 KEYA J

 RUTIKA P
GROUP 4  TANVI S
 MIHIKA R
JOINERY 

ANUJA N
SWAPNALI
HARDWARE W
 TEJAL V
 SHREYA K
 YUKTA P
 ▫️Hinges
C ▫️Nails
▫️Screw
O ▫️Washers
▫️Nuts

N ▫️Bolts
▫️Faceplates
▫️Screw fasteners
T ▫️angles
▫️Ball bearings
E ▫️[Ball bearings & Telescopic]
Channels
N ▫️Window Openers
▫️Sliders and runners

T ▫️wall plugs
▫️inserts and fixes
▫️Window frame
S
HINGES
 A hinge is a mechanical
bearing that connects
two solid objects,
typically
. allowing only a
limited angle of
rotation between
them.
HINGES
PARTS OF A HINGE
PIN
The rod that holds the leaves together, inside
the knuckle. Also known as a pintle.

KNUCKLE
The hollow—typically circular—portion creating the
joint of the hinge through which the pin is set.
The knuckles of either leaf typically alternate and
interlock with the pin passing through all of them.
(aka. loop, joint, node or curl)

LEAF
The portions (typically two) that extend laterally
from the knuckle and typically revolve around the pin
  Cheap
Stainless Steel  Prevents rust and corrosion
 Resists application of finishes.
Aluminium and
Aluminium Alloys

Brass And  Expensive

Brass Plated  Used in exterior visible joinery for
aesthetics
Bronze  Generally used in polish/ coat form
 Corrosion Resistant.
 Rust Resistant
Copper
Material  Techno Polymers , PVC
Availability Plastic  Available in Black and White colours.
BARREL HINGES

Applications: Inner side Positioning

 Used in woodworks with high
finishes of relatively smaller scale
like cabinets, wooden storage boxes
and cases.
 Aren’t recommended for vertical
/Load bearing applications
 Great option where one doesn’t
want the hinge visible.
Sizes available
 BUTT / MORTISE HINGES

Applications:
 A butt hinge is used to mount and operate doors on
commercial properties and residential homes.
 A butt hinge is usually comprised of two leaves that match.
 One is usually attached to a fixed component (such as a
door jamb) and the other is attached to a moving
component (such as a door).
 Most commonly used;available in various sizes and materials

Available materials
BRAND: MISUMI |Sizes|Stainless Steel
MARKET DATA:
PARLIAMENTARY/ UK HINGE
Applications
Mainly used on external
doors, parliament hinges are used
when you want the door to be able
to rotate through 180 degrees,
clearing the frame to lie flat open
against the wall.
MARKET DATA:
PIANO/ CONTINUOUS HINGE
 They run the entire length of a door,
panel, box and provide alignment over the
whole length of the door, as well as
achieving even distribution of the load.
 Compared to the use of several shorter
butt hinges, no rebating is required, with
the hinges being surface fitted to both
door and frame.
MARKET DATA:
 PIVOT HINGE
 They are mounted top-to-bottom at the corners of
the door, allowing the door to swing 180 degrees
in each direction.
 Also referred to as a DOUBLE-ACTING or HAAR-
HUNG doors floor hinge.
 Found in ancient dry stone buildings.
 They are a low cost alternative for use with light
weight doors.
MARKET DATA:
DAMPER HINGES
 Damper Hinges absorb the shock when
doors and lids close.
 The hinges allow them to close gently and
help protect against fingers getting
caught.
 Hinges come in various types with
different degrees of dampening force.
BRAND: MISUMI |Sizes|Stainless Steel
MARKET DATA:
CONCEALED HINGES

 A concealed hinge is one that lays flush within

a door to mask the hinges location and is not
visible on the external face
 Widely used in furniture
in modern days.
 Enhances the aesthetical value of
interiors.
MARKET DATA:
BROCHURE LINKS:
 https://publications.blum.com/2018/catalogue/en/104/
 https://www.hghhardware.com/ASSETS/DOCUMENTS/ITEMS/EN/
1400_brochure-catalog.pdf
MARKET DATA:
MARKET DATA:
 Angles are the connector which can
be used in many different ways by
ANGLES either surface mounting or rebate
mounting and oriented vertical or
horizontal.
MATERIALS-
• Stainless steel
• brass
• Wood
• Zinc
APPLICATIONS-
• Kitchen Cabinet
• Benches
• Tables
• Book shelves
• Garden furnitures
• Wood joints
TYPES OF ANGLE JOINERY

ANGLE BLOCKS -

VARIETY-
It is available in 30-60-90 and 45-45-90

APPLICATIONS-
•Ideal for joining cabinets at right angles.
TYPES OF ANGLE JOINERY
RIGHT ANGLE
BRACKET-

USES-
Flat pack furniture
Commecial applications
RV and Marine

ADVANTAGES-
Lower transportation cost
Lower labour cost
No tools required
BRANDS, SIZES RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET RIGHT ANGLE BLOCK

, COST OF BRAND-ebco, Volve

SIZES-20X20mm,100x100mm
BRAND- ebco,alija

ANGLES COST- 205/-

SIZE- 18mmx20mm

RIGHT ANGLE
CONNECTOR
BRAND-ebco,generic
SIZES-mm
COST - 425/-
screws
SCREW MATERIAL
Screw can be usually made up of:
• Steel
• Brass
• Titanium
• Bronze
• Silicon
• Monel
TYPES OF SCREWS
• Wood Screw
• Machine Screw
• Lag Screw
• Sheet Metal Screw
• Twin Fast Screw
• Security Screw
WOOD SCREW:
Screws form strong connections between parts made from
• A metal screw with a sharp point solid wood, plywood and other sheet goods without the need for
designed to attach two pieces cut joinery
of wood together. .
• Wood screws are commonly available
with flat, pan or oval-heads.
• A wood screw generally has a partially
unthreaded shank below the head.
MACHINE SCREW:
• The most common types of machine screw head shapes are
• A fastening device similar to a bolt but pan head, flat head, round head, oval head, truss head and hex
having a socket in its head which allows head.
it to be turned with a screwdriver.
• They're used to hold parts together in
all types of machines such as
electronics, engines and huge industrial
manufacturing equipment.
• Machine screws are different from other
types of screws, such as sheet metal
screws, which are threaded the whole
way down and are meant to attach metal
to metal.
LAG SCREW:

• Lag screws are some of the toughest These screws differ from normal wood, self-drilling or
fasteners. These extremely sturdy sheet metal screws.
fasteners are usually used to connect
heavy lumber or other heavy materials
that are bearing an intense load.
• Lag screws require a hole to be drilled
first.
• Lag screws also use a nut to add extra
strength and security to help hold
things together.
SHEET METAL
SCREW:
The sheet metal screws are used to connect two different
• A sheet metal screw is a kind of pieces of metal. These rivets are also used for quick and
hardware supply strong fastening of metal to aluminium, plastics, hard rubber
and even plywood.
• It is used for tightening metal objects.
• The tip and the threads are quite sharp,
thereby enabling them to easily get cut
through the hard metal surface or any
other type of surface.
• This kind of fastener features a threaded
shank along-with a flat/rounded head.
TWIN FAST
SCREW:

• It is also known as particleboard screws. These screws can be used for virtually any interior wood to
wood fastening job.
• These are the most commonly used
metal pieces, be it in factories or
homes.
• We can do nailing or gluing, which are
easy, quicker and even require less
effort, but both of these methods leave
behind a permanent joint, which cannot
be easily dismantled.
• Can be easily removed whenever
required.
SECURITY
SCREW:
Security Screws are used for securing materials from being
• Security screws, also known as tampered with, such as gutters, license plates, grills in jails,
tamperproof screws schools, boats and cars.

