Volume 1, Issue 3 NOV 2014
A ANALYSIS & IMPROVED OPERATION
OF A PEBB-BASED VOLTAGE-SOURCE
CASCADED H-BRIDGE MULTILEVEL
CONVERTERS USING PHASE-SHIFT
MODULATION
P. ANANAD REDDY
PG Scholar, Power Electronics & Drives, Chadalawada Ramanamma Engineering College, Tirupati.
anandreddy909@gmail.com
Mr. K. RAJU
Asst. Professor, EEE Department. Chadalawada Ramanamma Engineering College, Tirupati.
rajueps712@gmail.com
ABSTRACT-The demand of power-electronic devices is
increasing in several applications, and power-electronic
building blocks (PEBBs) are a strategic concept to increase
the reliability of the power-electronic converters and to
minimize their cost. A possible solution to increase the
power rate of these converters is the use of series or parallel
connected PEBBs in multipulse configurations. Magnetic
elements, such as zig-zag transformers, phase-shifted
transformers (pst), or zero-sequence blocking transformers
(ZSBT), are used to interconnect the PEBBs. In this paper,
the operation of multipulse converters will be analyzed,
describing the harmonic cancellation and minimization
techniques that could be used in these multipulse converters,
focusing on the power-electronics flexible ac transmission
systems devices installed at the NYPA Marcy substation. In
order to improve the dynamic response of this system, the
use of selective harmonic elimination modulation is
proposed and implemented.
Index Terms—AC–DC power conversion, power
conversion harmonics, power filters, pulsewidth modulation.
I.INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the development of self-
commutated switches and multilevel topologies have
allowed increasing the power rate of voltage-source
converters (VSCs). Due to the flexibility and controllability
of the VSCs, they are used in flexibel ac transmission
systems (FACTS) applications, such as STATCOMs or
synchronous static series compensators (SSSCs). Some
objectives of these kinds of installations are to control the
power flow and ensure voltage stability of the utility grids
[1]. Due to the fact that the power rate of the power-
electronic devices tends to increase, high-power VSCs are
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needed. On the one hand, the use of multilevel converters
[2]–[4] is a suitable alternative to design high-power
electronic converters. On the other hand, the power-
electronic building blocks (PEBBs) can be associated,
generally by using magnetic elements, in order to increase
the power rate of the converters
One of the problems in FACTS applications is the output
voltage harmonic quality. The harmonic content of the
voltage must satisfy the legislation requirements at the point
of common coupling (PCC). Multipulse converters are used
to improve the output voltage quality without increasing the
switching frequency. In high-power applications, full-wave
modulation is commonly used, where the switching
frequency has the same value of the fundamental frequency
of the output voltage.
The phase-shifting transformers (PST) are used to
change the phase between primary and secondary voltages.
A simple PST is the well-known wye-delta transformer. If
the primary side is connected in wye and the secondary side
is connected in delta, the fundamental component of the
voltage in the secondary side is going to lead by 30 of the
fundamental component of the primary- side voltage. The
use of a wye-delta and wye-wye transformers
where the wye sides are connected in series is very extended
[8] in order to obtain a 12-pulse converter.
The wye-delta transformers change the phase by 30
or 30 , depending on the connection type. It is possible to
obtain different phase-shifting angles by using a zig-zag
transformer instead of a wye-delta transformer. In order to
cancel out voltage harmonics, a determined phase-shifting
angle can be achieved by using zig-zag transformers.
Apart from PST, other magnetic devices that are
used in order to increase the output voltage quality are the
74

