Highway Engineering (CL-707)

> Introduction to Transportation

& Road development Process
Syllabus
 Reference Books
• Highway Engineering by Khanna, Justo & Veeraragavan

• Highway Engineering by Paul Wright

• Pavement Analysis and Design by Yang Huang

• Principles of Pavement Design by E J Yoder

• Highway Engineering by S P Bindra

• Traffic Engineering and Transport Planning by L R Kadiyali

 Transportation
• Latin word ‘transportare’ meaning trans (across)
and portare (to carry)

• Transportation is the movement of people and

goods from one place to another.

• Mobility is a basic human need.

 Major disciplines of
Transportation Engineering
• Transportation Planning
• Geometric Design
• Pavement Design
• Traffic Engineering
 Role of transportation in society
• Transportation is a non separable part of any society.

• It exhibits a very close relation to the style of life, the

range and location of activities and the goods and
services which will be available for consumption.
 Role of transportation in society
• Economic role:
– The place, time & quality utility of goods
– Changes in location of activities

• Social role:
– Formation of settlements
– Size and pattern of settlements
 Role of transportation in society
• Environmental role:
– Safety
– Air pollution
– Noise pollution
– Energy consumption

• Political role
 Characteristics
• Multi-modal
• Multi-sector
• Multi-problem
• Multi-objective
• Multi-disciplinary
Modes of transportation
 Highway Engineering
• It’s a branch of engineering which deals with
Geometric design, Construction methodology
and crust design of highways (pavement
engineering).
 History of Road development
• Roman roads (312 B.C.)
• Tresaguet construction
• Metcalf construction
• Telford construction
• Macadam construction (1815-1827)
 Modern Road development
• Modern development began with appointment of a
Road Development Committee by the Govt. of India
in 1927, with M R Jayakar as the chairman.

• This committee came to be known as Jayakar

committee.
 Modern Road development
The major recommendations by Jayakar committee and the resulting
implementations were:

• Committee found that the road development of the country has become
beyond the capacity of local governments and suggested that Central
government should take the proper charge considering it as a matter of
national interest.

• One of the recommendations was the holding of periodic road conferences to

discuss about road construction and development. This paved the way for the
establishment of a semi-official technical body called Indian Road Congress
(IRC) in 1934
 Modern Road development
The major recommendations by Jayakar committee and the resulting
implementations were:

• The committee suggested imposition of additional taxation on motor

transport which includes duty on motor spirit, vehicle taxation, license fees for
vehicles plying for hire. This led to the introduction of a development fund
called Central road fund in 1929.

• A dedicated research organization should be constituted to carry out research

and development work. This resulted in the formation of Central Road
Research Institute (CRRI) in 1950.
 Modern Highway Development
• Central Road Fund
• Indian Road Congress
• Central Road Research Institute
• Motor Vehicle Act
• National Highway Act
• Highway Research Board (HRB)
• National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)
• National Transport Policy Committee (NTPC)
• National Highway Development Projects (NHDP)
• Prdhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY)
• Road development plan: Vision 2021
• Rural Road development plan: Vision 2025
 Highway Planning
Objects:
• Provide efficient, safe, economic, comfortable and speedy
movement of goods and people
• Plan for anticipated future development
• Plan for a road system having maximum utility
• Phasing the road development program
• Finance and budget management
 Nagpur road congress 1943-63
• The second World War saw a rapid growth in road traffic and
this led to the deterioration in the condition of roads.

• To discuss about improving the condition of roads, the

government convened a conference of chief engineers of
provinces at Nagpur in 1943. The result of the conference is
famous as the Nagpur plan.
 Nagpur road congress 1943-63
• A twenty year development Programme for the period of 1943-1963 was
finalized. It was the first attempt to prepare a co-ordinated road development
Programme in a planned manner.

• The roads were divided into five classes: NH, SH, MDR, ODR & VR.

• The committee planned to construct 2 lakh km of road across the country

within 20 years.

• They recommended the construction of star and grid pattern of roads

throughout the country.

• One of the objective was that the road length should be increased so as to
give a road density of 16kms per 100 sq.km
 Bombay road congress 1961-81
• The length of roads envisaged under the Nagpur plan was
achieved by the end of it, but the road system was deficient in
many respects.