• They are standard screws but with a

unique head, making it nearly impossible
to remove with common tools.
• That used to mean that any screw that
couldn't be removed.
COSTING OF
SCREW:
SIZES OF THE
SCREWS
SCREW BRANDS
1.McFeely's ProMax
2.McFeely's PocketMax (Pocket Hole)
3.McFeely's ProMaster
4.McFeely's Promaster Plus
5.GRK Branded Screws
6.Kreg Screws
7.SPAX Branded Screws
8.Screws Made in the USA
 Screws are metal fasteners that have a
threaded shank, which is driven by turning.
The threads prevent the screw from pulling
out.
Screws are most often used to fasten
materials such as wood and metals; however,
they can also be used with other materials.
This article provides information on screw
SCREW types.

FASTENERS
Screw Composition

The head of the screw has a recessed area

that accepts a tool, such as a drill or
screwdriver, which turns the screw into
place. Various shapes are used depending
on the type of materials being fastened, the
intended appearance, and the type of
driving device.
The threads are the helical ridges along the
screw, which provide the friction that keeps
the two materials together..
The pitch is the distance between threads.
Coarse-threaded screws have a larger
pitch, i.e. the threads are farther apart
 Materials
Screws are usually made of steel.
Where great resistance to weather or
corrosion is required, like in very
small screws or medical
implants, materials such as stainless
steel, brass, titanium, bronze, silicon
bronze or monel may be used.
Materials

Stainless steel Brass Titanium

Silicon bronze
Bronze
Types of screw
•Here types of screws classified
in 4 different categories:

A. On the basis of application

B. On the basis of drive style
C. On the basis of threads
D. On the basis of head shape or
Style
A. On the Basis of Application
1. Wood screws
As the name suggests, these screws are
used to fasten wood materials together.
The point needs to be noticed at its
shank part, which get bigger, thicker and
wider as we get closer to the head,
often have unthreaded shank at the top.
Sizes available : 0.4”-3.9”
2. Drywall Screws
Sizes available : 1 inch, 1-
1/4 inch, 1-5/8 inch, 2 inch,
2-1/2 inch and 3 inches
These screws come with a bugle head
which prevents tearing of the surface.
Generally, a drywall screw comes in two
categories and is divided according to
the length and pitch.
•The one is (W-Type) which is coarse
threaded, forfastening drywall with soft
woods, with having high pitch and length.
•The other one is (S-type) which is fine
threaded for fastening drywall with
hardwood or metal studs, and having
short length and pitch.
A. On the Basis of Application
3. Deck Screw
These types of screws are similar to
drywall screws except having better
corrosion resistance coating like zinc
plating galvanized, ceramic coated, etc.
These screws are made for wood decks,
so that it can withstand harsh
environment conditions
Sizes available : 0.1”-3.5”
4. Sheet Metal Screws
Sizes available : 2 to 14 dia
length : 3/16”-3 ½”
These are used to join metal pieces
together or metal pieces to wooden,
plastic, or any other kind of surface. They
come in a variety of shapes and sizes
with many different head styles like flat,
oval, truss, pan, hex etc.
•There are generally two kinds of sheet
metal screws, the one with a pointed tip,
require pre-drilling before entering into
the material.
•the other one known as self-tapping or
self-drilling screws which already have a
drill bit shape on the tip of the screw.
A. On the Basis of Application
5. Eye Screw
These are the screws having loop shape
on the top and shank with threads on the
other end, having a stiff eye design that
ensures stability and strength.
These shank tips easily go into wood
without stripping and provide strength
and durability.
Sizes available : 5/32”-3/8”
6. Concrete Screw
The concrete screw is also known as
masonry screw used to fasten metal,
wood or any other material to the
concrete or masonry.
They are generally are made up of
stainless steel or carbon steel screw
being blue in color, with or without
corrosion coating.
These types of screws commonly have
Sizes available :Diameter - either Phillips head or slotted hex washer
3/16” or 1/4”
head.
Length – the 3/16” diameter comes
in 7 standard lengths of 1-1/4”, 1-
3/4”, 2-1/4”, 2-3/4”, 3-1/4”,3-3/4”
and 4” the 1/4” comes in 9 lengths
of 1-1/4”, 1-3/4”, 2-1/4”, 2-3/4”,
3-1/4”,3-3/4”, 4', 5” and 6”.
A. On the Basis of Application
7. Double Ended Screw
or Dowel Screw
Double ended screws are used where
you can spin the two pieces together.
These are the headless screws and are
threaded with wood screw on both ends
or wood screw on one end and machine
screw on other. These are used to
conceal the joints.
Sizes available : 3/16" [#10], 1/4", 5/16" and 3/8"
in diameter and lengths range from 1 1/2" to 4
8. Set Screws
These fasteners are headless, also called
blinds, only having threaded part of the
screw. These types of screws are used
to resist relative motion between the
two rotating objects such as movement
of a pulley on a shaft, thus it is used to
secure one object within another.
Sizes available : #0 to #12 and 1/4" Set screws come in variety of tips type
to 1 1/2"—small sizes are expressed such as flat point, cup point, cone point,
as whole numbers and large sizes as half dog point.
fractional inches—and lengths span
from 1/16" to 6" for socket set
screws. For square head set screws,
available sizes are from #8 to #12
and 1/4" to 1 1/2", while lengths
range from 7/32" to 12".
A. On the Basis of Application
9. Lag Screw
These screws are the toughest one and are generally used
to fasten heavy lumber pieces or materials which bear a
heavy load.

These are somewhat different from other screws like wood

screw and are massive in size. They are mostly found in
hex or square headed with coarse threaded. They are
sometime referred as ‘lag bolts’ which is not correct.

