engineering

section 17

engineering data
 section 17

engineering data
section 17 Scomi Oiltools

capacity, volume and displacement 2

annular and pipe calculations 2
rectangular and cylindrical mud pit calculations 3
pump calculations 6
pump output 6
annular velocity 6
bottoms up 7
total circulating system displacement 7
total hole volume 7
formulas for adjusting fluid properties 7
mud weight adjustments 7
blending fluids of different densities 8
mud weight required for slugging pipe 8
adjust oil / water ratios 9
increase oil/water ratio 9
decrease oil/water ratio 9
charts and tables 10
tubulars 10
open hole and annular volume 13
pumps 15
triplex pumps 15
duplex pumps 16
hydrostatic pressure 17
average seawater composition 17
chemical formulas of common treating chemicals 17
specific gravity and hardness of common oilfield materials 18
pH of common acids and bases 19
pH ranges of common indicators 19
effect of caustic soda on calcium solubility at 73 ˚F (22.8 ˚C) 20
chemical required to remove contaminants 20
unit conversions 21
Section

17 engineering data

engineering data
capacity, volume and displacement
The capacity of a mud tank, a string of pipe, a wellbore, an annulus, or any
other “vessel” is the volume that vessel could hold if it were full. The capacity
of oilfield pits and tanks is usually measured in bbl, gal or m3. Capacity can
also be reported in increments of height (vertical capacity), such as bbl/ft,
bbl/in., gal/ft, gal/in. or m3 /m. This is only valid for vessels that have a constant
cross-sectional area against height.

Volume refers to how much fluid is actually in a mud tank, string of pipe
wellbore or annulus, or that is inside any other vessel. If the vertical capacity
(bbl/ft or m3 /m) and height of mud (ft or m) are known, then the mud height
multiplied by the vertical capacity gives the actual volume (bbl or m3) of mud
inside the vessel.

Displacement is the volume of fluid that flows out of the wellbore when
drillstring or casing is run into the hole. Conversely, it is the volume of fluid
that is required to fill the well when the pipe is pulled out of the hole.
Displacement usually only represents the actual metal volume of the pipe.

annular and pipe calculations

open hole / casing volume - without pipe

Use inside diameter (ID) for casing and bit diameter for open hole. Be aware
that for “open hole” intervals, the actual hole size may be larger than the bit
size due to hole enlargement. Mud logging data or caliper logs can be used to
provide a more accurate hole diameter.

Oilfield units S.I units

ID 2 ID 2
bbl/ft = m3 /m =
1029.4 1.273 × 10 6
Approx hole
or or volume in
bbl/1000 ft
ID 2 ID 2 = hole diameter2
bbl = × length m3 = × length
1029.4 1.273 × 10 6

pipe capacity
Oilfield units S.I units
ID2
ID 2
bbl / ft = m3 /m =
1029.4 1.273 × 10 6
or or
ID 2 ID 2
bbl = × length m3 = × length
1029.4 1.273 × 10 6
where
ID = inside diameter of pipe/casing or open hole in inches or in millimetres.
Length = section length/pipe length in feet or in metres
Use IDs from pipe tables later in this section (see Charts and Tables).

pipe displacement
Because of the different dimensions of the various types of tool joints, it is more
accurate to read displacements from pipe tables (see Charts and Tables) than
to calculate them,


annular volume
Oilfield units S.I units

ID 2 − OD 2 ID 2 OD 2
bbl / ft = m3 /m =
1029.4 1.273 × 10 6
or or
ID − OD
2 2
ID2
OD 2
bbl = × length m3 = × length
1029.4 1.273 × 10 6

where
ID = inside diameter of casing or bit diameter in inches or in millimetres,
OD = outside diameter of drillpipe or drill collars in inches or in millimetres,
Length = annular section length in feet or in metres.

rectangular and cylindrical mud pit calculations

On rigs there are a variety of different shape pits and tanks. However, the 3
most common shapes encountered are rectangular, cylindrical vertical and
cylindrical horizontal. Most mud tanks are rectangular with parallel sides that
are perpendicular to the bottom of the tank.

rectangular
For a typical rectangular pit the capacity can be calculated using the height,
width and length.

Where:
L = Pit length
W = Pit width
H = Pit height
M = Mud height

The general equation to calculate the

capacity of a rectangular pit is:
Volume = Length × Width × Height

Using feet, the capacity of a rectangular pit is calculated by:

Oilfield units S.I units

( )
Pit Capacity ft 3 = L( ft ) × W ( ft ) × H ( ft ) ( )
Pit Capacity m 3 = L ( m ) × W ( m) × H ( m)

To convert from ft3 to US barrels, divide by 5.61:

Oilfield units S.I units

Pit Capacity (bbl ) =

L( ft ) × W ( ft ) × H ( ft ) ( )
Pit Capacity m 3 = L ( m ) × W ( m) × H ( m)
5.61
To calculate the actual volume of mud in the tank the mud height M can be used:
Oilfield units S.I units

( ) ( )
Mud Volume ft 3 = L ( ft ) × W ( ft ) × M ( ft ) Mud Volume m 3 = L ( m ) × W ( m) × M( m)

To convert from ft3 to US barrels, divide by 5.61:

Oilfield units S.I units

Mud Volume(bbl ) =
3
( )
L ( ft ) × W ( ft ) × M ( ft ) Mud Volume m = L ( m ) × W ( m) × M( m)
5.61


Section

17 engineering data

cylindrical - vertical
These tanks are usually used for fluid or dry bulk (bentonite, barite, cement)
storage.

