University of Basrah

College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department

Fourier series
Chemical Engineering Mathematics

3rd Stage_2nd Semester

Edited by
Dr. Saib A. Yousif

1
Fourier Series
Fourier series is used to represent the periodic functions.
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑[ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] … … … … … … (1)
𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + − − − − − + 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
2𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + − − − − − + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] … … … … … … … … (2)
𝑙 𝑙

Equations (1) and (2) are Fourier series. (n) is integer.

Where, 2 l = period of the function.

f(x
l = half of the period. )

0
-2l -l l 2l x

Period=2l

f(x)

-2π -π 0 π 2π 3π x

Period=2π

To find out the constants of Fourier series make use of the following principles.
𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫−𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑛 = 0 … … … … … … … (3)
𝑙

2
 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … … … … … … … (4)
−𝑙 𝑙
0 𝑚=𝑛
𝑙 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫−𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑙 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 0 … … . (5)
𝑙 𝑙
2𝑙 𝑚=𝑛=0

𝑙
𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚, 𝑛 … … . . (6)
−𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

𝑙 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 𝑚=𝑛

∫−𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = { … … … . . (7)
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑚=𝑛=0
To find a0 in Eq. (2), integrate Eq. (2) from –l to l
𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑎0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
−𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
2𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ ∫ 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + − − − − − + ∫ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
−𝑙 𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥
+ ∫ 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + − − − − −
−𝑙 𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙
𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ ∫ 𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑙 𝑎0
−𝑙 𝑙
𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 … … . . (8)
2𝑙
−𝑙
𝑚𝜋𝑥
To find an, multiply Eq. (2) by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 and integrate both sides,
𝑙

3
 𝑙
𝑚𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
−𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 𝑚𝜋𝑥
= ∫ 𝑎0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
−𝑙 𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙
2𝜋𝑥 𝑚𝜋𝑥
+ ∫ 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + − − − −
−𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 𝑚𝜋𝑥
+ ∫ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
−𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙
2𝜋𝑥 𝑚𝜋𝑥
+ ∫ 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + − − − − −
−𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑚𝜋𝑥
+ ∫ 𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙 𝑎𝑛
−𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 … … … … (9)
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙
𝑚𝜋𝑥
To find bn, multiply Eq. (2) by 𝑠𝑖𝑛 and integrate both sides,
𝑙

𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 … … … . . (10)
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

Even Function:

If f(x) = f( - x), the function is symmetrical about x = 0, thus the function is even.
2
e.g., x2, cos nx, x sin nx, 3 x4, sin x2, 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 … … … … . (11)
𝑙
𝑛=1

𝑙 𝑙
1 1
𝑎0 = [ 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ] = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 … … … .. (12)
2𝑙 𝑙
0 0

4
 f(x)
f(x)

-π π x -π π x

𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 … … … .. (13)
𝑙 𝑙
0

𝑏𝑛 = 0 … … … (14)

Odd Function:

f(x) is anti-symmetrical about x = 0

-π π

e.g., x, x3, sin nx, x2 sin nx, x co s nx are odd functions.

a0 and an = 0 ……… (15)

𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 … … … .. (16)
𝑙 𝑙
0
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 … … … … . . (17)
𝑙
𝑛=1

5
Half range expansion:

Any function can be extended through interval 0 – l as cosine, sine and other series
functions. Let the function is shown in the following figure,

f(x)

0 l x

1. Half range cosine expansion:

f(x)

-l 0 l x

This expansion uses same equation of even function.

2. Half range sine expansion:

f(x)

-l l
0
x

This expansion uses same equation of odd function.

3. Other types of functions:

This expansion uses odd and even functions.

6
 f(x)

-l l x

f(x)

-l l x

Example (1) :

What is Fourier expansion of the periodic function:

0 −𝜋 < 𝑥 <0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 < 𝑥< 𝜋
Solution:

-π π

l = π = half period
𝑙 𝜋 0 𝜋
1 1 1 1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
2𝑙 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
−𝑙 −𝜋 −𝜋 0

7
 1 1
𝑎0 = [ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ]𝜋0 =
2𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝜋 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋

1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = [ sin(𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑥 )]
2

π
1 1 cos( 1−𝑛)𝑥 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = [− ( + )]
𝜋 2 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 0
1 cos( 𝜋−𝜋𝑛) cos( 𝜋+𝜋𝑛) 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = − [ + −( + )]
2𝜋 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛

