Education 2.

0
R e s e a rc h d a t a f o r o n l i n e
e d u c a t i o n d u r i n g l o c kd ow n

PROJECT BY:
Aagaman Bharadwaj

MENTORED BY:
Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 1
Survey sample classification Respondents of primary research
Sample was classified as 3 major stakeholder of education system – Name Education level Interview Visit survey Inventory Shadowing
1. Learner - Limitations of remote learning, difficulty in learning and Vivek Tiwari Student of class 6th ✓ ✓ ✓
change in curriculum for online education. (50 sample size) Aditi Ahuja Architecture (UG) ✓ ✓ ✓
2. Educator - technical difficulties they face, the workarounds they do to Prateek Yadav GATE (ME) candidate ✓
remotely send assignments and quiz to students. (100 sample size)
Shruti Ojha Parent of class 4th kid ✓
3. Parents - their role in current education scenario. (60 sample size) Priti Singh Student of class 9th ✓
Survey method was through google forms. No personal identifiable Arvind Shukla Prof. of commerce ✓
information was recorded.

Methods Some research questions

1. Visit survey and shadowing – To determine the relationship of a Educator -
learner and educator’s environment with them, I made a visit to their 1. Challenges that an educator faces.
homes. They were observed in their homes to find out how they
participate in online learning in their home environment. 2. Were you technologically prepared for remote classes?

2. Personal inventory – Without the right tools, online education is not 3. Physical health issues of education in lockdown.
feasible. Research subjects were observed with their electronics to 4. Response of student you observe in online education.
find the challenges of remote learning. Learners –
3. In depth interview - Educators and students were telephonically 1. Change in learning approach and curriculum.
interviewed to draw deeper insights into the online education system.
2. Change in assignments. Any visible workload change?
(Names of candidates are changed for anonymity)

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 2
Learner 1 – Vivek Tiwari
Learner of class 6th
Visit Survey
1. Vivek lives in an MIG apartment in a government locality with his parents, grandmother and a brother in Noida. He has a separate room which he
shares with his younger brother. Both study in the same school.
2. Attending online classes at the same time over speaker audio can get noisy. Both use free earphone with each phone to hear online class audio.
3. Vivek attends tuitions for mathematics and science at a house in his neighbourhood in the evening. Tuition classes are shut since lockdown. He
attends a public school 2.5 KM away from his home. His school is shut since Holi holidays. The school follows CBSE system.
4. His room does not have a study table. He likes to study either on his bed or dining table.

Personal Inventory
1. 1 smartphone and 1 feature phone with 4G mobile data in one of them. Smartphone has built in 16GB storage with a 4GB memory card. Memory
card was part of smartphone package. Both these phones are personal communication device for parents. Smartphone is used to attend online
classes in rotation depending upon class timings. Video calls on 4G mobile data is pixelated at best. Signal strength at his home is poor due to
Highrise commercial buildings next to his home which creates a signal blind spot.
2. Stationary – Gel pens, sketch pens, some notebooks for various subject topics, craft objects like scissors, fevicol glue. Minimal stationary to get the
job done.
3. School supplies – Vivek has books for the relevant class. Vivek does not buy books. He only borrows old ones from school seniors or his relatives.
This ensures that he saves on money. If books are not available in physical form, he downloads them from CBSE official website in pdf format. He
stores pdf file in his smartphone. He buys one firsthand copy of the same to take it to his classes.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 3
Learner 1 – Vivek Tiwari
Learner of class 6th
Shadowing
1. Vivek gets up at 8:00 in the morning. He is ready by 9:00 am. He eats his breakfast by 9:30 am.
2. Online classes start at 11:00 am. His brother gets up at 9:00 in the morning and is ready by 10:30 am. This staggered timing of routine helps
manage the use of single bathroom shared by two brothers effectively.
3. Earlier, the school used Zoom app for video conferencing. Now they have shifted to Microsoft Teams. Students ask doubt in chat box directly.
4. He keeps his video and mic disabled to reduce interreference and data use.
5. Earlier his Mathematics teacher used to ask students whether they understood the concept or not. He never moved to the next question until
every kid in the class said, “Yes Sir!” This is not possible now. So he instructed students to type “DOUBT” in chat box for any doubts.
6. Only limited number of doubts can be taken up as session only lasts for 45 minutes. Rest of doubts should be taken up on WhatsApp group. All
recordings of classes are shared on shared Google Drive for students to access later.
7. Vivek completes assigned homework in the evening at around 8 PM and sends clicked pictures of notebook back to his teacher after 2 days from
assigning the homework. All images of homework are uploaded in shared Google drive. All images must be converted into compiled pdf files before
uploading. School prescribes using “JPG to PDF Converter” from Weeny software (Play Store link) to convert to pdf as it is free.
8. He goes to bed at 10:30 pm with his family and prepares for the next day.
9. Vivek’s father gets the grocery along with necessary stationary for children. He does so on weekly basis on weekends. Vivek must now keep track of
all stationary that is getting used up and tell his father before he goes out for shopping necessities.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 4
Learner 2 – Aditi Ahuja
Learner of architecture, 1st year
Visit Survey
1. Aditi has an elder sibling. He recently started working in an office. Due to the lockdown, his office shifted to work at home model.
2. Aditi has a larger space at home. She lives in a flat in an urban locality of Greater Noida, India. House consists of 4 bedrooms. She has a separate
room for herself. Noise is not an issue for online class because of dedicated living space for herself. She does not need to juggle early morning
routine with other family members because of an attached bathroom with her bedroom.
3. She is attending a private architecture college in Delhi. Her college shut 1 week before the lockdown started.

