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Chu.o.
ng 4
BÀI TOÁN LOA `

. I ELÍP BA CHIÊU
` n nhâ´t d̄ôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh Poisson

4.1. Bài toán Dirichlet thuâ
4.1.1. Bài toán d̄a.o hàm riêng.

` n bi. chă.n cu’a không gian to.a d̄ô. (x,y,z) có biên là mă.t kı́n Γ tro.n
Cho Ω là mô.t miê
tù.ng ma’nh, pháp tuyêń ngoài cu’a mă.t Γ là ν.
Cho hàm sô´ f (x, y, z) ∈ L2 (Ω). Xét bài toán:
Tı̀m u(x, y, z) ∈ W 2 (Ω) tho’ a mãn
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

Δu := + 2 + 2 = f, (x, y, z) ∈ Ω (4.1.1)
∂x2 ∂y ∂z
u(x, y, z) = 0, (x, y, z) ∈ Γ (4.1.2)

tú.c là :
Tı̀m u(x, y, z) ∈ W01 (Ω) ∩ W 2 (Ω) tho’ a mãn (4.1.1). (4.1.3)
4.1.2. Nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n. Nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (4.1.3) go.i là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a
bài toán (4.1.1)(4.1.2).
Bài toán (4.1.1)(4.1.2) là mô hı̀nh toán ho.c cu’a hiê.n tu.o..ng truyê
` n nhiê.t dù.ng trong
` ng 0.
khôí vâ.t châ´t Ω mà nhiê.t d̄ô. ta.i biên Γ âń d̄i.nh bă
4.2. Bài toán yêú và nghiê.m ruy rô.ng

4.2.1. Công thú.c Green
Công thú.c Ostrogradsky (xem [1],III, tr.176) viê´t:
ZZZ ZZ
∂P ∂Q ∂R
( + + )dxdydz = P dydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy
Ω ∂x ∂y ∂z Γ
trong d̄ó P, Q, R là các hàm sô´ liên tu.c cùng vó.i các d̄a.o hàm riêng câ´p mô.t trong Ω = Ω∪Γ.
Thay P = v ∂u ∂x , Q = v ∂u ∂y , R = v ∂u
∂z ta d̄u.o..c
ZZZ ZZ
∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
[ (v ) + (v ) + (v )]dxdydz = v dydz + v dzdx + v dxdy
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z Γ ∂x ∂y ∂z
Do d̄ó có công thú.c sau d̄ây go.i là công thú.c Green:
ZZZ
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
v[ 2 + 2 + 2 ]dxdydz =
Ω ∂x ∂y ∂z
89
ZZ ZZ
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u
=− [ + + ]dxdydz + v dS (4.2.1)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z Γ ∂ν
trong d̄ó dS là vi phân diê.n tı́ch trên mă.t Γ.
4.2.2. Bài toán yêú. Gia’ su’. bài toán (4.1.1)(4.1.2) có nghiê.m u ∈ W01 (Ω) ∩ W 2 (Ω)
Khi d̄ó Δu và f ∈ L2 (Ω. Trong L2 (Ω) nhân vô hu.ó.ng hai vê´ cu’a (4.1.1) vó.i hàm thu’.
v ∈ D(Ω) ta có
ZZZ ZZZ
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
[ 2 + 2 + 2 ]vdxdydz = f vdxdydz, ∀v ∈ D(Ω) (4.2.2)
Ω ∂x ∂y ∂z Ω
Bây giò. áp du.ng công thú.c Green (4.2.1) ta thu d̄u.o..c
ZZZ ZZ ZZZ
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u
− [ + + ]dxdydz + v dS = f vdxdydz (4.2.3)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z Γ ∂ν Ω
Vı̀ v ∈ D(Ω) nên có

ZZZ ZZZ
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
[ + + ]dxdydz = − f vdxdydz ∀v ∈ D(Ω)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z Ω
Vı̀ D(Ω) trù mâ.t trong W01 (Ω) nên

ZZZ ZZZ
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
[ + + ]dxdydz = − f vdxdydz, ∀v ∈ W01 (Ω) (4.2.4)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z Ω
Nhu. vâ.y nêú u là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (4.1.1)(4.1.2) thı̀ u cũng là nghiê.m cu’a bài
toán (4.2.4).
- ă.t
D
ZZZ ZZZ
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
α(u, v) := [ + + ]dxdydz, L(v) := −f vdxdydz (4.2.5)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z Ω
thı̀ (4.2.4) go..i ý phát biê’u bài toán mó.i:

Vó.i α(u, v) và L(v) xác d̄i.nh bo’.i (4.2.5) hãy tı̀m u ∈ W01 (Ω) tho’ a mãn
α(u, v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ W01 (Ω) (4.2.6)
go.i là bài toán yêú ú.ng bài toán (4.1.1)(4.1.2).