Where:
D = Diameter of cylinder
H = Height of cylinder
M = Material height
p = 3.1416

Tip: an alternative way to determine the diameter is to measure the

circumference and divide by 3.1416:
Circumference
Diameter =
π

To calculate the capacity for a vertical cylindrical tank the following formula is used:
π × D2× H
Cylinder Capacity =
4
Using feet, the capacity of a vertical cylindrical tank is calculated by:
Oilfield units S.I units
π × D 2
(ft) × H (ft) π × D 2 (m) × H (m)
Cylinder Capacity ( ft 3 ) = Cylinder Capacity ( m3 ) =
4 4

To convert from ft3 to US barrels, divide by 5.61:

Oilfield units S.I units
π × D 2 (ft) × H (ft) π × D 2 (m) × H (m)
(
Cylinder Capacity bbl = ) 4 × 5.61
( )
Cylinder Capacity m3 =
4

To calculate the actual volume of material in the tank the material height M
can be used:
Oilfield units S.I units
π × D 2
(ft) × M (ft) π × D 2 (m) × M (m)
Material Volume ( ft 3) = Material Volume ( m3 ) =
4 4

To convert from ft3 to US barrels, divide by 5.61:

Oilfield units S.I units

π × D 2 (ft) × M (ft)
( m ) = π × D (m4) × M (m)
2
Material Volume ( bbl ) = 4 × 5.61
Material Volume 3

Dry Bulk Conversions

In order to determine how much dry bulk product can be stored in a given
vertical cylindrical tank the bulk density of the product to be stored must
be known. The bulk density takes into account the minute air gaps between
particles.

Bulk densities for some common oilfield materials:

Material Bulk Density lb/ft3 Bulk Density kg/m3

Barite 135 2163
Bentonite 60 961
Cement 94 1506


cylindrical - horizontal
These type of tanks are usually used for liquid storage on the rig site.

Calculating the vertical capacity and volume of a horizontal cylindrical tank

is not as straightforward as it is for a vertical cylindrical tank as it varies with
horizontal cross-section area and is not a linear function of height. Charts
and tabular methods are available to calculate the capacity and volume of
horizontal cylindrical tanks. These values can also be calculated as follows.

In order to calculate the amount of fluid in a horizontal cylindrical tank first of

all determine whether the tank is more than half full. Once that is known apply
the appropriate formula to determine the actual amount of fluid in the tank.

Horizontal Cylindrical Tank – half full or less

Where:
D = Diameter of cylinder D
D
L
L

L = Length of cylinder
M = Mud height
M
M

Using feet for all the dimensions, the actual volume of a horizontal cylindrical
tank that is half full or less is calculated by:
 M3
( )
Mud Volume ft 3 =  0.3168DM + 1.403M 2 − 0.933

× L
D 

To convert from ft3 to US barrels, divide by 5.61:

Oilfield units
 M3
 0.3168DM + 1.403M − 0.933 × L
2

 D 
Mud Volume(bbl ) =
5.61

S.I units
 M3
Mud Volume(m3 ) =  0.3168DM + 1.403M − 0.933  ×L
2

 D 

Horizontal Cylindrical Tank – more than half full

Where:
D = Diameter of cylinder
D
D LL
L = Length of cylinder
M = Empty space height
MM
The method employed to calculate the volume in this
case is calculate the total capacity of the tank and then
subtract the empty portion, which is half or less than
half the tank volume.


Section

17 engineering data

Using feet for all the dimensions, the actual volume of a horizontal cylindrical
tank that is more than half full is calculated by:
 D 2 × L   M3 
( )
Mud Volume ft 3 = 
 4  
 −  0.3168DM + 1.403M − 0.933
2
 × L 
D  

To convert from ft3 to US barrels, divide by 5.61:

Oilfield units
 D 2 × L   M3 
 −  0.3168DM + 1.403M − 0.933  × L
2

 4   D  
Mud Volume(bbl ) =
5.61

S.I units
 D 2 × L   M3 
 −  0.3168DM + 1.403M − 0.933  × L
2

 4   D  
Mud Volume(m3 ) =
5.61

pump calculations
pump output
Duplex:
Oilfield units S.I units
D2  ( 2 × D12 ) − Dr2 S1 
D12 − r
2 ×V × S m3/ stroke =  × Ve ×  × 0.159
bbl / stroke =  3984766 25.4 
3088.2
e 1

Triplex:
Oilfield units S.I units
D 2 × Ve
bbl / stroke = 1 × S1
( D12 × 25.42 × Ve × 25.4 × S1 )
m3/ stroke =
4117.7 1.5 × 106
Where:
D1 = liner diameter (inches or mm),
Dr = rod diameter (inches or mm),
Ve = volumetric efficiency (decimal fraction),
S1 = stroke length (inches or mm).

Pump outputs may be determined from pump charts in the Charts and Tables
chapter.

annular velocity
Oilfield units S.I units
24.5× V 1275 × V
AV = AV =
ID 2 − OD 2 ID 2 − OD 2

Where:
AV = annular velocity (ft./minute or m/min),
V = pump rate in gal/min or in l/min,
ID = inside diameter of the hole or casing (inches or mm),
OD = outside diameter of the pipe or collars (inches or mm).


bottoms up
Oilfield units
Annular Volume (bbls)
strokes or mins =
Pump Rate (bbls / stk or bbl / min)

S.I units
Annular Volume ( m3 )
strokes or mins =
Pump Rate ( m3 / stk or m3 / min)

total circulating system displacement

Oilfield units
Surface Active vol (bbls) + Annular vol (bbls) + Pipe vol (bbls)
strokes or mins =
Pump Rate (bbls / stk or bbl / min)

S.I units
Surface Active vol m3 + Annular vol m3 + Pipe vol m3
strokes or mins =
Pump Rate ( m3 / stk or m3 / min)

total hole volume

Oilfield units
Annular vol (bbls) + Pipe vol (bbls)
strokes or mins =
Pump Rate (bbls / stk or bbl / min)

