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Biography
Ateneo de Davao University • Callista Roy received her Bachelor of Arts
Major in Nursing from Mount Saint Mary’s
College in Los Angeles in 1963 and her
Sister Calista Roy master’s degree in nursing from the
University of California in 1966.
Adaptation Model of Nursing • Callista Roy received her Bachelor of Arts
Major in Nursing from Mount Saint Mary’s
College in Los Angeles in 1963 and her
Lectured by: master’s degree in nursing from the
JENNY-ANN B. SORIANO, RN MAN University of California in 1966.
Clinical Instructor, Ateneo de Davao
University
Davao City, Philippines

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Biography Biography
• After earning her nursing degrees, Roy began • She developed the basic concepts of the model while she
her education in sociology, receiving both a was a graduate student at the University of California from
master’s degree in sociology in 1973 and a 1964 to 1966.
doctorate degree in sociology in 1977 from the • In 1968, she began operationalizing her model when
University of California. Mount Saint Mary’s College adopted the adaptation
framework as the philosophical foundation of the nursing
• After earning her nursing degrees, Roy began curriculum.
her education in sociology, receiving both a
master’s degree in sociology in 1973 and a • Roy was an associate professor and chairperson of the
doctorate degree in sociology in 1977 from the Department of Nursing at Mount Saint Mary’s College until
1982 and was promoted to the rank of professor in 1983 at
University of California.
both Mount Saint Mary’s College and the University of
Portland. She helped initiate and taught in a summer
master’s program at the University of Portland.
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Biography Works

• She was a Robert Wood Johnson • In 1991, she founded the Boston Based Adaptation
postdoctoral fellow at the University of Research in Nursing Society (BBARNS), which would
California, San Francisco from 1983 to later be renamed the Roy Adaptation Association.
1985 as a clinical nurse scholar in
neuroscience. • Roy’s other scholarly work includes conceptualizing and
measuring coping and developing the philosophical
• It was during this time she conducted basis for the adaptation model and for the
research on nursing interventions for epistemology of nursing.
cognitive recovery in head injuries and on
the influence of nursing models on clinical • Roy belongs to the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet.
decision making.

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Works Adaptive Model of Nursing

• Sr. Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing was developed by Sister Callista Roy
in 1976. The prominent nursing theory aims to explain or define the provision of
nursing.
• In her theory, Roy’s model sees the individual as a set of interrelated systems who
strives to maintain balance between these various stimuli.
• Sr. Callista Roy has numerous publications, including books and journal articles, on
nursing theory and other professional topics. Her works have been translated into
many language all over the world.
• Roy and her colleagues at Roy Adaptation Association, has critiqued and
synthesized the first 350 research projects published in English based on her
adaptation model.
• Her most famous work is on the Roy adaptation model of nursing.
Theoretical Foundations of Nursing | Jenny-Ann B. Soriano, RN MAN
• The Adaptation Model of Nursing is a prominent nursing theory aiming
to explain or define the provision of nursing science.
• In her theory, Sister Callista Roy’s model sees the individual as a set of
interrelated systems who strives to maintain a balance between various
stimuli.
• The Roy Adaptation Model was first presented in the literature in an
article published in Nursing Outlook in 1970 entitled “Adaptation: A
Conceptual Framework for Nursing.”
• In the same year, Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing was adapted in
Mount St. Mary’s School in Los Angeles, California.
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Adaptive Model of Nursing Adaptive Model of Nursing

• Roy’s model was conceived when nursing • First, consider the concept of a system as applied to
theorist Dorothy Johnson challenged her an individual.
students during a seminar to develop conceptual • Roy conceptualizes the person in a holistic
models of nursing. perspective. Individual aspects of parts act together
• Johnson’s nursing model was the impetus for the to form a unified being.
development of Roy’s Adaptation Model. • Additionally, as living systems, persons are in
• Roy’s model incorporated concepts from Adaptation- constant interaction with their environments.
level Theory of Perception from renown American • Between the system and the environment occurs an
physiological psychologist Harry Helson, Ludwig von exchange of information, matter, and energy.
Bertalanffy’s System Model, and Anatol Rapoport’s
• Characteristics of a system include inputs, outputs,
system definition.
controls, and feedback.
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Assumptions Scientific Assumptions