4.2.3. Nghiê.m suy rô.ng.
Nghiê.m cu’a bài toán yêú (4.2.6) go.i là nghiê.m suy rô.ng cu’a bài toán (4.1.1)(4.1.2).
Theo trên, nêú u ∈ W01 (Ω) ∩ W 2 (Ω) là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a bài toán (4.1.1)(4.1.2) thı̀
nó cũng là nghiê.m suy rô.ng cu’a bài toán d̄ó.
90
Ngu.o..c la.i, nêú u ∈ W01 (Ω) là nghiê.m suy rô.ng, la.i thuô.c W 2 (Ω) nũ.a thı̀ nó cũng là
nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a nó,( cách chú.ng minh xem mu.c 2.2.2 chu.o.ng 2).
4.2.4. Su.. tô` n ta.i nghiê.m suy rô.ng.

- ê’ chú.ng minh su.. tô
D ` n ta.i nghiê.m suy rô.ng ta áp du.ng d̄i.nh lý 1.8.1 chu.o.ng 1. Cách
làm tu o ng tu. cách làm o’. chu.o.ng 3, mu.c 3.2.4 d̄ôí vó.i tru.ò.ng ho..p hai chiê
. . . ` u.
` n d̄úng nghiê.m suy rô.ng khi Ω là mô.t d̄a diê.n

4.3. Tı́nh gâ
` ng phu.o.ng pháp phâ
bă ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n
4.3.1. Mo’. d̄â ` u. D ` n d̄úng nghiê.m suy rô.ng, tú.c là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán
- ê’ tı́nh gâ
.
(4.2.6) theo so d̄ô ` chung d̄ã trı̀nh bâ ` y o’. chu.o.ng 1, ta thay không gian V = W01 (Ω) bă ` ng
.
mô.t không gian con hũ u ha.n chiê ` u cu’a nó.
Xét tru ò ng ho. p Ω là mô.t d̄a diê.n, hay mô.t khôí gió.i ha.n bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng.
. . .
4.3.2. Tú. diê.n phân.

Tru.ó.c hê´t ta chia d̄a diê.n Ω thành nhiê
` u tú. diê.n con khác nhau không có d̄iê’m trong
.A
.E
.P
.Q
.D
.B
.z
.y
.o
.C
.x
.
H.4.3.1
91
chung trong không có d̄ı’nh cu’a tú. diê.n này nă ` m trên ca.nh hay mă.t bên cu’a tú. diê.n khác,
không có ca.nh cu’a tú. diê.n này nă
` m trên mă.t bên cu’a tú. diê.n khác, d̄ô
` ng thò.i các góc tam
diê.n cu’a mo.i tú. diê.n không nho’ ho.n θ0 > 0 d̄ê’ cho thê’ tı́ch cu’a mô˜i tú. diê.n dâ
` n d̄êń 0 khi
và chı’ khi tâ´t ca’ các ca.nh cu’a nó dâ .
` n d̄êń 0. Thı́ du. nhu ta có mô.t d̄a diê.n lô ` i ABCDE
(H.4.3.1). Vẽ hai nút trong P và Q rô .
` i vẽ 10 tú diê.n con sau:
PABC, PACD, PADE, PAEB, QPBC, QPCD, QPDE, QPEB, QBCD, QBDE.
Mô˜i tú. diê.n con go.i là mô.t phâ
` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n. Mô˜i d̄ı’nh cu’a mô.t tú. diên con go.i là
mô.t nút.
Gia’ su’. có tâ´t ca’ N nút. Ta d̄ánh sô´ các nút tù. 1 d̄êń N :
P1 , P2 , ..., PN (4.3.1)
sao cho các nút tù. P1 d̄êń PN , N < N là các nút trong. Nút Pi có to.a d̄ô. là (xi , yi , zi ).
Ca.nh dài nhâ´t cu’a các tú. diê.n con ký hiê.u là h. Các tú. diê.n phâ
` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n cũng d̄u.o..c
.
d̄ánh sô´ tù 1 d̄êń M :
T1 , T2 , ..., TM (4.3.2)
` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n thú. l, viê´t Tl , có 4 nút (d̄ı’nh) là Pi , Pj , Pk , Pr
Sau khi d̄ánh sô´ xong thı̀ phâ
hoàn toàn xác d̄i.nh.
4.3.3. Hàm to.a d̄ô..