Sizes available : 1/4" to 3/4" in diameter, and

lengths span from about 1" to 16".
B. On the Basis of Drive Style or Recess
1. Slotted
These are one of the most ancient types of
drive style with having a single slot deep cut
on the head of the screw.
2. Phillips
These kinds of screws are very popular
with having crossed shape drive style.
These are made to prevent over
tightening of screw or to cause the
screw to show cam-out effect after a
certain level of tightening, which results
in drawback for some applications where
requirement of torque is higher.
3. Pozidriv
These are same as Phillips drive
style but having alternate cross
shape offset at 45 degree.
These are the advance version
of Phillips drive and offer
improvement with respect to
Phillips drive but doesn’t
overcome the cam out effect.
B. On the Basis of Drive Style or Recess
4. Robertson or Square
These drives are very famous in
Canada and USA but not in
Europe.
These are having square
protrusion, which neglects the
cam out effect, thus improve
centering. Due to less drive area
these styles are unable to
transmit high torques. It is mostly
used in furniture.
5. Torx
Torx drive has 6 points star shape and
is used to transmit high torques
without damaging the screw head or
bit. As it neglects the cam-out effect
and transmit high torques, these types
of screws are most commonly used in
electronic media like in computers,
cellphone etc.
6. Hex
These drive styles are hexagon in shape
and available in two designs either
hexagonal internal, having grooves and
require hexagonal wrench or Allen screw
for tightening and loosing, or hexagonal
external having no grooves on the
heads. These provide large contact area
between screw and screwdriver which
transmit high torques.
B. On the Basis of Drive Style or Recess
7.Tri-Wing
These are consisting of 3
edges, evenly spaced, and are
made for the security purpose
so that consumers avoid home
repairs.
These are exclusively used by
professionals and are used in
electronics and aerospace
industry.
8. Spanner
These are having 2 holes at the
top of the screw head,
sometimes also known as snake
eyes.
The advantage of this profile is
the surface of screw head which
cannot be easily stripped and
prevent over tightening of
screw.
Spanner types of screws are
commonly used in elevators
electronics etc.
9.One Way Screw
These are the special screws which
are used for security purpose and
can only be turn in one direction.
These are also known as one-way
clutch screws. These screws are
used where permanent fixing is
required.
A special screw removal tool is
used known as one way screw
extractor.
C. On the Basis of Threads
1. On The Basis of Inch Per Length

A. Coarse Thread Screws B. Fine Threaded Screw

These are the screws having These types of screws are

threads of greater pitch (more having shorter pitch
space in between threads) compare to coarse thread
which makes it less time to screw and take more time to
insert or remove from the insert or remove from the
material. These are mainly used material because screw
for soft materials like doesn’t travel far in one
softwood, plywood, plastic rotation because of having
etc. smaller space in between
threads.
These are generally used for
harder materials such as
hardwood, sheet metal etc
C. On the Basis of Threads
2. On the Basis of Application

A. Single Thread Screw B. Twin Thread Screw

These are also known as twin or
These are the most double start thread screws.
common type of screw
thread and are widely There are two threads which are
used, also known as running over the shank, usually
single start thread having greater pitch, which
screws. These screws allows it to insert and remove
have a continuous helical faster as compare to single
shape thread over the start thread screw.
shank. These are usually
less expensive. Since there is extra thread so it
holds the material more tightly
and securely. These are usually
more expensive
C. On the Basis of Threads
2. On the Basis of Application

C. High-Low Thread Screw D. Serrated Thread Screw

These are twin thread
screw, and having one These types of screws having
thread over another. The zig-zag or saw-like edges on
thread which protrudes the thread surface which allow it
more, lie above the thread to go through the material more
which protrudes less. The easily and hence save time.
higher threads are sharper These screws need less force
then the lower one which for screwing.
reduces the material
splitting therefore
recommended for screwing
plastics. These are
expensive
C. On the Basis of Threads
2. On the Basis of Application

E. U or Hammer Drive Thread Screw

These screws have multiple start threads having large helical angle
with round head at the top. These screws driven into the material
with the help of hammer rather than screw driver and are used in
heavy application. To drive these screws into the material pre-
drilling of holes is required.
These are commonly used for attaching name plates, sign holding
boards etc
D. On the Basis of Head Style
screw heads are divided into 2 categories
1.Countersunk Screw Head
2.Non-Countersunk Screw Head
A. Countersunk Screw Head
1. Flat Head 2. Oval or Raised Head 3. Bugle Head
D. On the Basis of Head Style
screw heads are divided into 2 categories
1.Countersunk Screw Head
2.Non-Countersunk Screw Head
B. Non-Countersunk Screw Head

1. Pan Head 2. Button Head 3. Round Head 4. Truss Head

D. On the Basis of Head Style
screw heads are divided into 2 categories
1.Countersunk Screw Head
2.Non-Countersunk Screw Head
B. Non-Countersunk Screw Head

5. Binding Head 6. Flange Head 7. Fillister Head 8. Socket Head

Sizes available
MARKET SURVEY
MARKET SURVEY
 Nails, bolts and washers play an essential role in
binding objects together to ensure household items
or parts of a building are safely connected.

They can be inserted into a number of materials and

are designed to grip and hold two components
together for a reliable, long-term fix.

They are made from hardwearing materials, so can

be used to fasten an array of objects. Some nails,
bolts and washers also have a protective coating
that guards against rust and wear, making them
suitable for exterior projects.

Different thread designs and head types are

NAILS
available to suit various tasks, such as lightweight or
heavy-duty assemblies, while a vast selection of
sizes, strengths and finishes is available to match an
array of jobs.
PARTS OF
NAIL
The parts of the nail are the :
Head, Shank or Shaft, Point, and the
Gripper Marks – Slight grooves incised
into the shank near the head of most (but
not all) varieties of nails.
NAIL POINTS
Long Diamond Points: These points work
well on drywall and are easier to work with
when using materials that are harder than
usual.
Blunt Points: These can be difficult to
work with because of the blunt tips but
they do a good job of working with the
wood without it cracking.
Diamond Points: These are very common
nails and used for a variety of general-
purpose jobs.
NAIL HEADS
•Checkered Flat Heads: Perfect for framing, they are
textured to keep them from slipping.
•Counter-Sunk Heads: These have a conical shape and
are designed to be pushed through the surface of the
wood; ideal for most finishing jobs, they can be
covered with putty if they need to be.
•Flat Heads: The most common type of nail, it has
strong holding power and is ideal for insulation and
sheathing.
•Cupped Heads: With a concave shape, these nails are
perfect if you want nails that are easy to conceal and
they are frequently used for drywall.
NAIL SHANKS
•Barbed Shank: With excellent holding power, this nail
is designed to be used on strong, hard woods.
•Smooth Shank: These provide a lot of versatility for
dozens of jobs, which is why they are the most
common type of nail.
•Knurled or Fluted Shank: Consisting of a vertical
thread to make it strong, this type of nail can be used
in masonry and cinder blocks to prevent cracking.
•Ringed Shank: These are used most for soft- to
medium-density woods.
 Evolution

Nails are one of the most enduring and most

common construction materials. Originally, nails
were made of bronze. Then came copper and
eventually iron.
Nail Coatings :

MATERIALS •
•
Vinyl Coatings
Hot-Dipped, Galvanized Coatings
• Stainless Steel Coatings
VINYL COATINGS

• These coatings serve two main • This means that the nail is more
purposes: they reduce friction and difficult to remove but if you want
therefore the nail is easier to something permanent, this is a
drive, although the friction still good thing.
generates a certain amount of
heat. • In addition, most vinyl coatings
are usually yellow or green in
• The second purpose has to do color.
with the vinyl melting after it is
driven into the wood, which
causes the vinyl to adhere to both
the wood and the nail.
 HOT-DIPPED,
GALVANIZED COATINGS

• These coatings make the nail

resistant to rust and if you’re
worried about moisture causing
the fastener to deteriorate, these
galvanized nails are the perfect
solution.