line interface transformer (LIT), interphase
transformer (IPT), zero-sequence blocking transformers
(ZSBTs), and auxiliary magnetic circuits [9].
The FACTS device installed at the New York
Power Authority (NYPA) Marcy substation is presented in
Section II. Three different techniques are used in this device
in order to reduce the output voltage harmonic content: the
harmonic cancellation, the harmonic minimization, and the
use of ZSBTs. In order to control the fundamental amplitude
of the output voltage, the dc bus voltage is controlled,
exchanging active power with the grid.
In [10], a comparison between 24-pulse VSC and
quasi 24-pulse VSC is shown. In the first one, 11th, 13th,
35th, and 37th harmonics are cancelled whereas in the
second one, they are minimized. These cancellation and
minimization techniques are going to be described in
Sections III-A and B, respectively.
In Section III-C, the ZSBT is explained which is
used to cancel out triplen-order harmonics.
Harmonic reduction techniques explained before
are used to obtain quasi 48 pulses in the output voltage of
the studied application that is described in Section IV.
Fig. 1. Power circuit of the shunt-connected and series-
connected inverters
In Section V, the use of the selective harmonic elimination
(SHE)modulation is proposed, instead of full-wave
modulation. With SHE modulation, the amplitude of the
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Volume 1, Issue 3 NOV 2014
fundamental component of the output voltage is
defined by control, whereas with full-wave modulation, the
active power must be exchanged between the VSC and the
grid in order to control its amplitude.
II. DESCRIPTION OF A REAL APPLICATION
A convertible static compensator implementation at
the NYPA Marcy Station is presented in [10]. The nominal
power of the converter is 100 MVA and it is connected to a
345-Kv transmission line. Twelve gate turnoff thyristor
(GTO) poles are used, and the dc bus voltage is 12 kV.
Fig. 1 depicts the VSC configuration used as a
FACTS application. It consists of 12 NPC PEBBs connected
in parallel in the dc side to a common dc bus. An
intermediate zig-zag transformer is used as a PST,
eliminating some undesired harmonics. The VSC is
connected in shunt or series to the grid depending on the
output transformer. When the VSC is connected through the
transformer , the FACTS works in shunt connection.
Otherwise, if the output transformer is the instead of , it
works in a series configuration.
The output voltage of the converter has quasi 48
pulses. The amplitude of the output voltage is controlled by
changing the voltage amplitude of in the dc side. When has
to be increased, active power is consumed from the grid, and
if the value of has to be decreased, active power is injected
into the grid. The drawback is the relatively slow dynamic
response
of the output voltage amplitude due to the necessity of
exchange active power to control the amplitude of the output
voltage [11], [12].
One advantage of this converter configuration is
that with full-wave modulation, an output voltage of quasi
48 pulses can be obtained. Another advantage is that the
currents of all PEBBs are balanced because they are
connected in series at the ac side. This means that magnetic
elements, such as IPTs, are not necessary for balancing the
power delivered by the PEEBs
.
III. HARMONIC ELIMINATION IN MULTIPULSE
MODULATION
The objective of the harmonic elimination is to
cancel or minimize certain undesired harmonics at the
output voltage of the converter, using common VSCs
connected in multi pulse configuration and working with
full-wave modulation. This means that
several harmonics could be cancelled out without increasing
the switching frequency of the converters
A. Harmonic Cancellation by Using the Phase-
ShiftingTransformers
In a three-phase system, the voltage of each phase can be
represented as follows:
of the th harmonic of
75