.
Ú ng mô˜i nút trong Pi ta xét hàm sô´ sau d̄ây go.i là hàm to.a d̄ô. thú. i : ϕi =
ϕi (x, y, z), i = 1, 2, ..., N , ϕi là mô.t hàm bâ.c nhâ´t d̄ôí vó.i x, y, z, bă
` ng 1 ta.i Pi và bă
` ng
.
0 ta.i các nút khác Pj , j 6= i. Nhu vâ.y d̄ô ` thi. cu’a hàm sô´ ϕi là mô.t ”hı̀nh chóp bôń chiê
` u”
. ’ . . ’
có ”d̄áy” là ho. p cua nhũ ng tú diê.n con có chung d̄ınh Pi . Hàm ϕi liên tu.c và tuyê n tı́nh´
tù.ng phâ ` n trên Ω chı’ khác 0 o’. trong ”d̄áy”, và bă ` ng 0 ta.i mo.i d̄iê’m o’. ngoài ”d̄áy”. Cho
nên ϕi thuô.c W01 (Ω) và có giá d̄õ. nho’, là cái ”d̄áy ” nói trên.
Ta hı̀nh dung d̄ô ` thi. cu’a ϕi giôńg các mái nhà nhu. o’. chu.o.ng 3, nhu.ng o’. d̄ây không
vẽ d̄u.o..c vı̀ là 4 chiê
` u.
4.3.4. Không gian con hũ.u ha.n chiê ` u cu’a ∈ W01 (Ω).
Dê˜ thâý các hàm ϕi ∈ W01 (Ω) và d̄ô.c lâ.p tuyêń tı́nh. Do d̄ó ho.
SN = {ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ..., ϕN }
sinh ra không gian

HN = Span{ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ..., ϕN } (4.3.3)
` u cu’a W01 (Ω) nhâ.n SN là mô.t co. so’..
là mô.t không gian con N chiê
4.3.5. Nghiê.m gâ ` n d̄úng

` n d̄úng nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (4.2.6) ta thay không gian W01 (Ω) o’. (4.2.6)
- ê’ tı́nh gâ
D
` ng không gian HN . Bài toán tı̀m nghiê.m gâ
bă ` n d̄úng sẽ là
92
Tı̀m wN ∈ HN tho’ a mãn
α(wN , v) = L(v) ∀v ∈ HN (4.3.4)
Hàm wN ∈ HN có da.ng

X
N
wN (x, y, z) = ci ϕi (x, y, z) (4.3.5)
i=1
trong d̄ó các hê. sô´ ci xác d̄i.nh sao cho (4.3.4) tho’a mãn vó.i mo.i v ∈ HN . Vı̀ SN là mô.t
co. so’. cu’a HN nên chı’ câ ` n (4.3.4) tho’a mãn vó.i v = ϕj , j = 1, 2, ..., N (xem nhâ.n xét o’.
chu.o.ng 1, mu.c 1.9.3), nghı̃a là
XN
α( ci ϕi , ϕj ) = L(ϕj ), j = 1, 2, ..., N
i=1
Muôń thê´ các ci pha’i tho’a mãn hê. d̄a.i sô´
X
N
ci α(ϕi , ϕj ) = L(ϕj ), j = 1, 2, ..., N (4.3.6)
i=1
- ă.t
D ZZZ
∂ϕi ∂ϕj ∂ϕi ∂ϕj ∂ϕi ∂ϕj
Aij = α(ϕi , ϕj ) = ( + + dxdydz (4.3.7)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
ZZZ
Fi = L(ϕi ) = − f (x, y, z)ϕi (x, y, z)dxdydz (4.3.8)
Ω
Khi d̄ó hê. d̄a.i sô´ (4.3.6) tro’. thành
Ac = F (4.3.9)
trong d̄ó
  
c1 F1
 c2   F2 
c= 
 ...  , A = (Aij ), F = 
 ... 
cN FN
4.3.6. Công thú.c tı́ch lũy