• They are also great for wood that

is pressure-treated because the
copper used in the treatment of
the wood could corrode metal
nails if they weren’t galvanized.
STAINLESS STEEL
COATINGS

• These aren’t technically a coating

but they do a great job of making
the nails rust-resistant. Although a
bit more expensive than regular
coated nails, they are well worth
the cost if resistance to rust is
something crucial for your project.
TYPES OF NAILS
COMMON NAILS
• No surprise here, but this is the • Taken together, these types of
most common, everyday type of nails are often called spikes and
nail that is used for a variety of they can be used in everything
simple and complex jobs. from basic inside chores to more
complex outside jobs.
• Used for rough construction
work, the common nail can be
purchased in lengths varying from
one to six inches (2d to 60d).
• Of course, they can be used for
business-related tasks as well and
they range in size from one to six
inches in length.
BOX NAILS

• These look like common nails, but are thinner.

• This means they are less likely to cause splits in
the wood; as they displace less wood, they also
have less holding power, so are not generally used
where structural strength is critical.
• Box nails are generally available in lengths from
one inch to three and a half inches
DUPLEX NAILS

• This is a variation of the common nail.

• Featuring a second head formed a short distance down the shaft
from the end to the nail.
• The duplex nail is used for temporary construction (like scaf­folding
and staging) because it can be driven snug, yet be easily removed.
FINISHING NAILS

• Finishing nails are used for finish work.

• Finishing nails are often used because their barrel-shaped
heads are small and can be driven below the surface of the
wood using a nail set (a technique called countersinking).
• These nails are used in a variety of finishing jobs and have
very small heads.
• Finishing nails are generally available in lengths ranging from
one to four inches (2d to 20d).
 • 2d – 1”

SIZES OF NAILS • 3d – 1.25”

• 4d – 1.5”
• 5d – 1.75”
• 6d – 2”
• 7d – 2.25”
• 8d – 2.5”
• 9d – 2.75”
• 10d – 3”
• 12d – 3.25”
• 16d – 3.5”
• 20d – 4”
Nail sizes are usually measured in pennies, indicated by
• 30d – 4.5” the letter “d.” The longer nails get, the bigger the
diameter of the wires gets, and the largest nails,
• 40d – 5” which are six inches in length, are usually called spikes.
• 50d – 5.5” Below is the size in pennies versus the length of the
nails in inches.
• 60d – 6”
COSTING &
MARKET SURVEY
 Bolt, mechanical
fastener that is usually
used with a nut for
connecting two or
more parts. A bolted
joint can be readily
disassembled and
BOLTS reassembled;
 TYPES OF BOLTS
Anchor bolts:
 They are used to connect structural and
non-structural elements to
the concrete.
 The connection is made by an
assembling of steel plates, stiffeners.
 Anchor bolts transfer different types of
load: tension and shear forces.
Arbor bolt -
 Bolt with a washer permanently
attached and reversed threading.
 Designed for use in miter saw and
other tools to auto tighten during use
to prevent blade fall out
Barrel Bolts:
 It is a type of fastener (nut) that
has a barrel-shaped flange and
protruding boss that is
internally threaded.
 The boss sits within the
components being fastened, the
flange provides the bearing
surface
Carriage bolt:
• A carriage bolt (also called coach
bolt and round-head square-neck
bolt is a form of bolt used to
fasten metal to metal or metal to
wood.
 TYPES OF BOLTS
Rock Bolt:
 A rock bolt a long anchor bolt for
stabilizing rock excavations, which
may be used in tunnels or rock
cuts.
 It transfers load from the unstable
exterior to the confined (and much
stronger) interior of the rock mass.
Shoulder Bolt:
• Bolt with a broad smooth
shoulder and small threaded end
used to create a pivot or
attachment point.
Hanger Bolt:
 Bolt that has no head, machine
threaded body followed by a
wood threaded screw tip.
 Allow nuts to be attached to
what is really a screw.
Elevator Bolt:
 Bolt with a large flat head used
in conveyor system setups.
 A washer is a thin plate with a hole that
is normally used to distribute the load of
a threaded fastener , such as bolt or nut
.
Washers can also relieve friction,
prevent corrosion or leakage, maintain
tension and serve as a spacer.

Necessity in most construction

projects.

What is a washer ?
TYPE OF
WASHERS
PLAIN WASHERS :
Plain washer : Flat washer
It also called the flat washer, plain
washers are the most common type of
washers.
They distribute pressure and protect
the object to which th .e screw or nut
is fastened .
If a hole is too big for the fastener, a
plain washer can be used to correct
the size difference.
:
Also known as Type A plain washers, the flat
washer is what most people picture when
thinking of typical washer.
They are circular and flat, of varying
thicknesses, with a central hole to
accommodate a bolt.
Used to distribute force or correct a hole
size. Good for general use.
PLAIN WASHERS :
Fender washer : Torque washer :

Fender washers are flat washers with a
small hole and comparatively large
outside diameter.
Used to distribute force over a large
surface area—usually thin metal.
A torque washer has a square hole and outer
prongs that prevent its accompanying bolt
from spinning while a fastening a nut.
Used with a carriage bolt for woodworking
projects.
PLAIN WASHERS
C - washer : Finishing washer :

A C-washer resembles a flat washer, known as a countersunk washer, a finishing

but it has a slot cut from the center
hole to form a “C” shape .
Used any time a washer might need to
be removed, adjusted or replaced
without removing the fastener
washer has a sunken top designed to catch
the fastener.
Creates a flush surface when secured with
countersunk screws.
SPRING WASHERS : Spring washers have axial flexibility that allows them to move
with vibrations and thus prevent unfastening or loosening due to
those vibrations. They increase the elastic properties of a joint.
BELLEVILLE WASHER :
Dome spring washer :
A belleville washer, sometimes called a conical
Dome spring washers are similar in appearance
spring washer, has beveled sides that support
to a belleville washer but with rounded sides.
heavy force with small deflections.
Used for projects that involve thermal
expansion.
 SPRING WASHERS :
Finger spring washer : Wave spring washer :

Finger spring washers have three Wave spring washers are curved in two
curved flanges. directions, creating a wave-like shape.
Used for dampening vibrations and Used most often as cushions or spacers.
noise.
 LOCK WASHERS :
Splite lock washer : washer :
Sometimes called helical washers, split
lock washers are non-continuous rings
that have each end bent slightly
outward in opposite directions.
Used to lock a fastener into place.
External and internal tooth lock
An external tooth lock washer has several
teeth on the outside diameter that bite into
one surface and resist compression.
Used to lock wide-headed fasteners into
place.
An internal tooth lock washer has several
teeth on the inside diameter that bite into the
fastener. Used to lock
shallow-headed fasteners into place and
absorb shock and vibrations.
MATERIALS :
Washers are made from Other metal washers include
a variety of materials . zinc, copper, brass and iron.
The most popular of You can also find specialty
which are galvanized washers, such as plastic
carbon washers, rubber washers,
steel and stainless ceramic washers and
steel. phenolic washers.
Carbon steel
is stronger than
stainless steel, but
stainless steel will not
rust or corrode like
carbon steel can.
AVAILABLE
SIZES OF
WASHERS
COSTING OF
WASHERS:
According to the material cost
is differs.

