfyy ~ fi? is called the inant or Hessian of f. 11 is some- times easier to remember it in determinant form, fsx So av Sw ‘Theorem 11 says that if the discriminant is positive at the point (a, 6), then the surface ‘curves the same way in all directions: downward if f< < 0, giving rise to a local maxi- ‘mum, and upward if f=: > 0, giving a local minimum. On the other hand, ifthe discrimi- nant is negative at (a,b), then the surface curves up in some directions and down in others, so we have a saddle point SasSy— fo = EXAMPLE 3. Finding Local Extreme Values Find the local extreme values of the function Alx.y) Solution The function is defined and differentiable for all x and y and its domain has ‘no boundary points. The function therefore has extreme values only at the points where f and f, are simultaneously zero, This leads to fe=y-2-2=0, fy=x-- or ‘Therefore, the point (—2, ~2) is the only point where f may take on an extreme value. To see if it does so, we calculate tow ‘The discriminant of f at (a6) = (~2, ~2) is Sesfy ~ fo? = (-2)(-2) ~ UF = ‘The combination fa <0 and ferhy ~ fy? > 0 tells us that f has a local maximum at (—2,~2). The value of f at this point is A-2,-2) .a5 FIGURE 14.43 The surface 2 = xyhasa saddle point tthe origin (Example 4). FIGURE 14.64 ‘This triangular region is ‘the domain ofthe function in Example 5. 14,7 Betreme Values and Saddle Points 1015 EXAMPLE 4 Searching for Local Extreme Values Find the local extreme values of f(x,y) = xy. Solution Since f is differentiable everywhere (Figure 14.43), it can assume extreme values only where fs and f,=x=0. Thus, the origin is the only point where f might have an extreme value. To see what hap- pens there, we calculate fc= 9, fy fo “The discriminant, fash ~ fo? = he is negative. Therefore, the function has a saddle point at (0, 0), We conclude that {fle y) = xy has no local extreme values, . Absolute Maxima and Minima on Closed Bounded Regions ‘We organize the search for the absolute extrema of a continuous function f(x, ») on a closed and bounded region R into three steps. 1. List the interior points of R where f may have local maxima and minima and evaluate ‘fat these points. These are the ritieal points off. 2. List the boundary points of R where fas local maxima and minima and evaluate f at these points, We show how to do this shortly. 3. Look through the lists for the maximum and minimum values of f. These will be the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on R. Since absolute maxima and min- {ma are also local maxima and minima, the absolute maximum and minimum values ‘of f appear somewhere in the lists made in Steps I and 2. EXAMPLE 5 Finding Absolute Extrema Find the absofute maximum and minimum values of fly) = 2 + Be + By — ‘on the triangular region in the first quadrant bounded by the lines x = 0,y = 0, yan. Solution Since f is differentiable, the only places where f can assume these values are points inside the triangle (Figure 14.44) where f = f, = 0 and points on the boundary. (a) Interior points, For these we have i -%=0, f=2-w 1,1), The value of f there is fA, 1) = 4. ‘yielding the single point (x, »)1016 (Chapter 14: Partial Derivatives (b) Boundary points, We take the triangle one side ata time: () On the segment O4, y= 0. The function Jlx,y) = flx,0) = 2 + 2x = ‘may now be regarded as a function of x defined on the closed interval 0 = x = 9. Its extreme values (we know from Chapter 4) may occur at the endpoints x= 0 where /(0,0) =2 where (9,0) = 2+ 18 - 81 = -61 and atthe interior points where /"(x, 0) = 2 ~ 2x = 0. The only interior point where 11,0) = Oisx = 1, where Jlx,0) = f(1,0) = 3 (ii On the segment OB, x = 0 and IO,¥) = fO,y) = 2+ By ¥*, ‘We know from the symmetry of