S.I units
Annular vol ( m3 ) + Pipe vol ( m3 )
strokes or mins =
Pump Rate ( m3 / stk or m3 / min)

formulas for adjusting fluid properties

mud weight adjustments

weight-up calculations (vol increase acceptable)

Use the following formulas to calculate the amount of weight material required
to increase the density of a drilling fluid when a volume increase can be
tolerated.
Oilfield units
 350.5× WM SG × (W F − W I )  If 12 lb/gal (1.44 SG.)
Wt Material lbs =   × V1 or less mud weight is
 8.345 × WM SG − W F  required:
60 x 100 lb (45.35 kg) sxs
B
Vol Increase bbls = will increase weight by
350.5 × WM SG
1 lb/gal/100 bbl or
0.12 SG. per 15.9 m3
S.I units
If over 12 lb/gal is
 1000 × WM SG × (W F − W I ) 
Wt Material kg =   × V1 required: Divide
 1000 × WM SG − W F  desired weight in ppg
by 0.2 = number of 100 lb
B
Vol Increase m3 = sxs to increase weight
1000 × WM SG by 1 lb/gal/100 bbl.


Section

17 engineering data

Where:
B = the weight material to add, lb or kg
V1 = the starting volume of mud, bbl or m3
WMSG = the specific gravity of the weight material WM
WF = the desired mud weight, lb/gal or kg/m3
WI = the starting mud weight, lb/gal or kg/m3
V = the volume increase, bbl or m3

weight-up calculations (specific final vol)

Use the following formulas to calculate a starting volume of mud and amount
of weight material required to increase the density of a drilling fluid when the
final volume is specified.
Oilfield units
 8.345 × WM − W 
Starting Vol Mud bbls =  SG F
 × VD
 8.345 × WM SG − W I 

Wt Material lbs = (VD − VI ) × WM SG × 350.5

S.I units
 1000 × WM − W 
Starting Vol Mud m3 =  SG F
 × VD
 1000 × WM SG − W I 

Wt Material kg = (VD − VI ) × WM SG × 1000

Where:
B = the weight material to add, lb or kg
VI = the starting volume of mud, bbl or m3
VD = the desired final volume of mud, bbl or m3
WMSG = the specific gravity of the weight material 15 x 100 lb sxs
barite = 1 bbl or
WF = the desired mud weight, lb/gal F or kg/m3 15 x 45.35 kg sxs
WI = the starting mud weight, lb/gal I or kg/m3 barite = 0.159 m3

decrease mud weight (vol increase acceptable)

Use the following formula to calculate the volume of dilution fluid required to
decrease the density of a drilling fluid when a volume increase is acceptable.
Oilfield units S.I units

 W I −W F   W I −W F 
Vol of Dilution bbls =   × VI Vol of Dilution m3 =   × VI
W
 F − 8.345 × DFSG   W F − 1000 × DFSG 

Where:
VI = the starting volume of mud, bbl or m3
WF = the desired mud weight, lb/gal or kg/m3
WI = the starting mud weight, lb/gal or kg/m3
DFSG = the specific gravity of the dilution fluid


decrease mud weight (final volume specified)
Use the following formula to calculate the starting volume of mud and a
volume of dilution fluid required to decrease the density of a drilling fluid when
the final volume is specified.
Oilfield units
 8.345 × DF −W 
Starting Vol Mud bbls =  SG F
 × VD
 8.345 × DFSG −W I 
DilutionVol bbls = VD − VI

S.I units
 1000 × DF −W 
Starting Vol Mud m3 =  SG F
 × VD
 1000 × DFSG −W I 
DilutionVol m3 = VD − VI

Where:
VI = the starting volume of mud, bbl or m3
WF = the desired mud weight, lb/gal or kg/m3
WI = the starting mud weight, lb/gal or kg/m3
DFSG = the specific gravity of the dilution fluid
VD = the desired final volume, bbl or m3
VDF = the volume of dilution fluid to add, bbl or m3

blending fluids of different densities

Use the following formulas for blending different fluids of varying densities.
Note: This formula assumes fluids are totally miscible, no precipitation occurs,
and fluids are of compatible salinity.

This equation does not apply to the mixing of high density brine fluids.
VF = V1 + V2

VFW F = V1W1 + V2W 2

Where:
V1 = volume of first fluid (bbl or m3),
V2 = volume of second fluid (bbl or m3),
VF = final volume (bbl or m3),
W1 = weight of first fluid (lbm/gal or kg/m3),
W2 = weight of second fluid (lbm/gal or kg/m3),
WF = weight of combined fluids or final weight (lbm/gal).

mud weight required for slugging pipe

The following flormula can be used to calculate the density increase required
to achieve a certain length of dry pipe. This is usually 500-800 ft. However,
downhole tools, some blocked jets, core barrel, etc can require the overbalance
to be greater. In which case increase the length of dry pipe.
Oilfield units
MW × LDP × DPCAP
Density Increase lbs / gal =
VSLUG

S.I units
MW × LDP × DPCAP
Density Increase kg / m3 =
VSLUG


Section

17 engineering data

Where:
MW = Current fluid density (lbs/gal or kg/m3),
DPCAP = Drill pipe capacity (bbl/ft or m3/m),
VSLUG = Slug volume, usually 30 - 50 bbls (4.77 – 7.95 m3),
LDP = Desired length of dry pipe, usually 500 - 800 ft (152.4 – 243.8 m).

adjust oil / water ratios

Use the following formulas to calculate the volume of oil or water required to
change the oil/water ratio of a mud when a volume increase is acceptable.