1 − cos 𝑛 𝜋 − cos 𝑛 𝜋 2 cos 𝑛 𝜋+1

𝑎𝑛 = − [ + − 2 ] = 𝑛=1
2𝜋 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1− 𝑛 𝜋(1− 𝑛2 )
𝜋
1 𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋 1
𝑎1 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 2𝑥]𝜋0 = 0
𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 0 4
0

𝑙 0 𝜋
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
−𝑙 −𝜋 0

1
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 = [ cos(𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑥 )]
2

π
1 1 sin( 1−𝑛)𝑥 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥
=
𝜋
[− 2
( 1−𝑛
− 1+𝑛
)] = 0 n=1
0
𝜋
1 𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋 2
𝑏1 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 0
0

1 𝜋1 1 𝑥 sin 2 𝑥 𝜋 1
= ∫0 ( 1 − cos 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [ − ]0 =
𝜋 2 𝜋 2 4 2

1 2 2𝜋𝑥 2 4𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝜋
− 3𝜋
cos 𝜋
− 5𝜋
cos 𝜋
… … … . + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋

8
 1 2 1 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝜋
− 𝜋
[ 3 cos 2 𝑥 − 15
cos 4 𝑥 … … … . ] + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

1 2
1/π

-π π

3 4

1/π +1/2 sinx +2/3π cos 2 x

1/π +1/2 sinx

Example (2):

Find half range cosine and sine expansion of the function:

𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 0 < 𝑥<1

Solution:

1. Half range cosine expansion:

bn = 0
1
1 𝑙 1 1 𝑥2 𝑥3 1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − |=
𝑙 0 1 0 2 3 6
0
𝑙 1
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = ∫( 𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 1 1
0 0

9
 1 1

= 2 [∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]

0 0

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑 𝑢

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥
𝑛𝜋

1 1 1 1 1
∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥 𝑛𝜋
sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥] −0
𝑛𝜋
∫0 sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
1 1 1
= 𝑥 sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 + [ cos 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥] = [ cos 𝑛 𝜋 − 1]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2
0

1
1 2 2𝑥 2 𝑥2
∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ cos 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 − sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 + sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 ]
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑛𝜋
0
2
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 cos 𝑛 𝜋
cos 𝑛 𝜋 −1 2 cos 𝑛 𝜋 1+ cos 𝑛 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 2 [ − ] = −2
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛2 𝜋2
1 2∗2 2∗2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = − cos 2 𝜋 𝑥 − cos 4 𝜋 𝑥 − ………
6 22 𝜋2 4 2 𝜋2
1 4 1 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = − [ cos 2 𝜋 𝑥 + cos 4 𝜋 𝑥 + cos 6 𝜋 𝑥+. .
6 𝜋2 4 16 36
2. Half range sine expansion:

a0 = 0, an = 0
𝑙 1
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ∫( 𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 1 1
0 0

10
 1 𝑡 2𝑡
= 2 [( sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 − cos 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥) − ( sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 +
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2
2 𝑡2
cos 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 − cos 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥)]
𝑛3 𝜋 3 1 𝑛𝜋

cos
0 𝑛𝜋 2 cos 𝑛 𝜋−2 1 1− cos 𝑛 𝜋
= 2[− −( )+ cos 𝑛 𝜋 ] = 4 ( )
𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋3 𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋3

1+1 1+1
𝑓(𝑡) = 4 ( 3 sin 𝜋 𝑥 + 4 ( sin 3𝜋 𝑥 + ⋯ … .
𝜋 27 𝜋 3

8 1 1
𝑓(𝑡) = [sin 𝜋 𝑥 + sin 3𝜋 𝑥 + sin 5𝜋 𝑥 + ⋯ … . … … .
𝜋3 27 𝜋 3 125 𝜋 3

Even

-1 0 1

Odd
-1 0 1

Problems:

11
1. Find Fourier series for the following periodic functions:
𝑥
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
2

( −1)𝑛+1 8 𝑛
Ans.: 𝑎𝑛 = 0, 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … ….
𝜋 ( 4 𝑛2 −1)

2 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋/3

2𝜋
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = {1 3
< 𝑥 < 4𝜋/3
4𝜋
0 < 𝑥< 2𝜋
3

Ans.: 𝑎0 = 2, 𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … ..
3
𝑛 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, … . .
𝑏𝑛 = {𝑛 𝜋
0 𝑛 = 3, 6, 9, … … … … …
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝜋 <𝑥< 𝜋
4 𝜋2 ( −1)𝑛+1 4
Ans. 𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 = 0, 𝑏𝑛 = 0
3 𝑛2

