Student Number

Exam Choice

2011
TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Total marks – 100

Section I Pages 2 - 22

75 marks
General Instructions This section has two parts, Part A and Part B

• Reading time – 5 minutes Part A – 20 marks

• Working time – 3 hours
• Write using black or blue pen
• Draw diagrams using pencil
• Approved calculators may be
used
• Write your student number in the
space provided
• Attempt Questions 1-20
• Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Part B – 55 marks
• Attempt Questions 21-31
• Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part
Section II Pages 23 - 31
25 marks
• Attempt ONE Question from Questions 32-36
• Allow about 45 minutes for this section

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Section I
75 marks

Part A – 20 marks
Attempt Questions 1-20
Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.

Select the alternative A,B,C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval
completely.

Sample: 2+4= (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the
new answer.

A B C D

If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer,
then indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as
follows.

A B C D

correct

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1. The following are statements made by a student about biopolymers:

I Condensation polymers are also called biopolymers.

II Biopolymers are biodegradable.
III All biopolymers are plastics.
IV Biopolymers can be produced from renewable resources.

How many correct statements did the student make?

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4

2. How many of the halogens (out of chlorine, bromine and iodine) would react with
fluoride ions to produce fluorine gas?

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3

3. When a suitable catalyst is used, ethene reacts with steam. What is the structure of the
compound formed?

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4. The diagram shows the structure of a small molecule, which undergoes
polymerisation.

H H

C C C H
H H H

Which structure below best represents a portion of the polymer chain formed from the
polymerisation?

(A) H CH 3 H CH 3

C C C C

H H H H

(B)
CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3

C C C C
H H H H

(C)
H H CH 3 H

C C C C
CH3 H H H

(D)
H CH 3 H CH 3

C C C C

H CH 3 H CH 3

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5. A radioisotope undergoes 2 alpha decays, followed by a beta decay, forming actinium-
230 as a result.

Which of the following is the original radioisotope?

(A) plutonium-244
(B) uranium-238
(C) thorium-232
(D) neptunium-237

6. An excess mass of metallic copper was added to 250 mL of silver nitrate solution,
yielding a mass of dry silver of 1.1g.

What concentration of silver nitrate solution would produce this yield of silver?

(A) 4.0 x 10-5 molL-1

(B) 2.5 x 10-3 molL-1
(C) 4.0 x 10-2 molL-1
(D) 2.5 molL-1

7. Which of the following is an advantage of using ethanol as a fuel over petrol?

(A) 1L of ethanol is less expensive than 1L of petrol to produce

(B) ethanol has a higher heat of combustion than petrol
(C) ethanol can be used in a wider variety of car engines than petrol
(D) ethanol is an oxygenated fuel and more likely to combust completely

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8. Four bottles were found, missing their labels, but they were known to contain aqueous
ammonia, 0.1M NaOH, rainwater, and 0.1M HCl.

A student tested each solution with universal indicator, and compared her results with
the colour reference chart shown below.

pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Dark Green
Orange

Yellow

Purple
Green

Blue
Red

Colour

Which row of the table below shows the results of her investigation?

Sydney
Ammonia (aq) 0.1 M NaOH 0.1 M HCl
Rainwater

(A) Blue Purple Red Dark green

(B) Blue Blue Orange Green

(C) Purple Purple Red Yellow

(D) Orange Red Red Yellow

9. The diagram below shows a molecule of citric acid.

Which of the two types of functional groups labelled A and B, will react with NaOH?

(A) A only
(B) A and B
(C) B only
(D) Neither of these functional groups

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10. A student is required to prepare some 0.100 M HCl from 1.00 M HCl.

What apparatus do they need to do this?

(A) pipette and burette

(B) burette and measuring cylinder
(C) pipette and volumetric flask
(D) measuring cylinder and volumetric flask

11. The diagram below shows the structural formula of an ester.

O O
HO
CH2 C O CH2 C
OH

The structure of three chemicals is shown below.

