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Chapter 4 Pipe Networks
Chapter 4 Pipe Networks
Chapter 4 Pipe Networks
Water‐supply distribution systems in municipal districts are usually constructed of a
Part 2 large number of pipes interconnected to form loops and branches.
Pipe Networks Calculations of flow in a pipe network involve the following conditions:
A typical problem would be to determine the flow Two algorithms commonly used for pipe network
distribution in each pipe of a network as shown below analysis
For this simple network, a set of 12 independent equations (8 junction equations 1. The Hardy‐Cross Method
and 4 loop equations) is needed to solve for the flow distribution in the 12 pipes.
As a general rule, a network with m loops and n junctions provides a total of 2. The Newton Method
m + (n‐ I) independent equations.
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The Hardy‐Cross Method
In loop A shown in figure, the arrowheads indicate the presumed flow direction.
This loop must satisfy the conditions of mass and energy balance as
In loop A, the total head loss in the clockwise direction:
Knowing the diameter, length, and roughness of a pipe, we see that the
head loss in the pipe is a function of the flow rate, Q.
And, the total head loss in the counterclockwise direction:
The difference is the closure error of the first trial.
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Divide both sides of Eq. (4.12) by Q
We need to determine a flow correction ∆Q that, when subtracted
from Qc and added to Qcc will equalize the two head losses. Q
Thus, the correction ∆Q must satisfy the following equation:
Since, ∆Q << Qc & Qcc
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If the flow is supplied to the network from two or
more sources
• The inflow rates entering the network will not be known a priori.
• Therefore, we need to add inflow path calculations to the procedure.
• The number of inflow paths to be considered is equal to the number of inflow
sources minus one.
In the figure, there are two reservoirs supplying flow to the network. Once an inflow is selected, the path calculations are carried out in a manner similar
• Therefore, only one inflow path needs to be considered. to the loop calculations.
• This can be any path connecting the two reservoirs.
• For example, one can choose inflow path ABCDG
• There are several other possibilities like ABFEDG, GDCFBA, and so on.
The results will not be affected by the choice of the inflow path. where Hu and Hd are the total heads at the beginning (upstream) point of the inflow
path and at the end (downstream) point of the path. For path ABCDG in figure. Hu =
HA and Hd = He.