` n cu’a tı́ch phân ta có
Theo tı́nh cô.ng miê
X
M
Aij = Alij (4.3.10)
l=1
93
trong d̄ó ZZZ
Alij = ( + + )dxdydz (4.3.11)
Tl ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
có thê’ xem là d̄óng góp cu’a Tl vào Aij .
X
M
Fi = Fil (4.3.12)
l=1
trong d̄ó ZZZ

Fil =− f (x, y, z)ϕi (x, y, z)dxdydz (4.3.13)
Tl
có thê’ xem là d̄óng góp cu’a Tl vào Fi .

Các công thú.c tı́nh (4.3.10),(4.3.12) go.i là các công thú.c tı́ch lũy.
4.3.7. Cách tı́nh các hê. Alij và Fil bă ` ng phu.o.ng pháp d̄ô’i biêń
Các công thú c (4.3.11) và (4.3.13) là các tı́ch phân bô.i ba chı’ tı́nh trên mô.t tú. diê.n
.
Tl .
- ê’ có Alij và Fil ta có thê’ tı́nh tru..c tiê´p hay dùng phu.o.ng pháp d̄ô’i biêń.
D
Ta áp du.ng phép d̄ô’i biêń
.Pr
.(0, 0, 1)
.Tl .T0
.z
.Pk .(0, 1, 0)
.y
.o . .Pi .(0.0, 0)
.x
.(1, 0, 0)
.Pj
H.4.3.2
nhă` m d̄u.a viê.c tı́nh tı́ch phân trên mô.t tú. diê.n bâ´t kỳ Tl trong không gian (x, y, z) có
` viê.c tı́nh tı́ch phân trên
d̄ı’nh Pi (xi , yi , zi ), Pj (xj , yj , zj ), Pk (xk , yk , zk ), Pr (xr , yr , zr ) vê
94
tú. diê.n chuâ’n T0 trong không gian (ξ, η, ζ) có d̄ı’nh là (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)
(hı̀nh (H.4.3.2)). Muôń thê´ ta xây du..ng phép d̄ô’i biêń tù. (x, y, z) sang (ξ, η, ζ) :
x = (xj − xi )ξ + (xk − xi )η + (xr − xi )ζ + xi