The assumptions made by Sister Calista 1. Systems of matter and energy progress to higher levels of complex
Roy’s theory are in two categories: self-organization.
1. Scientific assumptions 2. Consciousness and meaning are constructive of person and
2. Philosophical assumptions environment integration.
3. Awareness of self and environment is rooted in thinking and feeling.
4. Humans by their decisions are accountable for the integration of
creative processes.
5. Thinking and feeling mediate human action.

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Scientific Assumptions Philosophical Assumptions

6. System relationships include acceptance, • Persons have mutual relationships with the
protection, and fostering of world and God.
interdependence. • Human meaning is rooted in the omega point
7. Persons and the earth have common convergence of the universe.
patterns and integral relationships. • God is intimately revealed in the diversity of
creation and is the common destiny of creation.
8. Persons and environment transformations
are created in human consciousness. • Persons use human creative abilities of
awareness, enlightenment, and faith.
9. Integration of human and environment
meanings results in adaptation. • Persons are accountable for the processes of
deriving, sustaining, and transforming the
universe.

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Major Concepts of the Adaptation Model
The following are the major concepts of
Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model
including the definition of the nursing
metaparadigm as defined by the theory.
Person
“Human systems have thinking and
feeling capacities, rooted in
consciousness and meaning, by which
they adjust effectively to changes in the
environment and, in turn, affect the
environment.”
Major Concepts of the Adaptation Model
• Based on Roy, humans are holistic
beings that are in constant interaction
Environment • The environment is defined as
conditions, circumstances, and
with their environment. influences that affect the
• Humans use a system of adaptation, “The conditions, circumstances and development and behavior of
influences surrounding and affecting humans as an adaptive system.
both innate and acquired, to respond
to the environmental stimuli they the development and behavior of • The environment is a stimulus or
persons or groups, with particular
experience. input that requires a person to
consideration of the mutuality of
• Human systems can be individuals or adapt.
person and health resources that
groups, such as families, • These stimuli can be positive or
includes focal, contextual and
organizations, and the whole global negative.
community. residual stimuli.”

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Major Concepts of the Adaptation Model Major Concepts of the Adaptation Model
• Health is defined as the state where
Roy categorized these stimuli as focal, contextual, and Health humans can continually adapt to
stimuli.
residual. “Health is not freedom from • Because illness is a part of life, health
1. Focal stimuli are that which confronts the human system and the inevitability of death, is the result of a process where health
requires the most attention. and illness can coexist.
disease, unhappiness, and • If a human can continue to adapt
2. Contextual stimuli are characterized as the rest of the stimuli stress, but the ability to cope holistically, they will be able to
that present with the focal stimuli and contribute to its effect. maintain health to reach
with them in a competent completeness and unity within
3. Residual stimuli are the additional environmental factors themselves.
present within the situation, but whose effect is unclear. This can
way.” • If they cannot adapt accordingly, the
include previous experience with certain stimuli. integrity of the person can be affected
negatively.
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Major Concepts of the Adaptation Model
Nursing
“[The goal of nursing is] the
promotion of adaptation for
individuals and groups in each
of the four adaptive modes,
thus contributing to health,
quality of life, and dying with
dignity.”
Major Concepts of the Adaptation Model
• In Adaptation Model, nurses are Adaptation INTERNAL PROCESSES
facilitators of adaptation. 1. Regulator
• Adaptation is the “process and
• They assess the patient’s behaviors for outcome whereby thinking and feeling The regulator subsystem is a
person’s physiological coping
adaptation, promote positive persons as individuals or in groups use mechanism. It’s the body’s attempt
adaptation by enhancing environment conscious awareness and choice to to adapt via regulation of our bodily
interactions and helping patients react create human and environmental processes, including neurochemical,
positively to stimuli. integration.” and endocrine systems.
• Nurses eliminate ineffective
2. Cognator
The cognator subsystem is a
coping mechanisms and eventually person’s mental coping mechanism.
lead to better outcomes. A person uses his brain to cope via
self-concept, interdependence, and
role function adaptive modes.
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Four Adaptive Modes Sub-Concepts

The four adaptive modes of the subsystem

are how the regulator and cognator
mechanisms are manifested; in other words,
they are the external expressions of the
above and internal processes.