increase oil/water ratio

Increase the oil/water ratio by adding oil using the following formulas.
RW
PW =
RW + RO + VO
or
RW
VO = − RW − RO
PW

Oilfield units S.I units

W I + (8.345 × OSG × VO ) W I + (1000 × OSG × VO )
WR = WR =
1 + VO 1 + VO

Where:
VO = the volume of oil to be added, bbl/bbl (m3/m3) mud
RO = the % oil from retort, decimal equivalent
RW = the % water from retort, decimal equivalent
PW = the new % by volume water in the liquid W phase, decimal equivalent
WR = the resulting mud weigh t, lb/gal (kg/m3)
WI = the starting mud weight, lb/gal (kg/m3)
OSG = the specific gravity of the oil

decrease oil/water ratio

Decrease the oil/water ratio by adding water using the following formulas.
RO
PO =
RO + RW + VW

or
RO
VW = − RO − RW
PO

Oilfield units S.I units

W I + (8.345 × VW ) W I + (1000 × VW )
WR = WR =
1 + VW 1 + VW
Where
VW = the volume of water to be added, bbl/bbl (m3/m3) mud
RO = the % oil from retort, decimal equivalent
RW = the % water from retort, decimal equivalent
PO = the new % by volume oil in the liquid phase, decimal equivalent
WR = the resulting mud weight, lb/gal (kg/m3)
WI = the starting mud weight, lb/gal (kg/m3)

10
charts and tables
tubulars
Table 1 - Casing
OD Weight ID Capacity Displacement
in. mm lb/ft kg/m in. mm bbl/ft m3/m bbl/ft m3/m
4-1⁄2 114.3 13.5 20.09 3.92 99.57 0.0149 0.00777 0.0047 0.00245
4-1⁄2 114.3 15.1 22.47 3.826 97.18 0.0142 0.00741 0.0055 0.00287
4-3⁄4 120.65 16 23.81 4.082 103.68 0.0162 0.00845 0.0057 0.00297
5 127 15 22.32 4.408 111.96 0.0189 0.00986 0.0054 0.00282
5 127 18 26.79 4.276 108.61 0.0178 0.00928 0.0065 0.00339
5-1⁄2 139.7 20 29.8 4.778 121.36 0.0222 0.0116 0.0072 0.00376
5-1⁄2 139.7 23 34.3 4.67 118.62 0.0212 0.01106 0.0082 0.00428
5-3⁄4 146.05 22.5 33.5 4.99 126.75 0.0242 0.01262 0.0079 0.00412
6 152.4 26 38.7 5.14 130.56 0.0257 0.01341 0.0093 0.00485
6-5⁄8 168.28 32 47.7 5.675 144.15 0.0313 0.01633 0.0114 0.00595
7 177.8 26 38.7 6.276 159.41 0.0383 0.01998 0.0093 0.00485
7 177.8 38 56.6 5.92 150.37 0.034 0.01773 0.0136 0.00709
7-5⁄8 193.68 26.4 39.3 6.969 177.01 0.0472 0.02462 0.0093 0.00485
7-5⁄8 193.68 33.7 50.2 6.765 171.83 0.0445 0.02321 0.012 0.00626
7-5⁄8 193.68 39 58.1 6.625 168.28 0.0426 0.02222 0.0138 0.00720
8-5⁄8 219.08 38 56.6 7.775 197.49 0.0587 0.03062 0.0135 0.00704
9-5⁄8 244.48 40 59.6 8.835 224.41 0.0758 0.03954 0.0142 0.00741
9-5⁄8 244.48 47 70 8.681 220.50 0.0732 0.03818 0.0168 0.00876
9-5⁄8 244.48 53.5 79.7 8.535 216.79 0.0708 0.03693 0.0192 0.01001
10-3⁄4 273.05 40.5 60.3 10.05 255.27 0.0981 0.05117 0.0141 0.00735
10-3⁄4 273.05 45.5 67.8 9.95 252.73 0.0962 0.05018 0.0161 0.00840
10-3⁄4 273.05 51 75.9 9.85 250.19 0.0942 0.04913 0.018 0.00939
11-3⁄4 298.45 60 89.4 10.772 273.61 0.1127 0.05878 0.0214 0.00116
13-3⁄8 339.73 54.5 81.2 12.615 320.42 0.1546 0.08064 0.0192 0.01002
13-3⁄8 339.73 68 101.3 12.415 315.34 0.1497 0.07808 0.0241 0.01257
16 406.4 65 96.9 15.25 387.35 0.2259 0.11783 0.0228 0.01189
16 406.4 75 111.8 15.124 384.15 0.2222 0.11590 0.0265 0.01382
18-5⁄8 473.08 87.5 130.4 17.755 450.98 0.3062 0.15971 0.0307 0.01601
20 508 94 140.1 19.124 485.75 0.3553 0.18532 0.0333 0.01737