Personal Inventory
1. 1 smartphone and 1 feature phone with 4G mobile data, 1 laptop with dedicated GPU. She does her work on her laptop mostly. She is not yet
trained with any CAD software.
2. Stationary – Parallel bar, T-scale, Wooden pencils of various grades, cutting instruments, Fevicol and Fevibond bottles, A1 drafting board, A1 ivory
sheets bought in bulk and Sunboard sheets to make models. Right after Holi holidays, she stacked up on A1 sheets and other stationary. She gets
hers stationary in bulk from Lajpat Nagar in East of Delhi as it is generally cheaper to buy from there than other places. Her college seniors advised
her to do so.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 5
Learner 2 – Aditi Ahuja
Learner of architecture, 1st year
Shadowing
1. On the days when she has online classes, she gets up at 9:00 am. Sometimes she gets up late by 10:00 am when she is up late working on her
assignments.
2. Classes happen between 11 am to 3 pm. She mostly attends two lectures of 1 hour each a day.
3. Since she is in first year of college, she must draft all her sheet on a sheet of paper than on CAD. During the lockdown, buying stationary was a big
problem. Luckily, she had stationary bought in bulk in her inventory. However, the situation was not same for her classmates.
4. She prepares her study table for drafting. It is a typical study table that does not incline at an angle, a requirement for architects. Back in her college,
she had such drafting tables. Flat tables cause back issues as the draughtman had to bend to make drawings. She prepared most of her sheets in the
class or if there are many, then staying back in college for an hour or two.
5. Faculties asked her to redraft some sheets she had already submitted before the lockdown. She is trying to cover up the backlog. The same faculty lost
all the submitted sheets of the class hence the resubmission. This created a strong backlash by students on their WhatsApp group.
6. When she is late to get up, she waits for the first class to get over. There is half an hour gap between each class. She uses this time to eat her breakfast.
If she gets up early, she is mostly done with her morning routine and breakfast by 9:30 am.
7. These lectures happens thrice a week. Rest of the days, an assignment is given to be completed by a deadline.
8. After the class, she eats her lunch by 1 pm and and sleeps for and hour or two.
9. In the evening, she works on her assignment. She clicks pictures of the sheet and uploads it on a common google drive folder.
10. Until and unless required, she refrains from working late at night. When she is unable to complete the assignment at hand, she stays up late working.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 6
Learner 3 – Prateek Yadav
GATE (ME) candidate
In-depth telephonic interview (Meeting minutes)
1. I was living in a PG in Jia Sarai, Delhi and preparing for GATE exam. I hail from Kanpur. I joined the complete 1-year batch in Delhi as this coaching center
has good reviews and Kanpur lacks any good GATE coaching institutes. I was working in an office in Delhi for a year and wanted to get in a PSU. When
the Holi festival holidays were near, I left for my home. Thankfully, I did not leave any stuff behind in the PG. I kept minimal amount of stuff in PG.
2. Many of my friends were stuck in Jia Sarai during the lockdown. Now that travel restrictions are eased, many of them left for their homes.
3. All coaching centers are shut down indefinitely. Jia Sarai is a very congested area and risk of transmission is very high. We all are doubtful whether we
will even have GATE exam in the specific month next year. I took all my study material and notes with me before leaving for home.
4. Data limit was increased online to be prepared for online classes. I use an app to track my daily data consumption.
5. Classes happen on a platform called WizIQ. It is a platform with straightforward UI in my opinion.
6. All lectures are pre-recorded with a high-end camera, collar mic and uploaded on the platform.
7. Initially we had only Zoom lectures. Now we have the option to attend Zoom lectures along with pre-recorded lectures.
8. We follow the same class schedule as we followed at the coaching center.
9. A digital copy of study material is uploaded on WizIQ platform. All mock tests are conducted on the same platform.
10. Online platform emulates the same interface that is followed in real GATE exam. This gives us a feeling of being a part of real test. It offers the same
timer-based system with built-in calculator like the real GATE exam.
11. We have a WhatsApp group of close friend circle at the coaching center. This helps us stay connected and solve doubts together. We send click of
solved question from a paper to each other.
12. GATE exam is mostly self study and practice. Since we all have printed study material, PPTs and pre-recorded lecture videos, we study at our own pace
from home.
PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:
Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 7
Parent – Shruti Ojha
Parent of class 4th learner
In-depth telephonic interview (Meeting minutes)
1. We do have a broadband internet connection at home that is useful for our basic internet surfing. We own one laptop which my husband uses for
working from home.
2. Online classes happen usually after 10 in the morning in slots of 2 classes of 45 minutes each. There is 10 mins break between each class. Assignment