y = (yj − yi )ξ + (yk − yi )η + (yr − yi )ζ + yi (4.3.14)
z = (zj − zi )ξ + (zk − zi )η + (zr − zi )ζ + zi
. Cách d̄ô’i biêń d̄ó có tác du.ng d̄u.a d̄ı’nh Pi (xi , yi , zi ) cu’a Tl chuyê’n thành d̄ı’nh (0, 0, 0)
cu’a T0 , d̄ı’nh Pj (xj , yj , zj ) cu’a Tl chuyê’n thành d̄ı’nh (1, 0, 0) cu’a T0 , d̄ı’nh Pk (xk , yk , zk )
cu’a Tl chuyê’n thành d̄ı’nh (0, 1, 0) cu’a T0 , d̄ı’nh Pr (xr , yr , zr ) cu’a Tl chuyê’n thành d̄ı’nh
(0, 0, 1) cu’a T0 .
Công thú.c d̄ô’i biêń trong tı́ch phân bô.i ba có da.ng :
ZZZ ZZZ
g(x, y, z)dxdydz = g(ξ, η, ζ)|J|dξdηdζ (4.3.15)
Tl T0
trong d̄ó
g(ξ, η, ζ) = g(x, y, z)|x, y, z thay bo’.i (4.3.14) , (4.3.16)
¯ ∂x ∂x ∂x ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ∂ξ ∂η ∂ζ ¯ ¯¯ xj − xi xk − xi xr − xi ¯¯
¯ ∂y ¯
J = ¯ ∂y ¯ = ¯¯ yj − yi yk − yi yr − yi ¯¯
∂y
(4.3.17)
¯ ∂z ∂z ∂ζ
∂ξ ∂η ¯ ¯
¯ ∂z ¯ zj − zi zk − zi zr − zi ¯
∂ξ ∂η ∂ζ
Xét phép d̄ô’i biêń ngu.o..c la.i. Hê. (4.3.14) d̄ôí vó.i các â’n ξ, η, ζ có d̄i.nh thú.c Δ = J
và do d̄ó ¯ ¯
¯ x − xi xk − xi xr − xi ¯
1¯ ¯
ξ = ¯¯ y − yi yk − yi yr − yi ¯¯
J¯
z − zi zk − zi zr − zi ¯
¯ ¯
¯ xj − xi x − xi xr − xi ¯
1¯ ¯
η = ¯¯ yj − yi y − yi yr − yi ¯¯ (4.3.18)
J¯ ¯
zj − zi z − zi zr − zi
¯ ¯
¯ xj − xi xk − xi x − xi ¯
1¯ ¯
ζ = ¯¯ yj − yi yk − yi y − yi ¯¯
J¯
zj − zi zk − zi z − zi ¯
Tù. (4.3.18) ta suy ra
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ yk − yi yr − yi ¯¯ ¯ xk − xi xr − xi ¯¯ ¯ xk − xi xr − xi ¯¯
¯ ¯ ¯
∂ξ ¯ zk − zi zr − zi ¯ ∂ξ ¯ zk − zi zr − zi ¯ ∂ξ ¯ yk − yi yr − yi ¯
= ; =− ; =
∂x J ∂y J ∂z J
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ yj − yi yr − yi ¯¯ ¯ xj − xi xr − xi ¯¯ ¯ xj − xi xr − xi ¯¯
¯ ¯ ¯
∂η ¯ zj − zi zr − zi ¯ ∂η ¯ zj − zi zr − zi ¯ ∂η ¯ yj − yi yr − yi ¯
=− ; = ; =−
95
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ yj − yi yk − yi ¯¯ ¯ xj − xi xk − xi ¯¯ ¯ xj − xi xk − xi ¯¯
¯ ¯ ¯
∂ζ ¯ zj − zi zk − zi ¯ ∂ζ ¯ zj − zi zk − zi ¯ ∂ζ ¯ yj − yi yk − yi ¯
= ; =− ; =
Bây giò. ta áp du.ng công thú.c (4.3.15) d̄ê’ tı́nh các tı́ch phân Alij và Fil .
Vó.i cách ký hiê.u o’. (4.3.16) trong tru.ò.ng ho..p g = ϕi , ϕj , ϕr ta thâý qua phép biêń
d̄ô’i (4.3.14)
ϕi (ξ, η, ζ) = 1 − ξ − η − ζ
ϕj (ξ, η, ζ) = ξ
ϕk (ξ, η, ζ) = η
ϕr (ξ, η, ζ) = ζ
Do d̄ó
¯ ¯
¯ 1 1 1 ¯¯
∂ϕi ∂ϕi ∂ξ ∂ϕi ∂η ∂ϕi ∂ζ 1 ¯
= + + = − Δix , Δix = ¯¯ yj − yi yk − yi yr − yi ¯¯
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x ∂ζ ∂x J ¯ zj − zi zk − zi zr − zi ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 1 1 1 ¯¯
∂ϕi ∂ϕi ∂ξ ∂ϕi ∂η ∂ϕi ∂ζ 1 ¯
= + + == Δiy , ¯
Δiy = ¯ xj − xi xk − xi xr − xi ¯¯
∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y ∂ζ ∂y J ¯ zj − zi zk − zi zr − zi ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 1 1 1 ¯¯
∂ϕi ∂ϕi ∂ξ ∂ϕi ∂η ∂ϕi ∂ζ 1 ¯
= + + − Δiz , ¯
Δiz = ¯ xj − xi xk − xi xr − xi ¯¯