H OH
HO O
H C C
CH2 C HO
CH2 CH3 O
OH H

Structure 1 Structure 2 Structure 3

Which of these chemicals would a chemist need to use to make the ester?

(A) 1 only
(B) 1 and 2
(C) 2 and 3
(D) 3 only

12. A 0.045M solution of HCl has a pH of 1.35. A student takes 10 mL of this

solution and dilutes it to 1 L. What is the pH of the diluted solution?

(A) 0.35
(B) 1.35
(C) 2.35
(D) 3.35

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13. A sports player buys a bottle of soft drink from a shop on her way to a match.
She drinks a small amount, and leaves the lid off the bottle while playing.

Which of the following graphs represents the concentration of dissolved CO2 in

the bottle over time?

[CO2] [CO2]
(g/L) (g/L)

Time (mins) Time (mins)

(A) (B)

[CO2] [CO2]
(g/L) (g/L)

Time (mins) Time (mins)

(C) (D)

14. An industrial chemist discovers that the following reaction is occurring in one part of
his process.
3CH4 + 5O2
CO2 + 2CO + 6H2O

Which chemical should be carefully monitored, and how can its presence be reduced?

Monitor… Reduce its presence by…

(A) CO2 Reducing the amount of oxygen present.
(B) CO Increasing the amount of oxygen present.
(C) CO Reducing the amount of oxygen present.
(D) CO2 Increasing the amount of oxygen present.

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15. A chemist working in an ammonia plant decides to investigate new catalysts for the
process. Which area in the Periodic Table is likely to contain an alternative catalyst for
this process?

(A) Location A
(B) Location B
(C) Location C
(D) Location D

16. Two students carry out tests on a solution known to contain both copper(II) chloride
and barium chloride. They record their results as shown below.

Student Reagent added Observations

1 Sodium sulfate solution White precipitate forms
Solution remains blue
2 Sodium hydroxide Blue precipitate forms
solution Solution becomes colourless

Which of the following describes each student's results?

Student 1 Student 2

(A) Incorrect Incorrect

(B) Incorrect Correct

(C) Correct Incorrect

(D) Correct Correct

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17. Which one of the following molecules would have no effect on ozone?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

18. At which stage in the following sequence, used to purify drinking water, is chlorine
added?

(A) Stage A
(B) Stage B
(C) Stage C
(D) Stage D

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19. Nitrates and phosphates are often referred to as ‘growth limiting nutrients’. Identify
the environmental problem that can be caused by their excessive use.

(A) eutrophication of waterways

(B) heavy metal pollution of waterways
(C) increased acidity of waterways
(D) increase in water hardness in waterways

20. In order to determine the sulfate content of a commercial lawn-food, a student

dissolves a 4.58 g sample of the lawn-food, adds excess BaCl2(aq), filters the
mixture, and finally washes and dries the residue.

After drying, the residue had a mass of 7.95g.

What is the % sulfate in the lawnfood, and how could the student have made their
experiment more reliable?

% sulfate To increase reliability:

(A) 58 Repeat the experiment and average the results.
(B) 73 Repeat the experiment and average the results.
(C) 58 Control important variables during the experiment.
(D) 73 Control important variables during the experiment.

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Part B (55 marks)
Questions: 21 – 31
Marks: 55
Time: Allow approximately 1 hour and 40 minutes for this Part.

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

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Marks
Question 21 (5marks)

The structure below shows one example of a polymer classified as a type of nylon.

(a) Draw structural formulae of the monomers which produced the nylon polymer 2
shown above.

(b) Identify the other product formed when the monomers in (a) react to form 1
the polymer.

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(c) Describe key differences between the type of reaction which would produce 2
the nylon polymer shown, and the type which would produce polyethylene.

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 Marks
Question 22 (5 marks)

On the 11th of March, a tsunami off the coast of Japan resulted in a significant
accident at the Fukushima Nuclear facility.

In the days following the accident, levels of radioactive iodine-131 and caesium-
137 have increased in the atmosphere and rain water collected around the facility.