and study notes is shared through WhatsApp group in PDF format.
3. Initially we were not in favor for online classes. The screen time was just too much for a young child. However we had to give in to the pressure from
school.
4. To reduce the exposure to our child, we connect the laptop with our TV. Sitting at a larger distance from the screen can possibly help reduce exposure.
5. The laptop is shared with my son and our husband. My husband works on laptop in the afternoon. Laptop must be kept free in the morning to attend
online classes.
6. We have reduced all screen exposure throughout our home. Neither we use smartphone, nor we allow our child to use it. We barely watch TV at home.
TV watching is restricted to 2 hours a day at max.
7. As a home-maker, I devote my time to educate my child. I believe a child should not be burdened with so much of course work at such a young age. I
believe this type of workload is given to justify the full fees school is asking for.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 8
Learner 4 – Priti Singh
Learner of class 9th
In-depth telephonic interview (Meeting minutes)
1. I do not have a broadband at home. I use 4G connection to attend classes. Mobile data suffices my needs to connect to Instagram. But it is not enough
for video conference. Upgrading mobile data plans is very expensive. Online classes hog data plans.
2. Audio of the online class breaks. It is sometimes hard to hear what the teacher is trying to say.
3. Assignments are MCQ type question, mostly 10-15 of them sent on weekly basis through e-mail. I solve the questions on a piece of paper, snap
pictures of it and send it to the teacher. Sometimes pictures come out blurry, so I take them again.
4. Classes start from 11 am to 1:30 pm. I wake up early in the morning, so class schedule is not a problem for me. After the class gets over, I have my
lunch and go to sleep.
5. There is lot of disturbance in my home. House help arrives at 9:30 am. Home environment gets noisy. I use headphones and mute my microphone
while attending classes. My younger sister attends her classes at the same time. She is in 6th class. Her classes are for 1 and a half hour only.
6. Earlier Zoom app was used for video conference. However after the recent India-China standoff, the app like many other Chinese apps have been
banned. Our school has replaced it with Microsoft Teams. The app is not as easy to use as Zoom. It has different tabs and a WhatsApp like chat tab.
Zoom has a very simplified interface maybe because it was a video conference only app. Microsoft Team’s chat tab is not being used to post
assignment, notes or communicate with teachers. That is being done on WhatsApp.
7. Lab classes are not happening right now. Lab experiment theory is shared with us through scanned notes on WhatsApp. Teachers also share with us
YouTube links of the experiment. Our school is interested in vLabs platform. We do not know when will we get to use it.
8. A day is dedicated for doubt clearing sessions. That day is Friday. Friday session is for 1 hour long only.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 9
Educator 1 – Prof. Arvind Shukla
Lecturer in a private engineering college
In-depth telephonic interview (Meeting minutes)
1. Video camera should always remain ON. Educators like me have either shaven their heads or not groomed themselves for a very long time due to the
lockdown. This causes undue stress on the educator to appear well groomed on camera.
2. Facial response of the student to understand whether student is understanding topic or not is not possible. Students keep their videos and
microphones disabled during online lecture to save on bandwidth. This creates a disconnect between the educator and their students.
3. Absenteeism is a big problem! Classrooms with a student strength of more than 50 have students bunking class despite required minimum attendance.
Some professors like me have a strong belief that students start the lecture online, disable their microphone and camera and go to sleep muting their
phones.
4. I have suffered severe shoulder pain preparing lectures sitting in front of computer for long hours.
5. Lectures must be prepared in high quality video format with small file size. Presentation must be prepared to be converted into video lecture with
proper audio and video recording. In college, I used to take lectures using my written notes. College authorities have directed me to not include
handwritten notes but instead prepare video lectures with institute branding and interactive animations for better understanding. I am neither a
graphic designer nor a video editor. I am not even technologically sound! Problems like these shift focus from core learning.
6. My home is now my workplace. There is no noise free space in my home where I can quietly take online lectures or record classes. I have a toddler
who is very talkative. She loves to barge into my room and play. I cannot make her understand how important silence is for me to record lectures.
However, all my family members have right to space in my home as much as I do. Homes were never meant to be workplace.
7. For lab classes, we teach theory and share YouTube videos. College has not started using vLabs yet.
8. I have broadband connection. However frequent power cuts create interruption. Wi-Fi takes time to restart again. This interrupts the video
conference. Someone has advised me to buy a UPS for the Wi-Fi.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 11
Survey - Educators