Table 2 – Drill Pipe

OD Weight ID Capacity Displacement

in. mm lb/ft kg/m in. mm bbl/ft m3/m bbl/ft m3/m
2-3⁄8 60.33 4.85 7.23 1.995 50.67 0.0039 0.00203 0.0016 0.00083
2-7⁄8 73.03 6.85 10.21 2.441 62.00 0.0058 0.00303 0.0022 0.00115
2-7⁄8 73.03 10.40 15.50 2.150 54.61 0.0045 0.00235 0.0035 0.00183
3-1⁄2 88.9 13.30 19.82 2.764 70.21 0.0074 0.00386 0.0045 0.00235
3-1⁄2 88.9 15.50 23.10 2.602 66.09 0.0066 0.00344 0.0053 0.00276
4 101.6 14.00 20.86 3.340 84.84 0.0108 0.00563 0.0047 0.00245
4-1⁄2 114.3 16.60 24.73 3.826 97.18 0.0142 0.00741 0.0055 0.00287
4-1⁄2 114.3 20.00 29.8 3.640 92.46 0.0129 0.00673 0.0068 0.00355
5 127 19.50 29.06 4.276 108.61 0.0178 0.00928 0.0065 0.00339
5 127 20.50 30.55 4.214 107.04 0.0173 0.00902 0.0070 0.00365
5-1⁄2 139.7 21.90 32.63 4.778 121.36 0.0222 0.01158 0.0072 0.00376
5-1⁄2 139.7 24.70 36.80 4.670 118.62 0.0212 0.01106 0.0082 0.00428
5-9⁄16 141.29 22.20 33.08 4.859 123.42 0.0229 0.01194 0.0071 0.00370
5-9⁄16 141.29 25.25 37.62 4.733 120.22 0.0218 0.01137 0.0083 0.00433
6-5⁄8 168.28 31.90 47.53 5.761 146.33 0.0322 0.01680 0.0104 0.00542
7-5⁄8 193.68 29.25 43.58 6.969 177.01 0.0472 0.02462 0.0093 0.00485

11
Section

17 engineering data

Table 3 - Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

OD Weight ID Capacity Displacement

in. mm lb/ft kg/m in. mm bbl/ft m3/m bbl/ft m3/m
3-1⁄2 88.9 25.30 37.70 2.063 52.4 0.0042 0.00219 0.0092 0.00480
3-1⁄2 88.9 23.20 34.57 2.250 57.15 0.0050 0.00261 0.0084 0.00438
4 101.6 27.20 40.53 2.563 65.1 0.0064 0.00334 0.0108 0.00563
4-1⁄2 114.3 41.00 61.09 2.750 69.85 0.0074 0.00386 0.0149 0.00777
5 127 49.30 73.46 3.000 76.2 0.0088 0.00459 0.0180 0.00939
5-1⁄2 139.7 57.00 84.93 3.375 85.73 0.0112 0.00584 0.0210 0.01095
6-5⁄8 168.28 70.80 105.49 4.500 114.3 0.0197 0.01028 0.0260 0.01356

Table 4 - Drill Collars

OD Weight ID Capacity Displacement

in. mm lb/ft kg/m in. mm bbl/ft m3/m bbl/ft m3/m
3-1⁄2 88.9 26.64 39.69 1.500 38.1 0.00219 0.00114 0.0097 0.00506
4-1⁄8 104.78 34.68 51.67 2.000 50.8 0.00389 0.00203 0.0126 0.00657
4-3⁄4 120.65 46.70 69.58 2.250 57.2 0.00492 0.00257 0.0170 0.00887
6 152.4 82.50 122.93 2.250 57.2 0.00492 0.00257 0.0301 0.00157
6-1⁄4 158.75 90.60 134.99 2.250 57.2 0.00492 0.00257 0.0330 0.01721
6-1⁄2 165.1 91.56 136.42 2.813 71.45 0.00768 0.00401 0.0334 0.01742
6-3⁄4 171.45 108.00 160.92 2.250 57.15 0.00492 0.00257 0.0393 0.02050
7-3⁄4 196.85 138.48 206.34 2.813 71.45 0.00768 0.00401 0.0507 0.02645
8 203.2 150.48 224.22 2.813 71.45 0.00768 0.00401 0.0545 0.02843
9-1⁄2 241.3 217.02 323.36 3.000 76.2 0.00874 0.00456 0.0789 0.04115
10 254 242.98 362.04 3.000 76.2 0.00874 0.00456 0.0884 0.046109
11-1⁄4 285.75 314.20 468.16 3.000 76.2 0.00874 0.00456 0.1142 0.05957

Table 5 - API Tubing (standard)

Nominal Size Weight ID Weight Displacement

in. mm lb/ft kg/m in. mm bbl/ft kg/m bbl/ft m3/m
1-1⁄2 38.1 1-5⁄16 33.34 1.610 40.89 2.75 4.1 0.0025 0.0013
2 50.8 2-3⁄8 60.33 1.995 50.67 4.60 6.85 0.0039 0.00203
2-1⁄2 63.5 2-7⁄8 73.03 2.441 62 6.40 9.54 0.0058 0.00303
3 76.2 3-1⁄2 88.9 2.992 76 10.20 15.2 0.0087 0.00454
3-1⁄2 88.9 4 101.6 3.476 88.29 11.00 16.39 0.0117 0.0061
4 101.6 4-1⁄2 114.3 3.958 100.53 12.60 18.77 0.0152 0.00793

12
open hole and annular volume

Table 6 - Open Hole Volume

Diameter Capacity Diameter Capacity

(in.) (bbl/ft) (mm) (m3/m)
3-1⁄2 0.0119 88.9 0.00621
3-7⁄8 0.0146 98.43 0.00762
4-1⁄4 0.0175 107.95 0.00913
4-1⁄2 0.0197 114.3 0.01028
4-3⁄4 0.0219 120.65 0.01142
5-1⁄4 0.0268 133.4 0.01398
5-5⁄8 0.0307 142.88 0.01601
5-3⁄4 0.0321 146.05 0.01674
5-7⁄8 0.0335 149.23 0.01747
6 0.0350 152.4 0.01826
6-1⁄8 0.0364 155.58 0.01899
6-1⁄4 0.0379 158.75 0.01977
6-1⁄2 0.0410 165.1 0.02139
6-3⁄4 0.0443 171.45 0.02311
7-3⁄8 0.0528 187.33 0.02754
7-5⁄8 0.0565 193.68 0.02947
7-7⁄8 0.0602 200.03 0.03140
8-3⁄8 0.0681 212.73 0.03552