(1)
Depending on the harmonic order ( ) of the output
voltage, they can be classified as positive-, negative-, or
zero-sequence harmonics. In a three-phase system, the
positive-sequence harmonics of lag ; for negative-sequence
harmonics, leads ; and for zero-sequence harmonics, the
three phases are in phase. Harmonics of order are classified
as positive sequence harmonics. Harmonics of order are
classified as negative-sequence ones, and harmonics of order
are classified as zero-sequence harmonics. Note that the
phase-shift angle of the phase-to-phase voltage (obtained by
subtracting to ), is different for the positive, negative, and
zero sequences
(2)
For positive-sequence voltages (for example, when
), the phase-to-phase voltage lags by 30 . Nevertheless, for
negative-sequence voltages (for example, when 5) leads by
30 . Common-mode voltages are eliminated in (2) because
all the triplen harmonics are in phase.
This difference in phase shifting between positive
and negative sequences can be used to cancel specific
harmonics [16].
A wye-delta transformer can be considered as a
phase-shifter transformer (PST) because it changes the phase
of the harmonics by . However, it is possible to build a PST
which shifts the harmonic phase by a desired angle as shown
in Fig. 2. In this figure, a zig-zag transformer configuration
is depicted where the phase-shift angle is defined by the
turns ratio N1/N2.
Fig. 2. Zig-zag transformer as a phase-shifted transformer
In order to show how the harmonics can be
eliminated by using the PSTs, in the example shown in Fig.
3, two inverters using full-wave modulation have been
connected in series through two PSTs. The output voltage of
the first inverter is phase shifted by 15 whereas the second
one is phase shifted by 15 as follows where is the amplitude
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Volume 1, Issue 3 NOV 2014
the output voltage of each inverter. Note that the phase shift
of the harmonics of order is times the phase shift introduced
to the fundamental component by each converter.
Fig. 3. Basic configuration of two converters connected in
series in the ac side.
Each inverter is connected to a PST and the output
windings of the PSTs are connected in series. In the first
PST, the positive-sequence voltages are phase shifted by and
as stated previously, the negative-sequence voltages are
phase shifted by 15 . In the second PST, the positive
sequence voltages are phase shifted by 15 and the negative-
sequence voltages are phase shifted by 15 . Fig. 4 shows the
vector diagrams of the 1st, 5th, and 7th harmonics of the
voltages. The voltage waveform of the first converter is
phase shifted by 15 . The PST lags the fundamental
component of this voltage by , so it is positioned at the 0
angle. In the case of the second converter, it is exactly the
contrary, so both fundamental components are 0 at the
output of the PSTs. The fundamental component of the total
output voltage is the sum of these fundamental components,
with its amplitude being the double of the fundamental
component of the output voltage of each inverter. Analyzing
the voltage harmonics, according to (3), the 5th harmonic is
phase shifted by 75 at the output of the first inverter, and by
at the output of the second inverter.
Since this 5th harmonic is a negative-sequence
harmonic, the PST shifts it by 15 as shown in Fig. 4. The 5th
harmonic of the voltages and are in phase opposition and
they are cancelled out when they are added. In the same way,
the 7th harmonic is phase shifted by 105 and according to
(4). The 7th harmonic is a positive sequence and the PST
lags it by 15 . The 7th harmonic of the voltages and are in
phase opposition and are cancelled out in the sum. Apart
from the 5th and 7th harmonics, more harmonics are
liminated too. The eliminated harmonics are of order where
1, 3, 5, etc. The 12-pulse converters are based on this
harmonic elimination technique.
the 13% of the original value. The main drawback of this
76

Fig. 4. Vector diagram of the fundamental and 5th and 7th
harmonics.
B. Harmonic Minimization by Using the Phase Shifted
Waveforms
In the previous paragraph, a method for harmonic
optimization is presented where some specific harmonics are
eliminated. There is another method for optimizing the
harmonic content of the output voltage, where harmonics are
minimized instead of eliminated, connecting in series the
inverters without using the PSTs.
The same modulation is used in both inverters, so
the output waveform of the inverters is exactly the same .
But in the first converter the waveform has been shifted by
and in the second converter by (all the angles are expressed
in degrees), obtaining the voltage Vx: where the term is
called the minimization rate. This minimization rate is the
percentage of the th harmonic of the output voltage with
respect to the original value of this th harmonic in the
waveform.
In Table I, the minimization rate for each harmonic, is
illustrated for four different values of . The highest
minimizations for a given have been highlighted. For
example, if two signals are phase shifted by an ,
respectively, and then they are added, the resulting signal
will have minimized harmonics 11th, 13th, 35th and 37th to
In order to simplify the analysis of the system, only one
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Volume 1, Issue 3 NOV 2014
harmonic minimization method is that apart from the
harmonic components, the fundamental component is
slightly reduced.
HARMONICS MINIMIZATION FOR DIFFERENT (IN
PER UNIT)
C. Blocking of Zero-Sequence Voltage Components by
Using Magnetic Elements
Magnetic elements, such as zero-sequence blocking
transformer (ZSBT) or [zero-sequence blocking reactor
(ZSBR)], can be used to filter common-mode or zero-
sequence harmonics [16]. The impedance that ZSBT
imposes to positive or negative sequences is relatively low
whereas the impedance for zero sequence is relatively high
In Fig. 5, a commonly used ZSBT with “E”-type
magnetic core is shown. The three phases are wired in the
central limb. The magnetic flux generated by zero-sequence
currents of each phase flows through the magnetic core.
However, magnetic flux generated by differential currents is
cancelled out and, therefore, no flux flows through the
IV. Q UASI 96-PULSE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
The output voltage of the FACTS device shown in
Fig. 1 can be a quasi 96-pulse voltage waveform. This
voltage waveform is obtained by using previously described
harmonic elimination and minimization techniques.
As stated previously, three techniques are used in
order to eliminate harmonics: ZSBT for triplen harmonics
elimination, the PST to eliminate harmonics of order n=6k+-
1 where k=1 3 5 and harmonic minimization for 11th, 13th,
23rd, 25th, 35th, and 37th harmonics . In this way, the quasi
48-pulse waveform voltage is obtained.
reference by 30. This voltage is phase shifted by
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 Volume 1, Issue 3 NOV 2014