Science (K-12) Google Classroom

Engineering
22% 23%
30% Microsoft Teams
37%

Humanities
16%

Science
Management Moodle
20%
12% 40%

Subjects taught by educators LMS used to manage online learning

100 respondents 100 respondents
Note – Microsoft Teams is a mix of LMS and video conferencing platform

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 12
Survey - Educators

Google Meet
10% Smartphone
32%

Microsoft Teams Laptop

Zoom 56% 68%
34%

Video conference service used Primary device to conduct classes

100 respondents 100 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 13
Survey - Educators

Fibre optic
12%

Software for PC
34%
4G Mobile data
From browser 53%
46% Broadband
32%

4G Dongle
Phone app 3%
20%

How people prefer using LMS Internet connection type

100 respondents 100 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 14
Survey - Educators

Wait for insitute to reopen

5%

Smartphone
Replace practicals 32%
with theory
assignments
20% Share online videos
of experiments
43% Laptop
68%

3D models/ Virtual labs

32%

Lab and practical education alternatives used Primary device to conduct classes
100 respondents 100 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 15
Survey - Educators

70 80

No. of educators
60 70
No. of educators

50 60
40 50
30 40
30
20 20
10 10
0 0
Use free Send course Share pre- Doubt Wait to
LMS like content via recorded clearing reopen
Google soft copy lectures over phone
classroom & chat

Electronics used for online education If no LMS is used, how do you conduct classes remotely
100 respondents 100 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 16
Survey - Educators
Notable criticism and suggestions
Any issues you find in LMS that you use? (100 respondents)

1. Monitoring attendance.
2. Automatic evaluation of “Fill in the blanks” type question.
3. LMS platform not as user friendly as Google Classroom.
4. Most LMS do not have built in video conferencing. Microsoft Teams has video call function.
5. Lack of face to face interaction.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 17
Survey - Learners
Online
6% Yes
16%

No
Offline
84%
94%

Preference for mode of education Are you satisfied with level of interaction?
50 respondents 50 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 18
Survey - Learners

No
11%
No
44%

Yes
56%

Yes
89%

Are you satisfied with level of individual guidance? Did you experience increase in workload?
50 respondents 50 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 19
Survey – Learners (Reflecting on school learning)

No
36%

Yes
46%
No
54%
Yes
64%

Was school curriculum flexible enough to choose Did school curriculum help develop necessary skills for
topics of interest as per future career? future career?
50 respondents 50 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 20
Survey – Learners
Notable criticism and suggestions
Positive point (50 respondents)
1. No physical presence in front of educator. Only student’s work speaks. Student needs to work harder.

Negative points (50 respondents)

1. Increases screen time. Detrimental to eyesight.
2. Underprivileged students do not have access to technology.
3. Students must balance family responsibility and schoolwork. Educators have pre-conceived notion that students have more free time at home.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 21
Survey - Parents

No
38%
No
43%

Yes
Yes 57%
62%

Is online education health concern for your child? Did you notice a marked increase in your child’s workload
60 respondents 60 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 22
Survey - Parents

Yes
16%
25
No. of parents

20
15
10
5
0

No
84%

How do you support your child’s online education? Upgraded internet to support online education?
60 respondents 60 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 23
Survey - Parents

No
5%
Yes
30%

Yes
95%
No
70%

Bought a new device to support online education? Is sufficient value education being provided to your child?
60 respondents (On a side note)
60 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Primary research 24
Survey - Parents

No
0%
Yes, but
optional
20%

Yes
80%

Do you feel service to society through hands on activities should be done as part of education post COVID?
(On a side note)
60 respondents