Diameter Capacity Diameter Capacity

(in.) (bbl/ft) (mm) (m3/m)
8-1⁄2 0.0702 215.9 0.03662
8-5⁄8 0.0723 219.075 0.03771
8-3⁄4 0.0744 222.25 0.03881
9-1⁄2 0.0877 241.3 0.04574
9-5⁄8 0.0900 244.475 0.04694
9-7⁄8 0.0947 250.825 0.04940
10-5⁄8 0.1097 269.875 0.05722
11 0.1175 279.4 0.06129
12-1⁄4 0.1458 311.15 0.07605
14-3⁄4 0.2113 374.65 0.11021
15 0.2186 381 0.11402
16 0.2487 406.4 0.12972
17-1⁄2 0.2975 444.5 0.15518
18 0.3147 457.2 0.16415
20 0.3886 508 0.20269
22 0.4702 558.8 0.24526
24 0.5595 609.6 0.29184

13
Section

17 engineering data

Table 7 - Annular Volume

Oilfield units

Drillpipe Hole
OD Nominal Displace Capacity Size Hole Annular
in. Wt bbl/ft bbl/ft in. Capacity Capacity
lb/ft bbl/ft bbl/ft
2.375 6.65 0.002419 0.00320 4.250 0.0175 0.0119
6.65 0.002419 0.00320 4.750 0.0219 0.0164
2.875 10.40 0.003784 0.004495 4.750 0.0219 0.0136
10.40 0.003784 0.004495 5.625 0.0307 0.0224
10.40 0.003784 0.004495 6.125 0.0364 0.0284
3.500 13.30 0.004839 0.007421 6.125 0.0364 0.0241
13.30 0.004839 0.007421 6.625 0.0426 0.0307
15.50 0.005639 0.006576 6.750 0.0443 0.0324
7.750 0.0583 0.0464
4.000 14.00 0.005093 0.010836 7.750 0.0583 0.0423
14.00 0.005093 0.010836 8.500 0.0702 0.0546
8.750 0.0744 0.0588
4.500 16.60 0.006390 0.014219 7.875 0.0602 0.0396
16.60 0.006390 0.014219 8.500 0.0702 0.0496
16.60 0.006390 0.014219 8.750 0.0744 0.0538
16.60 0.006390 0.014219 9.875 0.0947 0.0741
12.250 0.1458 0.1252
5.000 19.50 0.007094 0.017762 8.500 0.0702 0.0453
19.50 0.007094 0.017762 9.8751 0.0947 0.0698
10.875 0.1149 0.0900
12.250 0.1458 0.1209

S.I units

Drillpipe Hole
OD Nominal Displace Capacity Size Hole Annular
mm Wt m3/m m3/m mm Capacity Capacity
kg/m m3/m m3/m
60.33 9.91 0.001262 0.00167 107.95 0.00913 0.00621
9.91 0.001262 0.00167 120.65 0.01442 0.00855
73.03 15.50 0.00197 0.00234 120.65 0.01442 0.00709
15.50 0.00197 0.00234 142.88 0.01601 0.01168
15.50 0.00197 0.00234 155.58 0.01899 0.01481
88.9 19.82 0.00252 0.00387 155.58 0.01899 0.01257
19.82 0.00252 0.00387 168.28 0.02222 0.01601
23.1 0.00294 0.00343 171.45 0.02311 0.01690
196.85 0.03041 0.02420
101.6 20.86 0.00266 0.00565 196.85 0.03401 0.02206
20.86 0.00266 0.00565 215.9 0.03662 0.02848
222.25 0.03881 0.03067
114.3 24.73 0.00333 0.00742 200.03 0.0314 0.02066
24.73 0.00333 0.00742 215.9 0.03662 0.02587
24.73 0.00333 0.00742 222.25 0.03881 0.02806
24.73 0.00333 0.00742 250.83 0.04940 0.03866
311.15 0.07605 0.06530
127 29.06 0.00370 0.00926 215.9 0.03662 0.02363
29.06 0.00370 0.00926 250.83 0.04940 0.03641
276.23 0.05993 0.04694
311.15 0.07605 0.06306

14
pumps
triplex pumps
Table 8 - Displacement of Triplex Fluid Pumps (bbl per Stroke - 100% Efficiency)
Oilfield units

Lnr Stroke Length (ins.)

Size
(in) 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.25 10.0 11.0 12.0
3.00 0.0153 0.0164 0.0175 0.0186 0.0197 0.0202 0.0219 0.024 0.0262
3.25 0.0179 0.0192 0.0205 0.0218 0.0231 0.0237 0.0257 0.0283 0.0307
3.50 0.0208 0.0223 0.0238 0.0252 0.0267 0.0276 0.0298 0.0326 0.0357
3.75 0.0238 0.0257 0.0273 0.0290 0.0307 0.0317 0.034 0.0376 0.0408

4.00 0.0271 0.029 0.0311 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.0388 0.0429 0.0467
4.25 0.0307 0.0328 0.035 0.0374 0.0395 0.0404 0.0438 0.0483 0.0526
4.50 0.0345 0.0369 0.0392 0.0419 0.0443 0.0455 0.0493 0.054 0.0590
4.75 0.0383 0.0411 0.0438 0.0466 0.0493 0.0507 0.0547 0.0602 0.0657

5.00 0.0426 0.0455 0.0486 0.0517 0.0548 0.0562 0.0607 0.0669 0.0729
5.25 0.0469 0.0502 0.0535 0.0569 0.0602 0.062 0.0669 0.0736 0.0802
5.50 0.0514 0.055 0.0588 0.0624 0.0661 0.0678 0.0736 0.0807 0.088
5.75 0.0562 0.0602 0.0643 0.0683 0.0721 0.0743 0.0802 0.0883 0.0964

6.00 0.0611 0.0655 0.070 0.0743 0.0786 0.0809 0.0874 0.0961 0.105
6.25 0.0664 0.0712 0.0759 0.0807 0.0855 0.0878 0.0948 0.1043 0.1138
6.50 0.0719 0.0719 0.0821 0.0871 0.0924 0.0949 0.1026 0.1129 0.123
6.75 0.0774 0.083 0.0886 0.094 0.0995 0.1023 0.1107 0.1217 0.1328

7.00 0.833 0.893 0.0952 0.101 0.1071 0.11 0.119 0.131 0.143

S.I units

Lnr Stroke Length (ins.)