Copper and brass washer cost

more than other materials and
also the size.
Cost range from 1rupees to
500 rupees and more than that
also.

A nut is a type of fastener
with a threaded
hole. Nuts are almost
always used in conjunction
with a mating bolt to fasten
multiple parts together
NUTS
.Nutsare a fastener with an internally
threaded hole. They are almost exclusively
used to mate with a bolt that has the
correct threading pattern. Nuts and bolts
work to hold materials together by creating
.
a temporary joint. Although the idea seems
simple, nuts can be a complex product as
they are offered in a variety of shapes and
sizes for a wide range of purposes.
DETAILS OF THE NUT
NUT HAVE
THREADS ON
INNER FACE OF ITS
BODY
AND WHICH ARE
CARVED IN
OPPOSITE
DIRECTION AS OF
THE BOLT.

Bolts and nuts are designed

with a hexagonal shape because
it makes them easy to turn.
With six sides, you can turn a
fastener just one-sixth of the
way to reach the next flat
parallel
 Bolts and nuts can be made of
various materials such as steel,
titanium or plastic. The finish or
plating on a metal bolt or nut
affects its look and durability. ZINC NICKEL

.
Below are some common finishes
and benefits:

Zinc - Most common, low cost,

resists corrosion and rust STAINLESS CHROMIUM BRASS
Nickel - Very hard finish, higher STEEL
investment, good corrosion
resistance
Chromium – Bright finish, good rust
and corrosion resistance

MATERIAL
Chromate – Adds color, shine,
superior rust resistance
Anodizing - Aluminum, hard oxide
surface, excellent corrosion YELLOW CHROMATE ANODIZING
resistance
TYPES OF NUTS
Cap Nuts
The cap nut, also known as the acorn nut, gets its name from its shape. The
nut has a domed top to prevent contact with the external thread.

Castle Nuts
Used with cotter pins to prevent loosening, a castellated nut,
also called a castle or slotted nut, is a not with slots cut into
the top. Used in low-torque applications such as holding a wheel
bearing in place.

Coupling Nuts
A coupling nut is a threaded fastener used for joining two male
threads, most commonly threaded rod. The outside of the
fastener is a hex so it can be driven with a wrench.
TYPES OF NUTS
Flange Serrated Nuts
A flange nut is a nut that has a wide flange at one end which acts
as an integrated washer that does not move or spin. The
serrated flange distributes the pressure of the nut over the part
being secured and creates a locking action to prevent loosening.

Hex Finish Nuts

Hex finish nuts are used for fastening to a hex cap screw, socket cap screw
or bolt. The most common nuts, hex finish nuts are hex shaped with internal
threads and driven with a wrench.

Hex Jam Nuts

A jam nut is often used when a nut needs to be locked in place without
clamping to another object. Hex jam nuts are hex shaped with internal
threads, but they are thinner than hex finish nuts.
TYPES OF NUTS
Heavy Hex Nuts
Larger, heavier, and thicker than a standard hex nut. Heavy hex nuts are hex
shaped, internally threaded, and driven with a wrench. Often used with hex cap
screws and carriage bolts.

Hex Machine Nuts

A machine nut is hex shaped with internal threads. Smaller than a hex jam or hex
finish nut, they are used with machine screws under 1/4" diameter.

Hex Machine Nuts Small Pattern

A machine nut is hex shaped with internal threads. Smaller than a hex jam or hex
finish nut, they are used with machine screws under 1/4" diameter.
TYPES OFNUTS
Keps-K Lock Nuts
Also known as a keps nut, a k-nut or a washer nut, a keps-k lock nut has an
attached free spinning lock washer. Keps nuts are designed to make assembly
more convenient.

Knurled Thumb Nuts

A knurled head thumb nut or thumb nut has a knurled outside surface rather than
a hex, which facilitates tightening by hand. Often used in decorative finishes or
applications.

Nylon Hex Jam Nuts

A low-profile lock nut is hex shaped, internally threaded with a nylon insert. The
nylon material prevents loosening from vibration and cross threads to stop the
nut from backing off of the fastener.
TYPES OF NUTS
Nylon Insert Lock Nuts
A nylon insert lock nut is hex shaped, internally threaded with a nylon insert. The
nylon material prevents loosening from vibration and cross threads to stop the
nut from backing off of the fastener.

Prevailing Torque Lock Nuts (Stover)

Commonly known as stover nuts, prevailing torque lock nuts have chamfered
corners and a conical top. The distortion in the top threads resists loosening
from vibration. Also called one-way nuts, they can only be installed one way and
are often used in high temperature application because they are all metal with no
nylon insert.

Slotted Hex Nuts

Slotted hex nuts are nuts with portions cut out designed to be used with a
cotter ping to create a locking mechanism. These nuts are similar to a castle nut
but have a lower profile which sometimes makes them a better option.
TYPES OF NUTS
Square Nuts
A four-sided nut that may be flat or beveled on top. Square nuts provide a
greater surface contact area which provides more resistance to loosening.
Typically mated with square head bolts.

Structural Heavy Hex Nuts

Structural hex nuts are comparable to finish nuts but are made to be thicker
and much stronger. They are typically used in steel to steel structural
connections.

T-Nuts
A t-nut or tee nut is used to fasten wood, particle or composite board
leaving a flush surface. A long thin body with a flange at one end resembles a
T in profile. T-nuts often have 3 or 4 prongs that sink into the surface
providing better retention.
TYPES OF NUTS
Break Away or Shear Nuts
Shear nuts are cone nuts with a hexagonal gripping point. They are designed
with an intentional flaw to snap the hexagonal head off once the maximum torque
is reached. Leaving behind a protective cone nut that cannot be easily removed.

Tri-Groove Nuts
Tri-groove security nuts have a tapered diameter making them difficult to grip
with grabbing devices such as adjustable wrenches or pliers. These nuts require
a special unconventional gripping device to install them making them more
secure than a typical nut.

Wing Nuts
Wing nuts are threaded nuts with wings on each side of the body allowing for
manual turning and installation. Easy hand assembly and used when the nut
needs to be removed often.
MARKET
SURVEY
 It is a type of anchor that, for example,
.
allows screws to be fitted into
masonry walls. ... This is inserted
loosely into a drilled hole, then a screw
.
is tightened into the centre. As the
screw enters the plug, the soft material
of the plug expands conforming tightly
to the wall material.