phase is considered. There are four NPC PEBBs for each

phase. So, four voltages must be defined which areVa1o
,Va2o ,Vd1o , andVd2o

Fig. 7. Voltages vector diagram.

In Fig. 8, the most significant voltage waveforms

Fig. 5. Zero-sequence blocking transformer with an “E”
magnetic core.
are displayed. Defining the value of the angle (the angle that
corresponds to the period where the voltage is zero) as 7.5 ,
the harmonics 23rd and 25th are minimized. The angle (the
phase-shift angle of the voltage with respect to the
reference) is 7.5 and 11th, 13th, 35th, and 37th harmonics
are minimized in and .

Fig. 6. Simplified single-phase circuit.

Fig. 6 shows the single-phase diagram of the VSC

configuration shown in Fig. 1 Vout-a. is the output voltage

of the phase a and it is connected in series or in parallel with
the grid depending on the connection of the coupling
transformer.
The waveform of the voltage at the output of each
PEBB is the sameVx but they are phase shifted by a
different angle.
On the one hand, the voltageVa1o is obtained by
phase shifting the waveform by and the voltage is obtained
by phase shifting the waveform by as shown in Fig. 7.
Therefore, (4) can be applied and the resulting voltage,
which is , will have minimized the harmonics that are
illustrated in Table I. The eliminates common-mode
harmonics of and the voltage is obtained, which is in phase
with the reference.
On the other hand, the voltage is obtained by phase
shifting the waveform by and the voltage is obtained by Fig. 8. Most significant voltage waveforms.
shifting the waveform by as shown in Fig. 7. Essentially, the The voltage across the ZSBT is (9) And the voltage
idea is the same as in the previous paragraph but all voltage is (10) The output voltage is a quasi 48-pulse waveform and
phases have been shifted by Hence, the voltage lags the quadrants are obtained by applying quarter-wave