Size
(mm) 177.80 190.50 203.20 215.90 228.60 234.95 234.95 279.40 304.80
76.20 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.56 0.61 0.67
82.55 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.59 0.60 0.65 0.72 0.78
88.90 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.70 0.76 0.83 0.91
95.25 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.78 0.81 0.86 0.96 1.04

101.60 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.89 0.91 0.99 1.09 1.19
107.95 0.78 0.83 0.89 0.95 1.00 1.03 1.11 1.23 1.34
114.30 0.88 0.94 1.00 1.06 1.13 1.16 1.25 1.37 1.50
120.65 0.97 1.04 1.11 1.18 1.25 1.29 1.39 1.53 1.67

127.00 1.08 1.16 1.23 1.31 1.39 1.43 1.54 1.70 1.85
133.35 1.19 1.28 1.36 1.45 1.53 1.57 1.70 1.87 2.04
139.70 1.31 1.40 1.49 1.58 1.68 1.72 1.87 2.05 2.24
146.05 1.43 1.53 1.63 1.73 1.83 1.89 2.04 2.24 2.45

152.40 1.55 1.66 1.78 1.89 2.00 2.05 2.22 2.44 2.67
158.75 1.69 1.81 1.93 2.05 2.17 2.23 2.41 2.65 2.89
165.10 1.83 1.83 2.09 2.21 2.35 2.41 2.61 2.87 3.12
171.45 1.97 2.11 2.25 2.39 2.53 2.60 2.81 3.09 3.37

177.80 21.16 22.68 2.42 2.57 2.72 2.79 3.02 3.33 3.63

15
Section

17 engineering data

duplex pumps

Table 9 - Displacement of Duplex Pumps (bbl per Stroke - 100% Efficiency)

Oilfield units

Stroke Length (in.)

Liner 12 14 15 16 18 20
Size Rod Diameter (in.)
(in.) 2 2 2.25 2.25 2.5 2.5
4 0.055 0.064 - - - -
4.25 0.062 0.073 - - - -
4.5 0.071 0.083 0.086 0.096 0.099 0.111
4.75 0.08 0.093 0.097 0.104 0.113 0.126

5 0.089 0.104 0.109 0.116 0.127 0.142

5.25 0.099 0.116 0.121 0.129 0.142 0.158
5.5 0.11 0.128 0.135 0.144 0.158 0.176
5.75 0.121 0.141 0.149 0.158 0.174 0.194

6 132 0.154 0.162 0.173 0.192 0.213

6.25 0.144 0.168 0.178 0.189 0.209 0.233
6.5 0.156 0.182 0.193 0.206 0.228 0.253
6.75 0.169 0.197 0.209 0.223 0.247 0.275

7 0.183 0.213 0.226 0.241 0.267 0.297

7.25 0.196 0.229 0.243 0.259 0.288 0.32
7.5 - - 0.261 0.278 0.31 0.344
7.75 - - 0.279 0.298 0.332 0.369

S.I units

Stroke Length (in.)

Liner 304.80 355.60 381.00 406.40 457.20 508.00
Size Rod Diameter (in.)
(mm) 50.80 50.80 57.15 57.15 63.50 63.50
101.60 1.40 1.63 - - - -
107.95 1.57 1.85 - - - -
114.30 1.80 2.11 2.18 2.44 2.51 2.82
120.65 2.03 2.36 2.46 2.64 2.87 3.20

127.00 2.26 2.64 2.77 2.95 3.23 3.61

133.35 2.51 2.95 3.07 3.28 3.61 4.01
139.70 2.79 3.25 3.43 3.66 4.01 4.47
146.05 3.07 3.58 3.78 4.01 4.42 4.93

152.40 3352.80 3.91 4.11 4.39 4.88 5.41

158.75 3.66 4.27 4.52 4.80 5.31 5.92
165.10 3.96 4.62 4.90 5.23 5.79 6.43
171.45 4.29 5.00 5.31 5.66 6.27 6.99

177.80 4.65 5.41 5.74 6.12 6.78 7.54

184.15 4.98 5.82 6.17 6.58 7.32 8.13
190.50 - - 6.63 7.06 7.87 8.74
196.85 - - 7.09 7.57 8.43 9.37

16
hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of a column of liquid on the casing and
open hole sections of the wellbore and is the force that controls influx of formation fluids and provides
wellbore support.