0 − 2 < 𝑥 < −1
1 −1<𝑥 <0
d. {
−1 0<𝑥<1
0 1<𝑥<2
−2
𝑛 1, 3, 5, … . .
𝑛𝜋
Ans. 𝑎0 = 0, 𝑎𝑛 = 0, 𝑏𝑛 = {−4 𝑛 = 2, 6, 10,
𝑛𝜋
0 𝑛 = 4, 8, 12, . .
𝜋
1 0<𝑥<
2
e. 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋
0 < 𝑥 <2𝜋
2

0 𝑛 = 2, 4, 6, …
1
Ans.: 𝑎0 =
1
, 𝑎𝑛 = { 𝑛 = 1, 5, 9, …
𝑛𝜋
4
1
− 𝑛 3, 7, 11, …
𝑛𝜋

12
 1
𝑛 = 1, 3, 5, …
𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 2
𝑛 = 2, 6, 10, …
𝑛𝜋
{ 0 𝑛 = 4, 8, 12
f. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −𝜋 <𝑥 < 𝜋

( −1 )𝑛+1 2
Ans.: 𝑎0 = 0, 𝑏𝑛 =
𝑛𝜋

cos 𝑥 − 𝜋<𝑥<0
g. 𝑓(𝑥) = {
sin 𝑥 0 <𝑥< 𝜋

1 1
0 𝑛 = 1, 𝑜𝑑𝑑
Ans.: 𝑎0 = , 𝑎1 = , 𝑎𝑛 = { 2
𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝜋 2
𝜋 (1− 𝑛2 )

1
0 𝑛 = 1, 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑏1 = , 𝑏𝑛 = { 2
𝑛 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2
𝜋 (1− 𝑛2 )

2. Find half range cosine Fourier series for the following functions:
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 0<𝑥< 3
3 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Ans.: 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 [ ( −1 )𝑛 − 1] cos
2 𝑛2 𝜋 2 3

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 0<𝑥< 𝜋
1 (−1)𝑛
Ans.: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 2 + 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1 cos 𝑛𝜋
3 𝑛2

0 0< 𝑥<2
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = {
2 2< 𝑥<3
2 4 1 2𝑛 𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Ans.: 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∑∞
𝑛=1 sin cos
3 𝜋 𝑛 3 3

13
 d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 0<𝑥<𝜋
1 2 1
Ans.: 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑒 𝜋 − 1) + ∑∞
𝑛=1 [ ( −1)𝑛 𝑒 𝜋 cos 𝑛 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑛2

2
e. 𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝑡 0 <𝑡<1
2−𝑡 1< 𝑡<2
2 [( −1)𝑛 𝑒−1]
Ans.: 𝑎𝑛 =
1+ 𝑛2 𝜋2

f. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 0<𝑥 <2𝜋

8
Ans.: 𝑎𝑛 = 0; 𝑛 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝑎𝑛 = ; 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝜋 ( 𝑛2 −4 )

3. Find half range sine Fourier series for the following functions:
2
a. 𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝑡 0 <𝑡<1
2−𝑡 1< 𝑡<2
2 𝜋𝑛[ 1− ( −1)𝑛 𝑒 ]
Ans.: 𝑎𝑛 =
1+ 𝑛2 𝜋2

b. (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 0<𝑥 <2𝜋

Ans.: 𝑏𝑛 = 0; 𝑛 = 2, 𝑏2 = 1

c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 0<𝑥<5
2
𝑏𝑛 = [ 1 − ( −1 )𝑛 ]
𝑛𝜋
4 𝜋𝑥 1 3𝜋𝑥 1 5𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ( sin + sin + sin + ⋯)
𝜋 5 3 5 5 5

d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 0<𝑥<1
2 1
Ans.: 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 [ 11 − ( −1 )𝑛 ] sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥
𝜋 𝑛

e. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 0<𝑥< 3
6 ( −1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Ans.: 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∑∞
𝑛=1 sin
𝜋 𝑛 3

0 0< 𝑥<2
f. 𝑓(𝑥) = {
2 2< 𝑥<3
14
 4 2𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋𝑥
Ans.: 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 [cos − ( −1 )𝑛 ] sin
𝑛𝜋 3 3

𝑥 0< 𝑥<1
g. 𝑓(𝑥) = {
2 1< 𝑥<2
4 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 4 𝑛 𝜋𝑥
Ans.: 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1( sin + cos − cos 𝑛𝜋 ) sin
𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 3

15