∂z ∂ξ ∂z ∂η ∂z ∂ζ ∂z J ¯ yj − yi yk − yi yr − yi ¯
¯ ¯
∂ϕj ∂ϕj ∂ξ ∂ξ 1 ¯ yk − yi yr − yi ¯
= = = Djx , ¯
Djx = ¯ ¯
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂x J zk − zi zr − zi ¯
¯ ¯
∂ϕj ∂ϕj ∂ξ ∂ξ 1 ¯ xk − xi xr − xi ¯
= = = − Djy = Djy = ¯¯ ¯
∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂y J zk − zi zr − zi ¯
¯ ¯
∂ϕj ∂ϕj ∂ξ ∂ξ 1 ¯ x − xi xr − xi ¯¯
= = = Djz , Djz = ¯¯ k
∂z ∂ξ ∂z ∂z J yk − yi yr − yi ¯
¯ ¯
∂ϕk ∂ϕk ∂η ∂η 1 ¯ yj − yi yr − yi ¯
= = = − Dkx , Dkx = ¯¯ ¯
∂x ∂η ∂x ∂x J zj − zi zr − zi ¯
¯ ¯
∂ϕk ∂ϕk ∂η ∂η 1 ¯ xj − xi xr − xi ¯
= = = Dky , Dky = ¯¯ ¯
∂y ∂η ∂y ∂y J zj − zi zr − zi ¯
¯ ¯
∂ϕk ∂ϕk ∂η ∂η 1 ¯ x − xi xr − xi ¯¯
= = = − Dkz , Dkz = ¯¯ j
∂z ∂η ∂z ∂z J yj − yi yr − yi ¯
¯ ¯
∂ϕr ∂ϕr ∂ζ ∂ζ 1 ¯ y − yi yk − yi ¯¯
= = = Drx , Drx = ¯¯ j
∂x ∂ζ ∂x ∂x J zj − zi zk − zi ¯
96
¯ ¯
∂ϕr ∂ϕr ∂ζ ∂ζ 1 ¯ xj − xi xk − xi ¯
= = = − Dry , Dry = ¯ ¯ ¯
∂y ∂ζ ∂y ∂y J zj − zi zk − zi ¯
¯ ¯
∂ϕr ∂ϕr ∂ζ ∂ζ 1 ¯ xj − xi xk − xi ¯
= = = Drz , ¯
Drz = ¯ ¯
∂z ∂ζ ∂z ∂z J yj − yi yk − yi ¯
Vâ.y (4.3.11) dâñ d̄êń
ZZZ
∂ϕi 2 ∂ϕi 2 ∂ϕi 2
Alii = ([ ] +[ ] +[ ] )dxdydz
Tl ∂x ∂y ∂z
ZZZ
1 1
= {[Δix ]2 + [Δiy ]2 + [Δiz ]2 }dξdηdζ = {[Δix ]2 + [Δiy ]2 + [Δiz ]2 } (4.3.19)
T0 |J| 6|J|
Mô.t cách tu.o.ng tu..,
ZZZ
∂ϕj 2 ∂ϕj 2 ∂ϕj 2 1
l
Ajj = ([ ] +[ ] +[ ] )dxdydz = {[Djx ]2 + [Djy ]2 + [Djz ]2 } (4.3.20)
Tl ∂x ∂y ∂z 6|J|
ZZZ
∂ϕk 2 ∂ϕk 2 ∂ϕk 2 1
Alkk = ([ ] +[ ] +[ ] )dxdydz = {[Dkx ]2 +[Dky ]2 +[Dkz ]2 } (4.3.21)
Tl ∂x ∂y ∂z 6|J|
ZZZ
∂ϕr 2 ∂ϕr 2 ∂ϕr 2 1
Alrr = ([ ] +[ ] +[ ] dxdydz = {[Drx ]2 + [Dry ]2 + [Drz ]2 } (4.3.22)
Tl ∂x ∂y ∂z 6|J|
ZZZ
Alij = ( + + )dxdydz
Tl ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
ZZZ
−1 −1
= {Δix Djx + Δiy Djy + Δiz Djz }dξdηdζ = {Δix Djx + Δiy Djy + Δiz Djz }
T0 |J| 6|J|
(4.3.23)
. . .
Mô.t cách tu o ng tu. ,
−1
Alik = {Δix Dkx + Δiy Dky + Δiz Dkz } (4.3.24)
6|J|
−1
Alir == {Δix Drx + Δiy Dry + Δiz Drz } (4.3.25)
6|J|
−1
Aljk = {Dkx Drx + Dky Dry + Dkz Drz } (4.3.26)
6|J|
−1
Aljr = {Djx Drx + Djy Dry + Djz Drz } (4.3.27)
6|J|
−1
Alkr = {Dkx Drx + Dky Dry + Dkz Drz } (4.3.28)
6|J|
97
Bây giò. vó.i qui u.ó.c viê´t
F (ξ, η, ζ) = f (x, y, z)|x=x(ξ,η,ζ),y=y(ξ,η,ζ),z=z(ξ,η,ζ) , (4.3.29)
trong d̄ó x = x(ξ, η, ζ), y = y(ξ, η, ζ), z = z(ξ, η, ζ) cho bo’.i (4.3.14) và J cho bo’.i (4.3.17)
tù. (4.3.13) ta có
ZZZ ZZZ
Fil =− f (x, y, z)ϕi (x, y, z)dxdydz = − F (ξ, η, ζ)(1 − ξ − η − ζ)|J|dξdηdζ
Tl T0
(4.3.30)
ZZZ ZZZ
Fjl = − f (x, y, z)ϕj (x, y, z)dxdydz = − F (ξ, η, ζ)ξ|J|dξdηdζ (4.3.31)
Tl T0
ZZZ ZZZ
Fkl =− f (x, y, z)ϕi (x, y, z)dxdydz = − F (ξ, η, ζ)η|J|dξdηdζ (4.3.32)
Tl T0
ZZZ ZZZ
Frl =− f (x, y, z)ϕi (x, y, z)dxdydz = − F (ξ, η, ζ)ζ|J|dξdηdζ (4.3.33)
Tl T0
Các tı́ch phân (4.3.30)-(4.3.33) có thê’ tı́nh d̄úng hay gâ
` n d̄úng.
- ánh giá sai sai sô´.