fin xand_y and from the analysis we jut carried out that the candidates on this segment are (0,0) = 2, f(0,9)= 61, f(0,1) =3. (lil) We have already accounted for the values of f at the endpoints of 4B, so we need only {ook at the interior points of AB. With y = 9 — x, we have Slxy) = 2 + 2x + 209 — x) — x? — (9 — x)? = 61 + 18 — 2x7, Setting f"(x, 9 — x) = 18 ~ 4r = Ogives 1s 3 = 2 At this value of x, and fea = s(3.3) = Summary We list all the candidates: 4, 2, ~61, 3, ~(41/2). The maximum is 4, which f assumes at (I, 1). The minimum is~61, which f assumes at (0,9) and (9, 0). . Solving extreme value problems with algebraic constraints on the variables usually re- 4uites the method of Lagrange multipliers in the next section. But sometimes we ean solve such problems directly, as in the next example. EXAMPLE 6 — Solving a Volume Problem with a Constraint A delivery company accepts only rectangular boxes the sum of whose length and girth (perimeter of a cross-section) does not exceed 108 in, Find the dimensions of an accept- able box of largest volume. Solution Let x, y, and 2 represent the length, width, and height of the rectangular box, respectively. Then the girth is 2y + 2c, We want to maximize the volume V = xyz of theGin = distance ‘ond re FIGURE 14.45 The box in Example 6. 14.7 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1017 box (Figure 14.45) satisfying x + 2y + 22 = 108 (the largest box accepted by the deliv= ery company), Thus, we can write the volume of the box as a function of two variables. (42) = (108 = 2y — 22)ye eee = 108yz — 2y%s — dye? Setting the frst partial derivatives equal to zero, V,(y,2) = W082 ~ 4yz — 22 = (108 — dy — 22) V(y,2) = 1O8y — 2y? — ays = (108 — 2y — 4z)y = 0, ives the critical points (0, 0), (0, 54), (54, 0), and (18, 18). The volume is zero at (0,0), (0, 54), (64,0), which are not maximum values. At the point (18, 18), we apply the Second Derivative Test (Theorem 11) Voy = Ae, —4y, 108 — 4y ~ 42, Then loyz — 16(27 — y ~ 2 Thus, Vy(18, 18) = ~4(18) < 0 and [Foy Pex ~ Vie Jagygy = 16(18)(18) ~ 16(-9)? > 0 imply tha (18, 18) gives a maximum volume. The dimensions of the package are 108 — 2(18) — 2(18) = 36 in.,y = 18 in,,andz = 18 in, The maximum volume is 1 = (36)(18)(18) = 11,664 in.) , 06.75 #0 . Despite the power of Theorem 10, we urge you to remember its limitations. It does not ap- ply to boundary points of a function's domain, where itis possible for a function to have extreme values along with nonzero derivatives. Also, it does not apply to points where ei- ther f, oF fi fails to exist. Summary of Max-Min Tests The extreme vals of f(x») can oceur ony at i. boundary points ofthe domain of f ii. critical points (interior points where f, = f, = 06 points where fo f, fail to exist). Ifthe first- and second-order partial derivatives of fare continuous throughout a disk centered at point (a, 6) and f,(a, 5) = f,(a,b) = 0, the nature of fla, 6) ‘ean be tested with the Second Derivative Test iL fr < Oand faxfy — fy? > Oat (a,b) => local maximum fi, fog > Oand fafiy ~ fy? > Oat (a,b) > local minimum ii, fafy — fo? < Oat(a,b) => saddle point fv. forfy ~ fo® = Oat(a,b) — testis inconclusive,1018 chapter 14: Partial Derivatives Finding Local Extrema Find all the local maxima, local minima, and sade points of the Fantions in Exercises 1-30 1. fly) = 8 tay tye + Be By 4 2. foxy) = + By + 3)" — Ge + By ~ 3. flay) = Dey ~ SP = 2)? + Ae ay 4, flay) = ey — Se — 29? + ae - 4 5. fixy) =P bay tae tayes 6 flay) = y2 + ay — 2 BH? 2. flay) = Say — 78 + Be = 6 +2 & flay) = dy P= 3+ eA 9. flay) =~ Ay ty? + 642 Bu? + Gay + Pp? — 2 + Ay 2x? 4 Bay + Ay? — Sx + 2y 2 — Gay + Sy? = 20 + 269 Paya 2et ay +6 Dy +29? — art apt 13. fla») fly) 2» 16, fix.y) = 3+ 2x + y= 2x? = 2w = 17 fey) yr 2w 6 18, fly) =x + 39+? 