WALL PLUGS
 WOODEN RAWL PLUGS

There are many forms of wall plug,

but the most common principle is to
use a tapered tube of soft material,
such as plastic. This is inserted
loosely into a drilled hole, then a
screw is tightened into the centre.
PVC RAWL PLUGS

DIFFERENT MATERIALS USED ARE:

WOODEN RAWL PLUGS

MATERIAL PVC RAWL PLUGS

PLASTIC RAWL PLUGS

PLASTIC RAWL PLUGS
TYPES OF PLUGS

Hammer-in plugs
These alternatives to wall plugs and screws are good for fixing timber battens
to masonry. One type has a wall plug with a ready-fitted screw. It's inserted
into a drilled hole with a hammer, then driven home with the screw. There's
also a version of this designed for plasterboard. The other type has a flanged
expansion sleeve fitted with a masonry nail.

Moulded plastic wall plugs

These have a split end and can be bought to take a range of screw lengths and
gauges.

Straight plastic plugs

These are tubes with ribs running lengthways. They take the screw thread only,
so they have to be cut shorter than the depth of the hole.
 Size 35 mm
Material Aluminium
Packaging Size 100 pieces
Brand Labdhi Trading Co.

Wall Plug (Raval Plug) 8 no & 10 no. Colour, Grey/white sec ly use Rs 19/ Unit

Country of Origin Made in India

Color Black
Packaging Type Box
Brand ACE
Head Shape Round
Material Plastic

Black Plastic Wall Plugs

Rs 8/Piece Get Latest Price
 Nylon Wall Plug
Get Latest Price

Material HD Polymer
Color White, Grey and Black
Length 25 to 80 mm
Brand Flucon
Drill Size 4.7 to 12.7 mm
Punch 3/16 to 1/2 inch

Material Nylon,Plastic
Nylon,Plastic Grey,White Nylon Nail Plug
Rs 1.5/Piece Get Latest Price
Color Grey,White
Applications Hanging Frames,Light
loads on wood/ walls
Length 25mm,30mm,40mm,60
mm
Packaging Steady and Printed Box
Type and Carton
Quantity Per 50
Pack
Fixing Screws Wall Plug
Rs 100/Piece Get Latest Price
Product Brochure
Brand Fischer
Min Axial Spacing 50-150 mm
Recommended Load M25
Values for Non Cracked
Concrete of Grade
Min Edge Distance 70-100 mm
Load Tension 1.00-2.00kN Shear 4.20 - 5.40 kN
Bolt Dia 8 to 10 mm

Metal Rawl Plug, Packaging Size: 100 Pieces Material Metal

Rs 4/Piece Get Latest Price Plug Color Yellow
Product Brochure
Packaging Size 100 pieces
Packing Type Packets
Weight 40 g
Minimum Order 100 Piece
Quantity
 A ball bearing is a type of rolling-

BALL- element bearing that uses balls to

maintain the separation between

BEARINGS
the bearing races. The purpose of
a ball bearing is to reduce
rotational friction and support
radial and axial loads.
PARTS OF
INNER RACE
This is the part that is
mounted on the rotating shaft
BALL-
and tends to rotate the shaft.
BEARING
ROLLING ELEMENT
These are the elements that
carry the load distributing it
throughout the raceways
OUTER RACE
This is the part that is
mounted to the housing and is
stationary.
CAGE
This acts as a barrier between
the balls preventing them from
bumping into each other.
 DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS

BALL-BEARING
TYPES SELF ALIGNING BALL BEARINGS

All bearings are very unique in their

construction and have special
capabilities to carry loads. Ball
bearings have a niche area in the ANGULAR CONTACT BALL BEARINGS
field of bearings. It is common for
every bearing to be named based on
its rolling element and the same
applies to the ball bearings. THRUST BALL BEARING

BALL-BEARING
APPLICATIONS
Ball bearings are the most common
type of bearings and are found in
many every day objects, such as
drawers, movable shelves and
doors, skateboards, bicycles. This
type of bearing is typically used in
applications which have a high speed
and a low load.
DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS
They can operate at high speeds and can
carry radial and (limited) axial loads. They
are commonly used in electric motors,
compressors, fans, and conveyors.
SELF ALIGNING BALL BEARINGS
These bearings are particularly suitable for
applications where misalignment can arise from
errors in mounting or shaft deflection.
ANGULAR CONTACT BALL BEARINGS
Ideal for use in gearboxes, pumps, electric
motors, and clutches or other high-speed
applications. They are commonly used in the
Materials Handling, Machine Tool, Steel Mill,
and Wind Energy industries.
THRUST BALL BEARING
Low speed, low weight applications. Example- bar
stools.
BALL-BEARING STEEL BALL BEARINGS

MATERIALS
STEEL BALL BEARINGS-Steel ball bearings
are ideal for robust applications handling extremely CERAMIC BALL BEARINGS
high loads and fast rotations per minute (RPMs), and
some feature a radial load capacity of up to 30,000
pounds.

CERAMIC BALL BEARINGS-The ceramic

material enables the bearing to run faster while
maintaining a cooler operating temperature and
simultaneously reducing noise, vibration and wear. PLASTIC BALL BEARINGS
PLASTIC BALL BEARINGS-They weigh less
than both the steel and glass balls, and excellent
wear resistance while still being resistant to a wide
variety of chemicals.
 STAINLESS STEEL THRUST SELF ALIGNING BALL

BALL- BALL BEARING

Price- Rs.45/pc
BEARING
Price- Rs.69/pc

BEARING Thickness- 0.8 inches. Outside diameter- 1.4 inches

PRICES AND
DIMENSIONS
INDUSTRIAL THRUST BALL DEEP GROOVE MINIATURE
BEARING BALL BEARING
Price- Rs.100/pc Price- Rs.8/pc
Customized sizes Bore size- 0.4 inches
 SKF

BALL-BEARING
BRANDS SCHAEFFLER

According to market survey, no

single brand excels in making all of
them. Certain brand is good in
particular type of bearings, for TIMKEN
example: SKF is good in spherical
roller ( their invention), Timken is
good in tapered roller (also their
invention), Schaeffler group is good NSK
in needle rollers and NSK is good in
precision ball bearings
 Runners work wonderfully
SLIDERS when drawers are well fitted.
When it comes to fine
& furniture, they're the gold
standard, not least because it

RUNNERS takes finesse to make a

drawer fit snugly while not so
tightly that it's a challenge to
open and close
MATERIALS-
• Stainless steel
• Brass
• Zinc
• Copper
APPLICATIONS-
• Kitchen Cabinet
• Dowers
• Tables
• Doors
• Windows
TYPES OF DRAWER
RUNNERS /SLIDES -
WOODEN SLIDES-
• Employing wooden slides in furniture and
cabinet piecesrequires precision fabrication
and assembly to allow for smooth
movement of drawer without being too
loose or too tight.
• Especially in humid environments often make
them less suitable for use .
TYPES OF DRAWER
RUNNERS /SLIDES -
ROLLER SLIDES-
• Roller slides are typically composed of two
mates, exposy metal coated profile- one
which attached to the drawer and one
which attached to cabinet frame -and nylon
wheels which allows the profile to move
smoothly and quietly along each other
• It is typically used for more lightweight
applications.
TYPES OF RUNNERS -
GROOVE DRAWER RUNNERS-
• Attached directly to the side of drawer or
slot into the groove.