4.3.8. D
- ă.t
D
X
N
uI (x, y, z) := u(xi , yi , zi )ϕi (x, y, z), (4.3.34)
i=1
Áp du.ng d̄i.nh lý 1.10.2 chu.o.ng 1 ta có
Bô’ d̄ê
` 4.3.1.
ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ ku − uI kW 1 (Ω) (4.3.35)
Sau d̄ó ta d̄ánh giá ku − uI kW 1 (Ω) , và vó.i cách làm giôńg nhu. o’. chu.o.ng 3, chú.ng
minh d̄u.o..c kê´t qua’ sau:
- i.nh lý 4.3.1. Nêú u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω) ∩ W01 (Ω) thı̀
D
ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ C12 hkf kL2 (Ω) , , C12 = const > 0 (4.3.36)
ku − wN kL2 (Ω) ≤ C13 h2 kf kW 2 (Ω) , C13 = const > 0 (4.3.37)
- ó là d̄ánh giá sai sô´. Tù. d̄ó ta suy ra su.. hô.i tu..
D
98
BÀI TÂ
.P
` n bi. chă.n cu’a không gian to.a d̄ô. (x,y,z) có biên là mă.t kı́n Γ tro.n
Cho Ω là mô.t miê
.
tù ng ma’nh, pháp tuyêń ngoài cu’a mă.t Γ là ν.
1. Xét bài toán biên loa.i ba:
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