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Primary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Secondary research 25
Challenges of being an educator in online classes
Source – The Times of India, by Kalpana Sharma, 28th April 2020

1. Schools are not closed, and teachers are not on a holiday. – Anonymous class 7th teacher

2. New batch of students have difficulty in adjusting with new faces. – Anonymous class 5th teacher

3. Teachers are working hard and making animated learning videos working double shifts. However, her teenage students don’t pay attention to her hard
work. Out of a class of 40, only 10-15 join which is very disheartening. – Priyanka Jha, teacher, Lovely public sr. sec. school, P.D. Vihar, Delhi

4. Teachers who are less tech savvy find it tough to adjust to e-learning as they are used to traditional classroom teaching. – Anonymous teacher

5. Students unmute their mics and make the class noisy. Teachers request them constantly to mute. Students use chat-box to chat with their classmates.
Female teachers are bullied by older students in Zoom classes through fake unregistered IDs.

6. “I have had a mother shouting at her child and calling her ‘stupid’ while the whole class was on Zoom. The child had tears in her eyes, and I had to call
the parent to tell her that she should maintain her child’s privacy and not embarrass her like that in front of her peers.” – Anonymous Class 8th teacher

7. Some students take classes lying on their beds. – Anonymous class 3rd teacher, Vael’s international school

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Secondary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Secondary research 26
Online education for young children
Source – Hindustan Times, by Sadia Akhtar, 28th June 2020
1. Aaryav Shukla, 4 years old nursery student attends digital classes In the noon.
2. Classes are 60 minutes long and divided into two sessions with a 15-minute break in between.
3. 2 teachers and six students attend the class.
4. 4-year old’s mother coaxes her child to sit patiently and attend lessons and activities. All children of such young age lack attention span to attend digital
classes. Half of her time goes in ensuring that her child sits and focuses on the class.
5. It’s bedlam with teachers calling out the names of students and parents shouting ‘come back, sit here’ all at the same time.
6. Parents agreed making young children sit through online classes is a chore. However they feel learning is important too.
7. Schools feel online education for young children should be led by parents.
8. Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh— have banned live classes for students up till class 5.

Workarounds by government schools

Source – The Print, by Kritika Sharma, 11th July 2020
1. Teachers have issues dealing with students from lower income group.
2. Government schools are provided with worksheets for students to complete on a weekly basis.
3. Students without a smartphone are dictated their worksheets on a call. Some parents share wrong numbers which gets difficult to follow up. Some
students don’t pick up their calls at all.
4. The ones with a smartphone get their worksheets sent on WhatsApp.
5. To ease the issue, the school management has fixed one day a week where students can come to the school, clear their doubts and get their
worksheets from teachers.
PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:
Secondary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Secondary research 27
Doorstep education in Karnataka
Source – The New Indian Express, by Ramkrishna Badseshi, 14th July 2020
1. Government schools from Neelakhed, Patawad, Katoli and Okali villages in Kamalapaur taluk are delivering door to door education.
2. Students are taught Kannada, English, Science and Mathematics.
3. Of the total 90 students, 40-50 students are attending these classes.
4. However, DDPI S P Badagundi said, "The department cannot force the teachers of all government schools to emulate the Kamalapur module. If the
teachers voluntarily do it, it will help the students at large and they can also follow the regular classroom teaching later.

Indian parent’s want their children to study longer

Source – Quartz India, by Manavi Kapur, 24th July 2020 (fig. on right)
1. Nearly 70% parents said their children need to spend more time with online
classes than they already do, according to a survey by LocalCircles, a
community-led social media engagement platform.
2. This is in response to guidelines issued by MHRD named Pragyata for on
screen time cap.
3. India has abysmal student-teacher ratio. At 24:1, it is one of the lowest in the
world. Increasing online class time will be pressure on educators.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Secondary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis
Bibliography 29

1. What teachers want to tell children and parents about the new online classroom, The Times of India, by Kalpana Sharma, 28th April 2020
2. Online classes for kids, a task for parents, Hindustan Times, by Sadia Akhtar, 28th June 2020.
3. Peeping parents, sleeping students, bullying — online classes are a nightmare for teachers, The Print, by Kritika Sharma, 11th July 2020.
4. Forget online classes, teachers in rural Karnataka deliver education at students' doorsteps, The New Indian Express, by Ramkrishna Badseshi,
14th July 2020.
5. Even a pandemic cannot halt Indian parents’ obsession with getting their kids to study, Quartz India, by Manavi Kapur, 24th July 2020.

PROJECT BY: MENTORED BY:

Secondary research Aagaman Bharadwaj Lefteris Herekis