BOTTOM FIXED DRAWER RUNNER-

• One single drawer runner mounted under
the centre of drawer
 TELESCOPIC RUNNER
Light duty runner • Telescopic channel/runner, also known as a drawer
runner/channel is generally used in drawers, which
are used for storing things. It is a small device
which helps to simplify fluid motion while the
drawer is closed and opened. The telescopic
channel/runner is integrated with a small set of
wheels which are attached to the external sides of
the drawer.
• Drawers need telescopic channel/runner for
smooth functioning; they smoothen the opening
and closing function of drawers.
• Telescopic channel/runner are made from different
materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, and
plastic.
• The global telescopic channel/runner market is
Medium duty runner expected to grow at a rapid pace over the
forecast period, owing to increased demand for
telescopic channel/runner in the residential and
commercial sector

Heavy duty runner

 PARTS OF RUNNERS

OPERATION OF TELESCOPIC RUNNER

BRANDS, SIZES
, COST OF CURTAIN ROD RUNNER DOOR WHEEL SLIDER-

RUNNERS & BRAND-Deco essential

BRAND- Generic

SLIDERS
SIZES-66”-120”
SIZE- 27mm
COST- 790/-

ROLL BALL RUNNERS

BRAND-generic
SIZES-300mm
COST - 405/-
 Drawer slides—also referred to as drawer runners—
are devices which enable individual drawers to slide
in and out of the drawer unit allowing users to easily
access the objects contained within.
There is a wide range of characteristics by which
these devices can be designed and constructed,
including:
• Mounting style (e.g., side, center, under, and
bottom mounting)
• Slide length
• Slide extension (e.g., over-travel, full, three-
quarter, etc.)

DRAWER •
•
Weight rating (i.e., maximum load capacity)
Finish

SLIDES
Additional Drawer Slide Functions and Features
In addition to the mechanisms outlined above, which allow drawers to be opened and closed by a user, there are optional functions and
features available for drawer slides, which can increase functionality and improve user experience. Some of these options include:
• Soft-Close: hydraulic dampening components prevent drawers from slamming closed, reducing the amount of noise produced and
damage to the drawer
• Push-To-Open: drawer slides open when pressure is applied to the front face, eliminating the need for additional hardware components
• Assisted Open/Close: assistive mechanism automatically closes or opens the drawer three-quarters of the way through the motion
• Hold-In/Hold-Out: drawer remains opened or closed until a specific level of force is applied
• Lock-In/Lock-Out: drawer remains locked opened or closed until a lever component is released
 Common Types Of
Sliders
Ball Bearing
• As suggested by their name, ball bearing
slides contain ball bearing components
which enable the mated steel or steel
alloy profile components to smoothly and
quietly move relative to each other.
• Ball bearing slides are available in
progressive movement or telescopic
slide models. In progressive movement
slides, all slide components move
simultaneously, which allows for smooth
and quiet opening and closing motions.
Roller Slides
• Roller slides are typically composed
of two mated, epoxy-coated metal
profiles—one which attaches to the
drawer and one which attaches to the
cabinet frame—and nylon wheels—
which allow the profiles to move
smoothly and quietly along each
other. Compared to wooden slides,
these slides are more conspicuous as
they attach to the sides of the
drawer and will, therefore, need a
false face or an extended drawer
front lip to conceal the hardware, if
desired.
Wooden Slides
• Prior to the development of more
modern plastic and metal drawer
slide designs, cabinet and
furniture makers exclusively used
wooden slides. Constructed of
strips of wood, these devices
serve as horizontal rails on which
drawers rest and slide. Depending
on the cabinet or drawer face,
guides can also be fitted on the
slides to help guide the motion of
the drawers as they are opened
and closed.
Drawer
Slides at a
Glance
Item Type Mounting Pro Con

full extension to
visible when one
1 Ball bearing drawer slides side mount achieve maximum
opens drawer
use of space

bottom mount at invisible when one

2 Center mounted slide light loading
drawer center opens a drawer

at two sides of a
3 under mounted slide with built-in soft close high cost
drawer bottom

limited space to slide

4 European slide side mount heavy loading
out

Under mounted
 Extension Ball Bearing Slide

BALL BEARING 1.10’-30’ 2.7.5’-22.5 ‘ 3.145 to 50 lbs

Extension with Lock Ball Bearing Slide

SLIDES
There is a wide range of characteristics by which these
1.10’-30’ 2.7’-22.5’ 3.140-50lbs
Full extension Ball Bearing Slide
devices can be designed and constructed, including: 1. 10’-30’ 2. 11’-31’ 3.180-75
1.Slide length
2.Slide extension (e.g., over-travel, full, three-quarter,
etc.)
3.Weight rating (i.e., maximum load capacity)

Solid Bearing Bottom Mount Slide

10’-30’ 2.11’-31’ 3.150-90
lbs
Pivot Up and Down (5 Position Lock) Linear Bearing Bottom Mount Slide
12’-24’ 2.15’-26’ 3.140-125 lbs
1.10’-31’ 2.10.88’-30.88’ 3. 180-75
lbs
Non Pivoting Slide Roller Bearing Bottom Mount Slide
1.10’-24’ 2.9.44’-28.24’ 3.175 lbs 1.12’-22’ 2.12.06’-22.06’ 3.400-85
lbs
Extra Heavy Duty Bottom Mount Slide
1.18’-34’ 2.18’-24’ 3.1270-670
lbs
 • Zinc is the most common of the three finishes: It
uses a zinc base layer coated by clear or black
chromate.

• Black electroplate, often used, by comparison,

offers eight times more corrosion-resistance as
Stainless Steel
clear zinc and tends to be used on dark-colored
cabinetry

• There are corrosion-resistant aluminum and

stainless steel slides, such as our ‘AL‘ and ‘SS‘
drawer slide families.
• These types of slides offer the most resistance
to corrosion. The ‘AL‘ slide family consists of a Types of finishes
slide with Aluminum raceways such as super
heavy-duty 1. Zinc
2. Black
Aluminium • In general, stainless steel includes anywhere 3. Electroplate
from 10% to 30% chromium for anticorrosion.

Material •
Accuride stainless steel slides are either
austenitic or ferritic.
Austenitic steel is non-magnetic, highly formable,
4. White
Electrocoat

and
and has high corrosion resistance Weather-
• Ferritic steel is composed of up to 27% chromium
(and 0% nickel), and it’s considerably less Resistant
corrosion-resistant than austenitic steel.