(a) Identify one instrument which could be used to detect the presence of 1
radioactive materials on the clothing of a worker after the accident.

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(b) Evaluate the need for careful monitoring of levels of radioactivity in extended 4
areas around the facility for a long period of time following this accident.

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 Marks
Question 23 (7 marks)

As part of your practical you constructed a galvanic cell to investigate the

conditions under which the cell operated.

(a) Construct a diagram of the cell you constructed and label the chemicals you 2
required to make the cell.

(b) Explain how chemical changes and movement of charged species produce an
electric current in the cell.

Include relevant half-equations with your answer. 4

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(c) A half-cell consisting of lead and lead(II) nitrate was coupled with an
unknown half-cell, making a galvanic cell which produced a voltage of 2.23V
under standard conditions. The lead formed the cathode of this cell.

Identify the metal which formed part of the unknown half-cell. Show all 1
working.

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 Marks
Question 24 (4 marks)

Methylamine, CH3NH2 is a similar molecule to ammonia, NH3. It reacts with water

as shown.

CH3NH2 (aq) + H2O (l) ↔ OH- (aq) + CH3NH3+ (aq)

(a) Identify the conjugate acid-base pair for the reverse reaction. 1

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(b) Methylamine reacts with HCl to produce the salt methylammonium chloride.

Explain, with the aid of an equation, why this salt does not produce neutral 3
solutions when dissolved in water.

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 Marks
Question 25 (5 marks)

Consider the following oxides:

Aluminium nitrogen Carbon Carbon Magnesium Sulfur

oxide dioxide dioxide monoxide oxide dioxide
Al2O3 NO2 CO2 CO MgO SO2

(a) Write an equation for the reaction of sulfur dioxide with sodium hydroxide. 1

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(b) Identify the oxide/s that will react with HCl. 1

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(c) Outline a major concern associated with increasing concentrations of acidic 3

oxides in the atmosphere.

Illustrate your answer using a reaction of one of the above oxides.

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 Marks
Question 26 (5 marks)

A student decomposed solid copper(II) nitrate, producing NO2(g) according to the

following equation.

2Cu(NO3)2 (s)
2CuO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

They bubbled the NO2 (g) into water in order to convert it into nitrous and nitric
acid:

2NO2 (g) + H2O (l)
HNO2 (aq) + HNO3 (aq)

To answer this question, assume that all of the NO2 produced by the student reacted
with water.

(a) Calculate the volume of NO2 gas (measured at 25 0C and 100 kPa) produced 2
by the decomposition of 0.75 g of solid Cu(NO3)2.

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(b) The student trapped all of the NO2 gas in a beaker containing 100 mL of
water, converting it to nitrous and nitric acids, as shown above.

Calculate the pH of the resulting solutions. 3

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 Marks
Question 27 (5 marks)

In order to calculate the concentration of a sample of HCl, a student titrated a

25.0 mL sample of the acid against 0.075 M Ca(OH)2 (the titrant).

She used a pH probe connected to a data logger to monitor the reaction, and her
results are shown in the graph
raph below.

(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurs during the 1
titration.

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(b) Use the graph to calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.
acid 2

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(c) Outline another method the student could have used to estimate the 2
equivalence point of the titration,
titration, identifying any specific chemical required
and observations made.
made

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 Marks
Question 28 (4 marks)

The percentage of ammonia produced under various conditions of temperature and

pressure in the Haber Process is shown in the graph below.

(a) Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the Haber process. 1

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(b) Explain the use of the reaction conditions shown at point ‘Y’ on the graph, 3
rather than those shown at
a point ‘X’ on the graph.

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 Marks
Question 29 (5 marks)

Ozone and oxygen gas are allotropes, with different chemical and physical
properties.

(a) In the spaces below, draw an electron dot diagram of oxygen gas, and ozone. 2
Label the coordinate covalent bond in ozone.

Oxygen gas Ozone

(b) Explain the chemistry of ozone depletion, including chemical equations to 3

support your answer.