19, fls,y) = 6x? — 20) + 3y? + Guy 20. flx,y) = 3)? = 29) = 2? + Gay Ma fins) =a Pap 22, fix,y) = Bx? + y4 + Gry Dayar +p ese 9-8 me fay) 2204 BP a 4 Ly 25. fix,y) = dry — x4 — y# 26, fix,y) = x4 + yt + dey 2. fl) me anegeaed 29. fly) = ysinx 30. flx.y) = e*eosy Finding Absolute Extrema In series 31-38 find the absolute maxims and minima ofthe ans tions on he gen domains. BL. fix,y) = 2x? = dy + y? = 4y +1 on the closed triangular plats bounded by the lines x = Oy = 2.y = 2e in the fit Gurant 32, Dls,y) = x2 —ay + y2 + Lomthe close riangularpate nthe frst quadrant bounded by the ines = + y? on the closed triangular plate bounded by the = 0,9 + 2e = 2 in the frst quadrant 3A Thuy) =F Hay ty? Ge on the rectangular plate Osrs5,3=ys3 6x +2 on the rectangular plate 36. flsyy) = A8qy ~ 327 = 24y? on the rectangular plate bSxsiosyst 37. flay) = (dx ~ x2) cosy on the rectangular plate 1 = x 5 3, “aj S y = m/4 (see accompanying figure). 38. f(x,y) = 4x ~ Sty + 2p + L onthe triangular plate bounded by the lines x = 0,y = 0.x + y = | inthe first quadrant 139, Find two numbers a and b with a = b such that [i has its largest value 40. Find two numbers a and 6 with a yds such that has its largest value 41. Temperatures The flat circular plate in Figure 14.46 has the shape of the tegion x? +)? = 1. The plate, including the boundary where x? + y? = 1, is heated so that the temperature atthe point (x, ») is Ty) = a8 +2? = Find the temperatures at the hottest and coldest points on the plateFIGURE 14.46 Curves of constant temperature are called isotherms. The figure shows isotherms ofthe temperature function Tix, y) = 37 + 2y? = ron the diskx? +9? = Linthexy- plane, Exercise 41 asks you to locate the extreme ‘temperatures. 442, Find the etitcal point of Slay) = ay +e In in the open first quadrant (x > 0,y > 0) and show that f takes \\ ° FIGURE 14.67 The function fls.y) = 39) + 2x = Insty (elected level curves shown hore) takes on @ minimum ‘value somewhere inthe open First quadrant x > 0, > 0 (Exercise 42), 14.7. xtreme Values and Saddle Points 1019 Theory and Examples 43, Find the maxima, minima, and saddle points of fy), if ay, sven that, a fe=2e—4y and f= 2y~ Ar h fea 2-2 and fy=2y-4 f= 97-9 and fy= 2 t4 Describe your reasoning in each case. 44, The discriminant fu fyy — fy” is zero at the origin for each of the following functions, 0 the Second Derivative Test ail there. De- termine whether the faction has @ maximum, a minimum, or ne ther atthe origin by imagining what the surface =~ lx) looks lke, Describe you reasoning in each case. a fay =e b fos) fixy) = 29? . flxy) = 3°'y fe flxy) = xy £ flyy) = x4 48, Show that (0,0) isa erieal point of fx.) =x? + hay + »?n0 mater what value the constant k has, lt: Consider two eases: f= andi # 0) 46, For wht values ofthe constant k does the Second Derivative Test ‘guarantee that f(x,y) = x? + kay + y? will have a saddle point 431 (0, 0)? A local minimum at (0,0)? For wha values offi the Second Derivative Test inconclusive? Give reasons or your 47. Ufa) = fab) = O, must f havea local maximum or min- imum value at (a,b)? Give reasons for your answer. 