• The changed economic, industrial and agricultural conditions

in the country warranted a review of the Nagpur plan.
Accordingly a 20-year plan was drafted by the Roads wing of
Government of India, which is popularly known as the
Bombay plan.
 Bombay road congress 1961-81
• It was the second 20 year road plan.

• The total road length targeted to construct was about 10 lakhs km.

• They suggested that the length of the road should be increased so

as to give a road density of 32kms/100 sq.km

• The construction of 1600 km of expressways was also then included

in the plan.
 Lucknow road congress 1981-2001
• This was the third 20 year road plan (1981-2001). It is also called
Lucknow road plan.

• It aimed at constructing a road length of 12 lakh km by the year

2001 resulting in a road density of 82kms/100 sq.km

• It aims at improving the transportation facilities in villages, towns

etc. such that no part of country is farther than 50 km from NH.

• Energy conservation, environmental quality of roads and road

safety measures were also given due importance in this plan.
 Classification of Highways
• As per Nagpur road plan:
• NH, SH, MDR, ODR, VR

• As per Lucknow road plan:

• Primary system (Expressways & National Highways)
• Secondary system (SH & MDR)
• Tertiary system (ODR & VR)
 Classification of Urban roads
• Arterial roads
• Sub-arterial roads
• Collector streets
• Local streets
 Classification of Urban roads
• Arterial roads
• Sub-arterial roads
• Collector streets
• Local streets
 Phasing of Road development
• Saturation method: one of the methods to
determine the best alternative based on maximum
utility of road network.

• Its helpful method to prioritize the construction of

planned network length.
Phasing of Road development- Saturation method
• It is based on maximum utility per unit length of road
on population and productivity.

• In this system total agricultural production, industrial

production and population to be served by each
proposed road link is worked out.
Phasing of Road development- Saturation method
Steps of saturation method:
• Classify villages and towns in population range
• Assign utility unit to population range & calculate total
population
• Calculate productivity (Industrial + Agricultural)
• Total of population to be served and productivity which is
total utility
• Find Utility per unit length
Phasing of Road development- Saturation method
Example:
There are four alternate plan proposals P, Q, R & S with different road
length. Details of the population and products served are given below:

Work out the utility per unit length of each system and indicate which
system is considered to be optimum with maximum utility per unit
length. Assume utility units of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 & 2.50 respectively for
four population ranges.
Phasing of Road development- Saturation method

Proposal Total road Number of towns and villages served with Total agri. & industrial
length, km population range Products served, thousands
1001- 2001- 5001- >10000
2000 5000 10000
P 300 160 80 30 6 200

Q 400 200 90 60 8 270

R 500 240 110 70 10 315

S 550 248 112 73 12 335

 Phasing of Road development- Saturation method
Solution:
Total
Utility
Prop road Number of towns and villages served with Total Utility Priority
population range per unit
length length
(km)
1001- 2001- 5001- >10000 Population Productivity
2000 5000 10000
P 300 160*0.25 80*0.5 30*1 6*2.5 125 200 1.083 II

Q 400 200*0.25 90*0.5 60*1 8*2.5 175 270 1.112 I

R 500 240*0.25 110*0.5 70*1 10*2.5 210 315 1.050 III

S 550 248*0.25 112*0.5 73*1 12*2.5 221 335 1.010 IV

Phasing of Road development- Saturation method
Example:
• Three new roads A, B & C are to be completed in a district
during a five year plan period. Using the data given below,
work out the order of priority for phasing the programme by
the principle of maximum utility per unit length. Adopt utility
units of 1.0 for serving a village with population range 2001 to
5000, or for catering for 1000 t of agricultural products or
100 t of industrial products. Assume other data suitably.
Phasing of Road development- Saturation method

Proposal Total road Number of towns and villages Productivity, 1000 tonne
length, km served with population range

< 2000 2001- > 5000 Agricultural Industrial

5000
A 15 10 8 3 15 1.2

B 12 16 3 1 11 0.0

C 18 20 10 2 10 0.8
Phasing of Road development- Saturation method
Solution:
Total
Utility
Proposal road Population Utility Product Utility Total Priority
Utility per unit
length, length
km

< 2000 2001- > 5000 Agri. Indu.

5000
A 15 10*0.5 8*1 3*2 15*1 1.2*10 46 3.07 I

B 12 16*0.5 3*1 1*2 11*1 0.0*10 24 2.00 III

C 18 20*0.5 10*1 2*2 10*1 0.8*10 52 2.89 II