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Four Adaptive Modes Four Adaptive Modes

2. Self-Concept Group Identity Mode 3. Role Function Mode
• In this mode, the goal of coping is to have a sense of unity, meaning • This mode focuses on the
the purposefulness in the universe, as well as a sense of identity primary, secondary and tertiary
integrity. roles that a person occupies in
• This includes body image and self-ideals. society, and knowing where he
or she stands as a member of
society.
4. Interdependence Mode
• This mode focuses on attaining
relational integrity through the
giving and receiving of love,
respect and value. This is
achieved with effective
communication and relations.

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Levels of Adaptation Six-Step Nursing Process

1. Integrated Process
The various modes and subsystems meet the needs of the environment. These
are usually stable processes (e.g., breathing, spiritual realization, successful
relationship).
2. Compensatory Process
The cognator and regulator are challenged by the needs of the environment,
but are working to meet the needs (e.g., grief, starting with a new job,
compensatory breathing).
3. Compromised Process
The modes and subsystems are not adequately meeting the environmental
challenge (e.g., hypoxia, unresolved loss, abusive relationships).
Theoretical Foundations of Nursing | Jenny-Ann B. Soriano, RN MAN
A nurse’s role in the Adaptation Model is to manipulate stimuli by
removing, decreasing, increasing or altering stimuli so that the
patient
1. Assess the behaviors manifested from the four adaptive modes.
2. Assess the stimuli, categorize them as focal, contextual, or residual.
3. Make a statement or nursing diagnosis of the person’s adaptive
state.
4. Set a goal to promote adaptation.
5. Implement interventions aimed at managing the stimuli.
6. Evaluate whether the adaptive goal has been met.
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Analysis Analysis
• As one of the weaknesses of the theory that application of it is time- • Unlike Levine, although the latter tackled on adaptation, Roy gave
consuming, application of the model to emergency situations requiring much focus on the whole adaptive system itself.
quick action is difficult to complete.
• Each concept was linked with the coping mechanisms of every
• The individual might have completed the whole adaptation process individual in the process of adapting.
without the benefit of having a complete assessment for thorough
nursing interventions. • The nurses’ roles when an individual presents an ineffective
response during his or her adaptation process were not clearly
• Adaptive responses may vary in every individual and may take a longer
time compared to others. discussed.
• Thus, the span of control of nurses may be impeded by the time of the • The main point of the concept was to promote adaptation but none
discharge of the patient. were stated on how to prevent and resolve maladaptation.

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Strengths Strengths
• The Adaptation Model of Callista Roy
suggests the influence of multiple causes in
• The concepts of Roy’s model are stated in
a situation, which is a strength when dealing relatively simple terms.
with multi-faceted human beings.
• A major strength of the model is that it
• The sequence of concepts in Roy’s model guides nurses to use observation and
follows logically. interviewing skills in doing an individualized
• In the presentation of each of the key assessment of each person.
concepts, there is the recurring idea of • The concepts of Roy’s model are applicable
adaptation to maintain integrity. within many practice settings of nursing.
• Every concept was operationally defined.

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Weaknesses References
1.Wills M. Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical Basis for
Nursing. Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Painstaking application of the model
requires significant input of time and 2.Andrew, H.A. and Roy, C. (1991). Overview of the physiologic mode. In
effort. George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing
practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.
• Roy’s model has many elements,
systems, structures and multiple 3.Roy, C. and McLeod, D. (1981) The theory of the person as an adaptive
concepts. system. In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing
practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.
4.Roy, C. and Adrews, H. A. (1999). The Roy adaptation model (2nd ed). In
McEwen, M. and Wills, E. (Ed.). Theoretical basis for nursing. USA: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
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