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 Marks
Question 30 (5 marks)

Heavy metal ions are continuously monitored in the waterways of countries all over
the world.

Justify reasons for monitoring these ions, and discuss a technology used to identify 5
their presence and measure their concentration.

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 Marks
Question 31 (5 marks)

Various tests were carried out on water obtained from five different locations,
A – E. The results are shown in the table below.

A B C D E
pH 7.1 7.8 7.0 7.2 6.7
Ca2+ (ppm) 18 8 95 15 20
DO (ppm) 8.9 3.0 7.8 6.0 7.0
Phosphate (ppm) 0.02 0.60 0.03 0.01 0.05
Turbidity (NTU) 0.7 20.5 1.1 8.4 65.2

(a) Identify the site most likely to be experiencing an algal bloom.

Explain your choice and describe the impact of algal blooms on a water 3
ecosystem.

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(b) Identify the location with the ‘hardest’ water.

Justify your answer, and outline how water hardness can be measured. 2

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Section II
Total marks: 25
Attempt ONE question from Questions 32-36
Allow about 45 minutes for this Section.

Answer the questions in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Page
Question 32 – Industrial Chemistry ........................................................................ 24 - 25

Question 33 – Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation ....................................... 26 - 27

Question 34 – The Biochemistry of Movement ..................................................... 28

Question 35 – The Chemistry of Art ...................................................................... 29 - 30

Question 36 – Forensic Chemistry ......................................................................... 31

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 Marks
Question 32 - Industrial Chemistry (25 marks)

(a) The following flowchart illustrates the Solvay process.

(i) Identify substances X and Y in the above flowchart. 1

(ii) Outline how waste from a Solvay plant is disposed of. 2

(iii) Explain the importance of ammonia in the Solvay process. Include a 3

chemical equation to support your answer.

(b) Assess the impact on society

society and the environment of the changing methods of 6
sodium hydroxide production.
Support your answer with relevant chemical equations.

(c) (i) You have investigated saponification reactions as part of your practical 3
work.
Describe how soap may be safely produced in a school laboratory.

(ii) Using diagrams to illustrate your answer, compare and contrast the 4
structure and cleaning action of anionic, cationic
cationi and non-ionic
ionic
detergents, including how they are affected by hard water.

Question 32 continues on page 25.

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 Marks
Question 32 (continued)

(d) (i) Methanol is manufactured according to the following equilibrium

reaction.

2H2(g) + CO(g) <-> CH3OH(g)

Equilibrium concentrations of each species are given in the table below.

Equilibrium concentrations
[H2] (M) [CO] (M) [CH3OH] (M)
0.28 1.2 0.85

Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, K for this equilibrium 2

mixture.

(ii) Sulfuric acid is produced from sulfur or sulfur dioxide gas, and two key
steps are the production of SO3, and H2SO4 from H2S2O7.

Justify the conditions used to produce SO3, and the production of H2SO4 4
from H2S2O7.

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 Marks
Question 33 - Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation (25 marks)

(a) (i) Silver coins recovered from a ship wreck may be covered with a coating
of silver sulfide.

The following apparatus can be set-up to remove the sulfide coating.

The coin, coated with Ag2S, acts as one electrode.

NaOH (aq)

silver coin

When power is supplied, the half equation occurring at this electrode is:

Ag2S + 2e-
2Ag + S2-

Provide an appropriate label for “X” in the above diagram. 1

(ii) Oxygen gas is produced at one of the electrodes.

Write the half-equation occurring at X and the overall equation 2
occurring when the cell operates.

(iii) Explain, using a specific example, how another chemical procedure 3

(apart from electrolysis) can be used in the restoration of an artefact
recovered from a shipwreck.

(b) “The development of knowledge of electron-transfer was essential in

developing our understanding of the process of rusting and its prevention”.

Analyse this statement, including relevant half-equations with your answer. 6

Question 33 continues on page 27.

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 Marks
Question 33 (continued)

(c) (i) As part of your practical studies for this option, you were required to
undertake investigations to compare the rate of corrosion of iron and an
identified form of steel.