+ 2 + 2 = f (x, y, z), (x, y, z) ∈ Ω
∂x2 ∂y ∂z
∂u
(x, y, z) + σ(x, y, z)u(x, y, z) = g(x, y, z), (x, y, z) ∈ Γ
∂ν
trong d̄ó f, σ và g cho tru.ó.c vó.i σ ≥ σ0 , σ0 = const > 0
1/ Chú.ng minh ră ` ng bài toán yêú tu.o.ng ú.ng là
Tı̀m u ∈ W 1 (Ω) sao cho
α(u, v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ W 1 (Ω)
trong d̄ó ZZZ ZZ

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
α(u, v) = ( + + )dxdydz + σuvdS,
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z Γ
ZZZ ZZ
L(v) = − f vdxdydz + gvdS
Ω Γ
` y phu.o.ng pháp phâ

2/ Trı̀nh bâ ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n khi Ω là mô.t d̄a diê.n.
2. Xét bài toán biên loa.i hai:
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

+ 2 + 2 − q(x, y, z)u = f (x, y, z), (x, y, z) ∈ Ω
∂x2 ∂y ∂z
∂u
(x, y, z) = g(x, y, z), (x, y, z) ∈ Γ
∂ν
trong d̄ó f, q, g cho tru.ó.c vó.i q(x, y, z) ≥ q0 , q0 = const > 0.
1/ Chú.ng minh ră ` ng bài toán yêú tu.o.ng ú.ng là
Tı̀m u ∈ W 1 (Ω) sao cho
α(u, v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ W 1 (Ω)
trong d̄ó ZZZ

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
α(u, v) = ( + + + quv)dxdydz,
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
ZZZ ZZ
L(v) = − f vdxdydz + gvdS
Ω Γ
` y phu.o.ng pháp phâ

2/ Trı̀nh bâ ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n khi Ω là mô.t d̄a diê.n.
99
` n nhâ´t:
3. Xét bài toán biên loa.i mô.t không thuâ
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

+ 2 + 2 = f (x, y, z), (x, y, z) ∈ Ω
∂x2 ∂y ∂z
u(x, y, z) = g(x, y, z), (x, y, z) ∈ Γ

trong d̄ó f, g cho tru.ó.c.
Xét bài toán phu.
∂ 2 uε ∂ 2 uε ∂ 2 uε
Δuε := + + = f (x, y, z), (x, y, z) ∈ Ω
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
∂uε
ε + uε |Γ = g(x, y, z), (x, y, z) ∈ Γ
∂ν
trong d̄ó ε là mô.t tham sô´ du.o.ng nho’.
Hãy d̄ánh giá
ku − uε kW 1 (Ω)
so vó.i ε.
100

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Chu.o.

BÀI TOÁN LOA `

` n nhâ´t d̄ô´i vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh Poisson

4.1.1. Bài toán d̄a.o hàm riêng.

∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

u(x, y, z) = 0, (x, y, z) ∈ Γ (4.1.2)

4.2. Bài toán yê´u và nghiê.m ruy rô.ng

Vı̀ v ∈ D(Ω) nên có

Vı̀ D(Ω) trù mâ.t trong W01 (Ω) nên

thı̀ (4.2.4) go..i ý phát biê’u bài toán mó.i:

α(u, v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ W01 (Ω) (4.2.6)

go.i là bài toán yê´u ú.ng bài toán (4.1.1)(4.1.2).

4.2.4. Su.. tô` n ta.i nghiê.m suy rô.ng.

` n d̄úng nghiê.m suy rô.ng khi Ω là mô.t d̄a diê.n

4.3.2. Tú. diê.n phân.

4.3.3. Hàm to.a d̄ô..

sinh ra không gian

4.3.5. Nghiê.m gâ ` n d̄úng

α(wN , v) = L(v) ∀v ∈ HN (4.3.4)

Hàm wN ∈ HN có da.ng

Muô´n thê´ các ci pha’i tho’a mãn hê. d̄a.i sô´

Khi d̄ó hê. d̄a.i sô´ (4.3.6) tro’. thành

4.3.6. Công thú.c tı́ch lũy

có thê’ xem là d̄óng góp cu’a Tl vào Aij .

trong d̄ó ZZZ

có thê’ xem là d̄óng góp cu’a Tl vào Fi .

Ta áp du.ng phép d̄ô’i biê´n

x = (xj − xi )ξ + (xk − xi )η + (xr − xi )ζ + xi

F (ξ, η, ζ) = f (x, y, z)|x=x(ξ,η,ζ),y=y(ξ,η,ζ),z=z(ξ,η,ζ) , (4.3.29)

- ánh giá sai sai sô´.

Áp du.ng d̄i.nh lý 1.10.2 chu.o.ng 1 ta có

ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ C12 hkf kL2 (Ω) , , C12 = const > 0 (4.3.36)

ku − wN kL2 (Ω) ≤ C13 h2 kf kW 2 (Ω) , C13 = const > 0 (4.3.37)

∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

α(u, v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ W 1 (Ω)

trong d̄ó ZZZ ZZ

` y phu.o.ng pháp phâ

∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

α(u, v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ W 1 (Ω)

trong d̄ó ZZZ

` y phu.o.ng pháp phâ

∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

u(x, y, z) = g(x, y, z), (x, y, z) ∈ Γ

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