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it has 21 different voltage levels, 10 levels in the positive
semi-period, the zero level, and 10 levels in the negative
semi-period.
To summarize: In the voltage , 23rd and 25th
harmonics have been minimized by imposing the angle .
After that, the 11th, 13th, 35th, and 37th harmonics are
minimized by setting the angle to 7.5 . Nevertheless, there is
another option with which the same output voltage is
obtained. The 11th, 13th, 35th, and 37th harmonics of the
voltage can be minimized, giving a value of 7.5 to , as
shown in Table I. The 23rd and 25th harmonics can be
minimized by setting the angle to 3.75 . In both cases, the
output voltage has the same quasi 96-pulse waveform.
V. USE OF ADVANCED MODULATION STRATEGIES
The convertible static compensator implementation
at the NYPA Marcy Station has been described and analyzed
in theprevious sections. As has been described, full-wave
modulation
is used by minimizing the switching power losses of the
PEBBs, and harmonic elimination and minimization
techniques are used in order to optimize the harmonic
content of the output voltage. But the drawback of this
modulation strategy is the control of the amplitude of the
fundamental output voltage. There are two ways to control
the amplitude of the output voltage:
1) changing the angle; but the change of this angle means
that the harmonics are not going to be minimized;
2) changing the dc bus voltage; the dynamic response of the
converter is very slow and the system becomes nonlinear
using this alternative [11], [12].
Therefore, the use of advanced modulation strategies is
proposed in this paper in order to maintain the harmonic
content of the output voltage, controlling the amplitude of
the fundamental component of this voltage. The proposed
modulations are based on the selective harmonic elimination
(SHE) methods.
In the SHE modulation, the switches of the power
converters are switched several times per period producing
notches in the output voltage of each PEBB [19].
Controlling the angle at which the switches are commutated,
the amplitude of several
harmonics can be controlled. These degrees of freedom are
used to control the amplitude of the fundamental component,
and to cancel different harmonics. The following equation
defines the amplitude of the output voltage harmonic for a
three-level converter: is the number of notches that has the
signal in a quarter of a period. Each angle gives a degree of
freedom with which the amplitude of a harmonic is
controlled.
The studied application is based on three-level NPC
PEBBs. Therefore, SHE modulation is focused on three-
level signals. The first quadrant is defined by the three
angles whereas the second quadrant and the third and fourth
calculated, and the optimal operation point is selected
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Volume 1, Issue 3 NOV 2014
and negative half-wave symmetries, respectively.
One of the disadvantages of SHE is that nonlinear
equations must be solved. Moreover, the complexity tends to
increase when more angles are introduced and when higher
order harmonic equations must be solved.
Instead of eliminating specific harmonics, they can
be reduced by using selective harmonic mitigation (SHM)
modulation. This method has the advantage that more than
one harmonic can be reduced for each commutation angle
[19], [20]. Three possible modulation alternatives are
analyzed in the following paragraphs, using selective
harmonic elimination ormitigation techniques with three
angles.
A. Elimination of 11th and 13th Harmonics by Applying
SHE Modulation (SHE I)
SHE modulation with three angles is applied to
each PEBB in order to control the fundamental component
and to eliminate the 11th and 13th harmonics. Consequently,
the switching frequency is three times higher compared to
full-waveform modulation, but in this case, the fundamental
amplitude is controlled by the modulation and not by the
level of the dc bus voltage.
Another degree of freedom is available that is the
angle shown in Fig. 7. Given , the value of 3.75 , 23rd and
25th harmonics is minimized up to 6.5%.
As stated previously, all the harmonics of order
where , 3, 5, etc are eliminated by the phase shifted
transformer T2 of Fig. 1. Therefore, the first significant
harmonics of are harmonics of order 35 and 37.
B. Elimination of 23rd and 25th Harmonics by Applying
SHE Modulation (SHE II)
As in the previous section, SHE modulation with
three angles is applied to each PEBB output voltage. In this
case, the first angle is used to control the fundamental
amplitude and the other two angles are used to eliminate
harmonics of order 23 and 25.
The angle is 7.5 with which harmonics of order 11, 13, 35,
and 37 are minimized up to 13%. All harmonics of order
N=6k+1, where 1, 3, 5, etc.
are eliminated by the phase-harmonics shifted
transformer T2 of Fig. 1. Thus, the first relevant harmonics
of output voltage are harmonics of order 47 and 49.
C. Elimination of 11th and 13th and Minimization of the
23rdand 25th Harmonics by Applying SHE Modulation
(SHE III)
In this third alternative, the amplitude of the fundamental
component is not controlled by the SHE modulation angles.
Instead, the SHE modulation works with fixed precalculated
angles that eliminate the 11th and 13th harmonics. Different
families of angles that eliminate these two harmonics are
Table II.
ANGLES OF THREE DIFFERENT SHE MODULATION
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 Volume 1, Issue 3 NOV 2014

among all of these families, choosing the angles that, with a

high modulation index, generate very small amplitude 23rd
and 25th harmonics. The “optimum” angles selected in our
case generate fundamental amplitude of 0.88p.u., eliminate
the 11th and 13th harmonics, and minimize the amplitude of
the 23rd and 25th harmonics. Thus, the SHE modulation
works at a fixed point. The selected three angles of the SHE
modulation are shown) , ,

