DC-AC Converters

bridge inverters

Mahmood Sunny,
Asst. Prof., DEEE, UU

April 9, 2020

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 DC-AC Converters

DC-AC converters are commonly known as inverters

an inverter changes a dc input voltage to a symmetric ac output
voltage of desired magnitude and frequency.
practical inverters produce nonsinusoidal outputs with harmonics

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 Usage

variable speed ac motor drives

renewable energy
transportation
induction heating
uninterruptible power supplies

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 Types

types: single phase or three phase

voltage-source inverter: input voltage remains constant
current-source inverter: input current remains constant
variable dc linked inverter: controllable input voltage
resonant-pulse inverter: output voltage or current is forced to pass
through zero by creating a LC resonant circuit

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 Performance parameters

output power Pac = Io Vo cos θ = Io2 R

ac input power PS = IS VS
q
rms ripple content of input current Irms = Ii2 − Is2
Ir
ripple factor of the input current RFs = Is
power efficiency depends on switching losses, which in turn depends
on the switching frequency

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 Input output relationship

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 Half-bridge inverter

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 Half-bridge inverter

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 Half-bridge inverter

RMS output voltage

s
To
Vs2
Z
2 2 Vs
Vo = dt =
To 0 4 2

RMS value of fundamental component

2Vs
Vo1 = √ = 0.45Vs
2π
dc supply current
Vo1
Is = Io cosθ1
Vs

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 Half-bridge inverter

for inductive loads, load current cannot change immediately with the
output voltage
If Q1 is turned off at t = T2o , the load current will continue to flow
through D2 , load and the lower half of the dc source until current
falls to zero.
when Q2 is turned off at t = To , the load current will continue to flow
through D1 , load and the upper half of the dc source until current
falls to zero.

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 Half-bridge inverter

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 Example 6.1

A single-phase half-bridge inverter has a resistive load of 2.5 ohm and dc

input voltage of 48 V. Find a) Vo1 , b) output power, and c) the average
and peak currents of each transistor, and d) average supply current.

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 Solution

a) Vo1 = 0.45 × 48 = 21.6 V

b) Vo = 48/2 = 24 V
Po = 242 /2.4 = 240 W
c) Ip = 24/2.4 = 10 A
average current of each transistor 10 × 0.5 = 5 A
d) average supply current 240/48 = 5 A

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 Bridge inverter

Figure: circuit diagram

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 Bridge inverter

Figure: waveforms

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 Bridge inverter

Figure: load current with highly inductive load

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 Bridge inverter

RMS output voltage

s
Z To
2 2
Vo = Vs2 dt = Vs
To 0

RMS value of fundamental component

4Vs
Vo1 = √ = 0.90Vs
2π
dc supply current
Vo1 Vo1
Is = Io cosθ1 − Io cos(2ωt − θ1 )
Vs Vs

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 Bridge inverter

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 Bridge inverter

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 Example 6.2

A single-phase bridge inverter has a resistive load of 2.5 ohm and dc input
voltage of 48 V. Find a) Vo1 , b) output power, and c) the average and
peak currents of each transistor, and d) average supply current.

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 Three-phase bridge inverters

Three phase bridge inverters can have two types of control signals, a)
180◦ conduction, and b) 120◦ conduction
180◦ conduction has better utilization of switches

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 Three phase bridge inverters

Figure: wind generator connected to the ac grid through a rectifier and an inverter

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 Three phase bridge inverters

Figure: circuit for 180◦ conduction

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 Three phase bridge inverters

Figure: waveforms for 180◦ conduction

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 Three phase bridge inverters

Figure: switch states

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 Discussion

What happens in state 1:

S1 S2 S6 ==> ON

Vab = Va − Vb = Vs/2 − (−Vs/2 ) = Vs

Vbc = Vb − Vc = −Vs/2 − (−Vs/2 ) = 0

Vca = Vc − Va = −Vs/2 − (Vs/2 ) = −Vs

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 Discussion

Vab = Vs during state 6 and 1

Vbc = Vs during state 2 and 3
Vca = Vs during state 4 and 5

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 Three phase bridge inverters

Figure: phase voltages for 180◦ conduction

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