48, Can you conclude anything about f(a, 6) if f and its Fist and seo ond partial derivatives are continuous throughout a disk centered atte critical point a, 6) and fa, 6) and fla) fer in sign? Give reasons for your answer 49, Among all the points on the graph of z = 10 ~ x? ~ y* that lie ahove the plane x-+ 2y + 32 0, find the point farthest from the plane 50, Find the point on the graph of = plane x + 2y ~ 2 = 0. + y? +10 nearest the |. The function flx,y) = x + y fils to have an absolute maximum value in the closed first quadrant x = 0 and y = 0, Does this ‘contradict the discussion on finding absolute extrema given in the text? Give reasons for your answer 52, Consider the function f(x,y) = x2 +)? + 2y—x—y +1 over the square 0 = x = Tand0 = y= 1 Show that fas an absolute minimum along the line segment 2x + 2y = Lim this square. What isthe absolute minimum value? ', Find the absolute maximum value of f over the square. Extreme Values on Parametrized Curves To find the extreme values of a function f(x, y) on a curve x= s(thy = 942 we teat f a8 a function ofthe single variable rand1020 Chapter 14: Partial Derivatives ‘use the Chain Rule to find where df/dis zero. As in any other single= variable ease, the extreme values off are then found among the values atthe a. critical points (points where ft is 2r0 of fails to exist), and ', endpoints of the parameter domain Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the following futons on the given curves. 153. Functions: a fey arty baby) =” May) = 28 ty? veo W, The quartercitclex? + y?=4, x= 0, y=O Use the parametric equations x = 2cos',y" = 2-sin# ‘54, Functions: a f= det sy gles) e.My) = a2 +39? Curves I. The semi-llpse (x?/9) + (y/4) = H, The quarter ellipse (x*/9) + (°/4) = 1, =O, y=O Use the parametric equations x = 3cos y= 2-sin 55, Function: (x, 9) Curves: LThelinex = 21, y= 141 H. Theline segments = 2, y=r4, -1<1<0 fi, The line segments = 2, y=1+1, 05051 6, Functions: a feat y? —— wegley)= 1/0 +9) Curves: A. Theline x i. The line segment x= f, Least Squares and Regression Lines When we try to ftaline y = ms + btoaset of numerical data pots (sions C22 92) (isd) (Figure 1448), we usally choose the lin that minimizes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances fiom the points othe fine. n theory, this means finding the values oF mand that minimize the value ofthe function + (int, +b yQ) a ‘The values of m and b that do this are found with the First and Second. Derivative Tests to be eee (x) ASE =2-% Os's1 (may + — PE b=} (3n-mBu), o with all sums running from k = 1 104 =n. Many scientific calcula tors have these formas builtin, enabling you to find m and wi ‘only few key stokes after you have entered the data ‘The line y = mx + b determined by these values of m and b is called the least squares line, regression line, or trend line forthe data under study. Finding a least squares line lets you 1. summarize data with a simple expression, 2. predict values ofy for other, experimentally unried values ofx, 3. handle data analytically Pg) 3 Peo Paneh P0399) 0 FIGURE 14.68 Tofita line wo rnoneollinear points, we choose the line that ‘minimizes the sum ofthe squares ofthe deviations, EXAMPLE Find the least squares line for the points (0, 1), 0, 3.2.2),8.4) 4,5) Solution We organize the calculations ina table: k Xs a x xu 7 0 T 0 0 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 3 4 9 2 5 4 5 6 20 a 10 15 30 9 “Then we find vation (2) with = Sands fromthe table and use the value of m find ik Sora $(as = (09)(10) ‘Te least squares line isy = 0.9 + 1.2 (Figure 1449), .161. Write a tinear equation forthe effect of i FIGURE 14,49 The least squares line for the data in the example. In Exercises $7-60, use Equations (2) and (3) to find the least squares line foreach set of datapoints. Then use the linear equation you obtain tw predict the value ofythat would correspond to. 57. (1,2), (0,1), G,—4) 58 (-2,0), (0,2), 59. (0.0),(1,2),2,3) 60. (0,1), (2,2).