Finishes
WINDOW FRAMES
 Window material options:

TYPES OF Vinyl , Wood , Aluminium , Fiberglass ,

WINDOW and Composite

FRAMES : Vinyl windows :

MATERIALWISE Offers good thermal performance and
requires little maintenance • Cost
effective and available in many different
colors and finishes • Most incorporate
multi-chambered profiles for strength and
insulation • Corners are welded
 Window material options:

Wood frame windows

TYPES OF :

WINDOW Offers good thermal performance and natural

beauty • Offered in a wide variety of species •
FRAMES : Wood requires maintenance that other
materials may not (paint or stain) • Vinyl and
Aluminum cladding offered for the exterior to
minimize maintenance requirements.

Aluminium frame windows :

Stronger than wood or vinyl • Dominant

choice in architectural and demanding
commercial applications • Aluminum is a good
thermal conductor and is usually offered with a
structural insulation inside the frame • Beware
of replacing with vinyl because of structural
strength.
 Window material options:
fiberglass frame windows
TYPES OF
:

WINDOW Offers strength comparable to aluminum and

insulating properties similar to wood and vinyl •

FRAMES : Offered in a variety of colors and finishes. Can

be painted • Fiberglass framing cannot be bent,
these products are generally not available in
round-top, elliptical and other specialty models
• Has mechanically fastened corners

Composite windows :
Made from a combination of synthetic and
natural materials like vinyl and wood, they are
held together with an epoxy resin • Can be
molded to any shape or size • Maintains
stability in high-heat environments • Not very
common
 Hinges :
Hinges are simple mechanical bearing devices which
TYPES OF are used to connect two parts and allow them to rotate
relative to each other about a fixed axis.
WINDOW FRAMES
:
 Window opners :

According to the opening type,the window

TYPES OF opener can be divided into manual window
opener and automatic window opener .
WINDOW Manual window opener :
FRAMES : The manual window opener generally
comprises five parts: a window actuator, a
scissor window part, a corner connector,
an operating part, a connecting rod and a
decorative cover board.

The manual window opener is suitable for

the lower hanging inwards opening window
and the top hung outwards
opening window.
 Window opners :

According to the opening type,the window

TYPES OF opener can be divided into manual window
opener and automatic window opener .
WINDOW
FRAMES :
Automatic window opener :

The simplest automatic window opener is

mechanically opening the window with the
drive motor and a switch.Also,the automatic
window opener can be divided into two
types:racked window opener and
chained window opener.
 A faceplate is a piece of material, usually
plastic or metal, used to fit over a device's
components. It is mainly used for protection

FACEPLATES
and for enhancing the design and
appearance of the device. A metal plate on
the edge of the door, next to the latch or
deadbolt, the faceplate protects the lock
from wear and tear. It may have rounded
corners or be a circular drive-in faceplate.
 DOOR
The faceplate is the decorative plate on the
edge of the door. It helps guide the tongue
and protect the latch. Standard faceplates
have either square or radius/rounded edges.

FACEPLATES When installed correctly, they will sit flush

with the edge of the door.
DOOR FACEPLATE
STAINLESS STEEL FACEPLATE

MATERIALS
BRASS FACEPLATE

Different types of
materials are available CAST IRON FACEPLATE

for making faceplates-

brass, bronze, steel ,
cast iron, glass, iron, PORCELAIN FACEPLATE

metal, porcelain, steel.

DOOR FACEPLATE
SQUARE FACEPLATE

SHAPES
RECTANGULAR FACEPLATE

Different types of
shapes are available
faceplates- square and VINTAGE FACEPLATE

rectangles are commonly

used. Round shaped and
antique looking ROUND SHAPED FACEPLATE

faceplates are also

designed
 Many brands which produce
FACEPLATES door hardware produce
faceplates. Nostalgic
BRANDS warehouse, Schlage, prime-
line, door closer to name a
few
SHELF CAMS &
SUPPORTS
SHELF CAMS MATERIAL:
Screw can be usually made up of:
• Steel
• Brass
• Titanium
• Bronze
• Silicon
TYPES OF SHELF CAMS:
•Disc or plate cam.
•Cylindrical cam.
•Face cam.
•Linear cam.
DISC OR PLATE
CAMS:

• The most commonly used cam is

the cam plate (also known
as disc cam or radial cam) which
is cut out of a piece of flat
metal or plate.
• This cams used in machines.
CYLINDRICAL CAMS:
• These cams are principally used
to convert rotational motion to
linear motion parallel to the
rotational axis of the cylinder.
• Applications include machine
tool drives, such as
reciprocating saws, and shift
control barrels in sequential
transmissions, such as on
most modern motorcycles.
FACE CAMS:

• A common example is the

traditional sash window lock,
where the cam is mounted to
the top of the lower sash, and
the follower is the hook on the
upper sash. In this application,
the cam is used to provide a
mechanical advantage in forcing
the window shut, and also
provides a self-locking action,
like some worm gears, due to
friction.
LINEAR CAMS:

• A linear cam is one in which the

cam element moves in a straight
line rather than rotates.
• The cam element is often a
plate or block but maybe any
cross-section.
MARKET SURVEY
DATA:
 COSTING:

Victorshome Furniture Cam Fitting With Dowel

Screws And Pre-inserted
₹1,249.00.₹1,249.00Ubuy
India70% positive (239)
Victorshome Furniture Cam Fitting With Dowel
Screws And Pre-inserted Nut For Cabinet
Connecting 20 Sets Victorshome ...
Zxhao 12mm 1532 Inch Dia Furniture
Connecting Cam Fittings 20pcs
₹938.00.₹938.00Ubuy
India70% positive (239)
Furniture Cam Fitting with Dowel and Pre-
Inserted Nut (Set of 5) B6A3
₹1,295.00.₹1,295.00Order2india Shopping
ITEM NAME:Furniture Cam Fitting with Dowel
and Pre-Inserted Nut (Set of 5) B6A3 There
are 5 sets of Furniture Connecting .
Furniture Cam Fittings + Pre-inserted Nuts +
Dowels Conncetor 30 Sets R4L3 R9W3
₹2,552.00.₹2,552.00Order2india Shopping
ITEM NAME:Furniture Cam Fittings + Pre-inserted
Nuts + Dowels Conncetor 30 Sets R4L3 R9W3
Product Name: Furniture Cam Fitting
5x Furniture Cabinet Fixing Screw Locking Cam Bolt
Nut Fittings
₹1,037.00.₹1,037.00Eassycart
Description: Product Name: Furniture
Connector Cam Fitting High quality solid metal
made, tough and delicate.
Furniture Cam Fittings + Pre-inserted Nuts + Dowels
Conncetor 30 Sets O0O8
₹2,681.00.₹2,681.00Order2india Shopping
ITEM NAME:Furniture Cam Fittings + Pre-inserted
Nuts + Dowels Conncetor 30 Sets O0O8 Product
Name: Furniture Cam Fitting
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
• https://cabinet.titusplus.com/int/en/cabinet-connectors/
• https://ebco.in/shelf-cam
• https://p11.secure.hostingprod.com/@site.homedecorh
ardware.com/ssl/hafele-catalog-2017/11-Connectors-
and-Shelf-Supports.pdf
THANK YOU