The amplitude of the fundamental component is

controlled by shifting the angle . As stated previously, all
harmonics of order where 1, 3, 5, etc are eliminated by the
phase-shifted transformer T2 of Fig. 1.
D. Comparison of Four Different Modulations
Implementedin the Previous Application
Four modulations are compared in the system
shown in Fig. 1: the original full-waveform modulation
changing the dc bus voltage, and the three different options
of SHE modulation proposed in this paper (SHE I, SHE II,
and SHE III).
The lower limit of the amplitude of the fundamental
component has been set to 0.5 p.u. The 1 p.u of the
modulation index is referred to the amplitude of the
fundamental component that would be obtained with a
square waveform (in the studied topology, this would be ).
The maximum value of the amplitude of the fundamental
component of the output voltage that could be achieved with
the different modulation strategies is 0.98 p.u. for the full
waveform, 0.97 p.u. for SHE I modulation, 0.95 p.u. for
SHE II, and 0.88 p.u. for SHE III.
The proportion between the amplitude of the
fundamental component and the amplitude of the harmonics
is constant along the modulation index when full-waveform
modulation is used. Thus, the output voltage waveform does
not depend on the modulation index and the THD remains
constant.
Nevertheless, the proportion between the fundamental
amplitude and the harmonics amplitude depends on the
modulation index when SHE modulations are used.
Therefore, the output voltage waveform varies along the
modulation index, and sodoes the THD.
In Fig. 9, the THD of the voltage by applying the
four modulations is shown along the modulation index.
It can be observed that, in general, the harmonic
content is worse with the proposed SHE modulation than
using the full wave modulation. However, the dynamic
response is enhanced, which can be interesting in some
applications. In addition, the harmonic content is similar to
the high modulation index.
E. Simulation Results With the New Modulation
The simulation of the system with the proposed modulation
strategies has been carried out in Matlab Simulink. The
optimum working point of each modulation, taking into
account the THD and the modulation index, has been chosen
as a working point for the simulation. The angles of the SHE
modulations and the modulation index are illustrated in
Table II.

Fig. 10.Va-outvoltage normalized with respect to voltage for

Fig. 9.Va-out voltage THD for different modulations. different modulations, waveform, SHE I

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Fig. 11. Vout -avoltage harmonic content by applying (SHE
I)
Fig. 10 shows the output voltage using the three
SHE modulation techniques. In Fig. 11, the output voltage
harmonic content is shown for these SHE modulations. Note
that the harmonic amplitude is represented in logarithmic
scale. In the chosen working point, the best harmonic
content is achieved by using the modulation SHE III.
However, this point is the optimum one for the modulation
SHE III, and the harmonic content varies considerably with
the modulation index as shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 12 shows the voltage harmonic content, which
is composed by triplen-order harmonics. In the first three
subgraphics, the amplitude on the third-order harmonic is
about 4% of the , while in the last subgraphic, the value
decreases to 1.7%. Therefore, the magnetic core size of the
ZSBT can be reduced by using SHE III modulation, because
less voltage amplitude means less current and, therefore, less
magnetic flux through the core.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the harmonic cancellation and
minimization in multipulse converters has been analyzed
and described, focusing on VSC power-electronics
converters using PEBBs for FACTS applications. The
convertible static compensator implementation at the NYPA
Marcy Station has been described and analyzed for this
purpose. The harmonic elimination and minimization
techniques used in this multipulse VSC have been explained.
In this system, a full-wave modulation strategy is used,
and the amplitude of the fundamental component of the
output voltage is controlled by changing the dc bus voltage.
The study can be used as a base to understand the
association of PEBBs by using magnetic elements, and
taking advantage of this association in order to enhance the
harmonic content of the output voltage.
In addition, three SHE modulation strategies have been
proposed and analyzed.With these modulation techniques,
the fundamental
amplitude of the output voltage is controlled by the
modulation technique, improving the dynamic response of
the system.
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Volume 1, Issue 3 NOV 2014
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