(8.2) gation on the yield of alfalfa by fiting a least squares fine to the data in Table 14.1 (om the University of California Experimental Station, Bulletin No, 450, p. 8) Plot the data and draw the line. 23) TABLE 14.1 Growth of alfalfa x ’ (total seasonal depth (average alfalfa ‘of water applied, in.) yield, tons/acre) 2 527 18 5.68 4 625 30 721 36 820 2 871 HH62. Craters of Mars_One theory of crater formation suggests that the frequency of lage craters should fall off asthe square of the diameter (Marcus, Science, Jne 21, 1968, p. 1334) Pitures from Mariner IV show the frequencies listed in Table 14.2. Fita line of the form F = m(1/D*) + b to the data Plot the data and draw the line 14.7. xtreme Values and Saddle Points 1021 TABLE 14.2 Crater sizes on Mars 1/D* (for Diameter in left value of km, D class interval) Frequency, F 32-45 0.001 31 45-64 0.0005 2 64-90 0.00024 4 90-128 0.000123, 4 | Kichel numbers In 1862, the German musicologist Ludwig von K@chel made a chronological list of the musical works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. This lists the source of the KBchel ‘numbers, or “K numbers;" that now accompany the ties of Mozart’ pieces (Sinfonia Concertante in E-flat majo, K.364, for example). Table 14.3 gives the Khel numbers and composition dates (9) of ten of Mozart's works. ‘a. Plotys. K to show that yi close to being linear faneson oF K. ‘by Find a least squares fine y = mK + for the data and add the line to your plot in part (a. «& K.364 was composed in 1779. What date is predicted by the least squares line? TABLE 14.3 Compositions by Mozart Kichel number, ‘Year composed, z y 1 1761 15 1771 155 1772 219 1775 2m W777 351 1780 425 1783 503 1786 375 1789 626 1791 164, Submarine sinkings The data in Table 14.4 show the results of ‘historical study of German submarines sunk by the US. Navy during 16 consecutive months of World War IL. The data given for cach month are the number of reported sinkings and the number of actual sinkings. The number of submarines sunk was slightly {greater than the Navy's reports implied. Find a least squares line or estimating the number of actual sinkings from the number of reported sinkings.1022 Chapter 14: Partial Derivatives ‘COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS Exploring Local Extrema at Critical Points In Exercises 65-70, you will explore functions to identify their local |TABLE 14.4. Sinkings of German submarines by U.S. | during 16 consecutive months of WWII ‘Guesses by US. 4 extrema. Use a CAS to perform the following st | (reported sinkings) Actual number anne nee | Month x s 8, Plot the funetion over the given rectangle. ', Plot some level curves in the rectangle, ¢. Caloulate the function’ first partial derivatives and use the CAS {equation solver to find the critical points. How do the critical points relate to the level curves plotted in part (b)? Which critial points if any, appear to give saddle point? Give reasons for your answer. 4. Caleulate the funetion’s second partial derivatives and find the Aiseriminant farfyy ~ fo* ¢. Using the max-min tests, classify the ertial points found in part, (6). Are your findings consistent with your discussion in parte)? 68. flny) = ty —3m, Sexes, Says 66. fizy)= x —3y2 Hy, -25ys2, -25y52 67. flys) =x $y? = Be Gy 1, BSS, “65956 68, fls,y) = Bet + yt — 2 = 2p -32s%5 3/2, +30? ~ 12004, (39) 0,0) Gy Lagrange Multipliers ‘Sometimes we need to find the extreme values of a function whose domain is constrained, to lie within some particular subsct of the plane—a disk, for example, a closed triangular Pay region, or along a curve. In this section, we explore a powerful method for finding extreme values of constrained functions: the method of Lagrange multipliers. HistoncaL. Bi Joseph Louis Lagrange 736-1813) Constrained Maxima and Minima EXAMPLE 1 Finding a Minimum with Constraint Find the point P(x; 2) closest tothe origin on the plane 2x + yz ~ S = 0. Solution The problem asks us to Find the minimum value ofthe function |OP| = Ve 0F + y= OF HOF = Vay ee