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UNIT 2
TRANSFER OF LOADS AND
STRESSES IN BEAMS

By
Mr. Ramamurthi DS
AP/Civil/FXEC

TYPES OF LOADS

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SUPPORTS
• Supports are arguably one of the most
important aspects of a structure, as it
specifies how the forces within the structure
are transferred to the ground.

• This knowledge is required before solving the

model, as it tells us what the boundary
conditions are.

TYPES OF SUPPORTS
• Roller Supports

• Hinge Supports

• Fixed Supports

• Pinned Supports

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Roller Supports
• Roller supports are free to rotate and translate along the
surface upon which the roller rests.

• The surface may be horizontal, vertical or slopped at any

angle.

• Roller supports are commonly located at one end of long

bridges in the form of bearing pads.

• This support allows bridge structure to expand and contract

with temperature changes and without this expansion the
forces can fracture the supports at the banks.

• This support cannot provide resistance to lateral forces.

• Roller support is also used in frame cranes in heavy

industries as shown in figure, the support can move
towards left, right and rotate by resisting vertical loads
thus a heavy load can be shifted from one place to
another horizontally.

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Hinge Supports
• The hinge support is capable of resisting forces acting in any
direction of the plane.
• This support does not provide any resistance to rotation.
• The horizontal and vertical component of reaction can be
determined using equation of equilibrium.
• Hinge support may also be used in three hinged arched bridges at
the banks supports while at the center internal hinge is
introduced.
• It is also used in doors to produce only rotation in a door. Hinge
support reduces sensitivity to earthquake.

• Hinge support may also be used in three hinged

arched bridges at the banks supports while at
the center internal hinge is introduced.

• It is also used in doors to produce only rotation

in a door. Hinge support reduces sensitivity to
earthquake.

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Fixed Supports
• Fixed support can resist vertical and horizontal
forces as well as moment since they restrain both
rotation and translation.
• They are also known as rigid support For the
stability of a structure there should be one fixed

support.

Pinned Supports
• A pinned support is same as hinged support. It
can resist both vertical and horizontal forces but
not a moment.
• It allows the structural member to rotate, but
not to translate in any direction.
• In human body knee is the best example of
hinged support as it allows rotation in only one
direction and resists lateral movements.

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TYPES OF BEAMS
• Cantilever beam

• Simply supported beam

• Overhanging beam

• Fixed beam

• Continuous beam

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Cantilever beam
• A beam which is fixed at one end and free at

the other end, is known as cantilever beam.

Such beam is shown in Fig.

Simply Supported beam

• A beam supported or resting freely on the
supports at its both ends, is known as simply
supported beam. Such beam is shown in Fig.

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Overhanging Beam
• If the end portion of a beam is extended
beyond the support, such beam is known as
overhanging beam. Overhanging beam is
shown in Fig.

Fixed Beam
• A beam whose both ends are fixed or built-in
walls, is known as fixed beam.

• Such beam is shown in Fig. A fixed beam is

also known as a built-in or encastred beam.

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Continuous Beam
• A beam which is provided more than two
supports as shown in Fig. is known as
continuous beam.

SHEAR FORCE
• Shear force at a section in a beam is defined

as the algebraic sum of all the forces

including the reactions acting normal to the

axis of the beam either to the left or to the

right of the section.

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BENDING MOMENT
• Bending moment at a section is defined as

the algebraic sum of the moments about the

section of all the forces (including the

reaction) acting on the beam, either to the

left or to the right of the section.

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

A SFD is one which shows the variation of the
shear force along the length of the beam.

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

A BMD is one which shows the variation of
the bending moment along the length of the
beam.

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SIGN CONVENTIONS
Shear force:
POSITIVE when the resultant of the forces to
the left to the section is upwards, or to the
right of the section is downwards.
NEGATIVE when the resultant of the forces
to the left to the section is downwards, or to
the right of the section is upwards.

SIGN CONVENTIONS
Bending Moment:

POSITIVE (sagging) moment at a section when it

is acting in an anticlockwise (ACW) direction to

the right.

NEGATIVE (hogging) moment when acting in a

clockwise (CW) direction.

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Important points for drawing SFD & BMD

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Relationship Between Load, Shear,

and Moment
The rate of change of the bending moment
with respect to x is equal to the shearing
force, or the slope of the moment diagram at
the given point is the shear at that point.

Relationship Between Load, Shear,

and Moment (Cntd..)
The rate of change of the shearing force with
respect to x is equal to the load or the slope
of the shear diagram at a given point equals
the load at that point.

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