Explain how the procedure you followed allowed you to collect valid 3
and reliable data in this investigation.

(ii) Explain, using examples, how the composition of a range of steels 4

relates to their properties and applications.

(d) (i) Two gases present in both the atmosphere and dissolved in the oceans
are carbon dioxide and water.

Contrast the relationship between the concentration of these two gases in 2

an ocean and the ocean depth and account for any differences.

(ii) Explain the significance of ocean depth and the presence of acidic 4
micro-environments on the rate of corrosion of metallic artefacts found
in the ocean on submerged shipwrecks.

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 Marks
Question 34 - The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify the general formula of a carbohydrate. 1

(ii) Identify the chemical formula of glucose, and outline how the human 2
body makes use of this molecule.

(iii) Explain the chemistry of, and location of glucose storage in humans. 3

(b) Evaluate the role that pH and temperature play in changing enzyme structure 6
and function.

(c) (i) Account for the viscosity and water solubility of glycerol, based on its 3
structure. Include the structural formula of glycerol to support your
answer.

(ii) Identify the most common fatty acids in our diet, and explain how and 4
why they are stored in our bodies. Include a diagram in your answer.

(d) (i) Identify the proteins that form the contractile filaments in skeletal 2
muscle.

(ii) Outline how the contraction of skeletal muscle occurs, and assess the 4
role that ATP and Ca2+ ions play in this process.

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 Marks
Question 35 - The Chemistry of Art (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify a safety issue associated with the use of a named mineral by an 1
ancient civilisation.

(ii) Using an example in your answer, outline how discovery of new mineral 2
deposits increased the range of pigments available to artists working
before the 1900s.

(iii) Copper ions impart the colour blue to a range of minerals. State the 3
electron configuration of the Cu2+ and relate this configuration to the
origin of the colour in minerals containing this ion.

(b) The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 was awarded to Niels Bohr "for his services
in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating
from them".

Explain the significance of Bohr’s work on the atomic model, resulting in the 7
awarding of this prize, and how limitations in the model led to further
changes, including those of Hund and Paulii.

(c) (i) As part of your practical studies of this option, you carried out an
investigation to observe colour changes which occur when a named
transition metal undergoes oxidation state changes.

In a neat table, record as least two observations you made in this 3

investigation, including colour changes you observed, the corresponding
oxidation state changes and the names or formulae of relevant chemical
species.

(ii) Explain why changes in oxidation state result in colour changes, using 3
examples you identified in c (i) above.

Question 35 continues on page 30.

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 Marks
Question 35 (continued)

(d) (i)) Using the example shown below, explain what is meant by the term 2
chelated ligand.

(ii) Discuss the benefits of using models to assist us in our understanding of 4

bonds within ligands and
a within complex ions.

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 Marks
Question 36 - Forensic Chemistry (25 marks)

(a) (i) A forensic chemist analysing a paint sample (the unknown) measured
and recorded its emission spectrum and compared it to known spectra.
This is shown below.
Unknown

Be

Cu

Mg

Sr

Ti

Identify the element/s present in the unknown sample. 1

(ii) Outline how the emission spectrum of copper could be observed in a 2

typical school laboratory.

(iii) Discuss the use of this type of analysis to identify the presence of 3
elements in samples.

(b) Contrast TWO modern analytical techniques based on chromatography (not 6

including paper chromatography) and explain the significance of
chromatographic techniques to the forensic chemist.

(c) As part of your practical studies, you were required to conduct a first-hand
investigation to distinguish between different types of organic materials.

(i) Explain how a procedure you followed allowed you distinguish between 3
a named reducing and non-reducing sugar.

(ii) Plan a procedure which could be followed to distinguish between 4

unlabelled samples of hexane, 1-hexene, 1-hexanol and hexanoic acid
and explain the chemistry which enables the procedure to work.

(d) (i) Describe the basic structure of proteins. 2

(ii) Assess the significance of electrophoresis as a method of analysing 4

protein samples.

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