Hydrostatic pressure = Mud weight x true vertical depth x conversion factor

US Units:
Hydrostatic pressure ( psi) = Mud Weight × TVD( ft ) × 0.052

Metric Units
Mud Weight ( SG) × TVD(m )
Hydrostatic pressure(bar) =
10.2

Mud weight changes with temperature and pressure. This is most pronounced in deep hot wells when
using clear brines, oil- or synthetic-base muds,

average seawater composition

The following details typical chemicals and their concentration (ppm) in seawater (average SG = 1.025):

Constituent Parts per million

Sodium 10440
Potassium 375
Magnesium 1270
Calcium 410
Chloride 18970
Sulfate 2720
Carbon dioxide 90
Other constituents 80

chemical formulas of common treating chemicals

Ammonium bisulphite (NH4)HSO3
Anhydrite CaSO4
Barite BaSO4
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Calcium chloride CaCl2
Caustic soda (Sodium hydroxide) NaOH
Caustic potash (Potassium hydroxide) KOH
Galena (Lead sulphide) PbS
Gypsum CaSO4 · 2 H2O
Lime Ca(OH)2
Potassium chloride KCl
Phosphoric acid H3PO4
Quick lime CaO
Sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) Na2H2P2O7
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
Sodium carbonate (Soda ash) Na2CO3
Sodium chloride NaCl
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose R-CH2COO– Na+
Sodium sulphite Na2SO3
Sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3
Zinc carbonate 2 ZnCO3 · 3 Zn(OH)2

17
Section

17 engineering data

specific gravity and hardness of common oilfield materials

Material Chemical SG Moh Scale

Formula Hardness
Anhydrite CaSO4 2.9
Attapulgite 2.3 - 2.7
Barite BaSO4 4.0 - 4.5 3.0 - 3.5
Bentonite 2.3 - 2.7 1.0 - 2.0
Calcite (Limestone) CaCO3 2.7 - 2.9 3.0
Calcium chloride CaCl2 1.95
Cement 3.1 - 3.2
Clay 2.5 - 2.7
Diesel oil 0.85
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 2.86 3.5 - 4.0
Feldspar 2.4 - 2.7
Galena PbS 6.95 2.5 - 2.75
Graphite C 2.09 - 2.23 1.0 - 2.0
Gypsum CaSO4 . 2 H2O 2.30 - 2.37 2.0
Halite (Salt) NaCl 2.16 - 2.17 2.5
Hematite Fe2O3 5.0 - 5.3 5.0 - 6.0
Illite 2.6 - 2.9 1.0 - 2.0
Ilmenite FeTiO3 4.68 - 4.76 5.0 - 6.0
Magnesite MgCO3 2.98 - 3.44 3.5 - 4.5
Montmorillonite 2.0 - 3.0 1.0 - 2.0
Pyrite FeS2 5.02 6.0 - 6.5
Quartz SiO2 2.65 7.0
Salt NaCl 2.2
Sand 2.1 - 2.7
Shale 2.2 - 2.9
Siderite FeCO3 3.96 4.0 - 4.5
Slate 2.7 - 2.8
Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 3.8 4.0 - 4.5
Potassium chloride KCl 1.99 2.0
Water (Fresh) H2O 1.00

18
pH of common acids and bases
Acid pH Base pH
Acetic, N 2.4 Ammonia, N 11.6
Acetic, 0.1N 2.9 Ammonia, 0.1N 11.1
Acetic, 0.01N 3.4 Ammonia, 0.01N 10.6
Alum, 0.1N 3.2 Borax, 0.1N 9.2
Boric, 0.1N 5.2 Calcium carbonate 9.4
(saturated)
Carbonic (saturated) 3.8 Calcium hydroxide 12.4
(saturated)
Citric, 0.1N 2.2 Ferrous hydroxide 9.5
(saturated)
Formic, 0.1N 2.3 Lime (saturated) 12.4
Hydrochloric, N 0.1 Magnesia (saturated) 10.5
Hydrochloric, 0.1N 1.1 Potassium hydroxide, N 14.0
Hydrochloric, 0.01N 2.0 Potassium hydroxide, 0.1N 13.0
Hydrogen sulphide, 0.1N 4.1 Potassium hydroxide, 0.01N 12.0
Sulphuric, N 0.3 Sodium bicarbonate, 0.1N 8.4
Sulphuric, 0.1N 1.2 Sodium carbonate, 0.1N 11.6
Sulphuric, 0.01N 2.1 Sodium hydroxide, N 14.0
Sulphurous, 0.1N 1.5 Sodium hydroxide, 0.1N 13.0
Sodium hydroxide, 0.01N 12.0

pH ranges of common indicators

End Point
Indicator pH Range Initial Colour
Colour
Thymol blue 1.2 - 2.8 Red Yellow
Bromophenol blue 3.0 - 4.6 Yellow Blue
Methyl orange 3.2 - 4.4 Red Yellow
Bromocresol green 3.8 - 5.4 Yellow Blue
Ethyl red 4.0 - 5.8 Colourless Red
Methyl red 4.8 - 6.0 Red Yellow
Bromocresol purple 5.2 - 6.8 Yellow Purple
Bromothymol blue 6.0 - 7.6 Yellow Blue
Phenol red 6.6 - 8.0 Yellow Red
Phenolphthalein 8.2 - 10.0 Colourless Pink
Thymolphthalein 9.4 - 10.6 Colourless Blue

19
Section

17 engineering data

effect of caustic soda on calcium solubility at 73 ˚F (22.8

˚C)
700

Filtrate
Ca Ion, 500
mg/L

300

100
1 2 3 4 5
Caustic Soda Added, Ib/bbl

8.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6

pH

chemical required to remove contaminants

Ion to be Factor ppb or (kg/m3) of Treating
removed Chemical
Ca++ x 0.00093 = Na2CO3 (Soda ash)
(0.002653)
Ca++ x 0.00074 = NaHCO3 (Bicarb.of soda)
(0.002111)
Ca++ x 0.00097 = Na2H2P2O7 (SAPP)
(0.002767)
Ca++ x 0.00173 = BaCO3 (Barium carbonate)
(0.004936)
Mg++ x 0.00093 = Na2CO3
(0.002653)
Mg++ x 0.00116 = NaOH (Caustic soda)
(0.003309)
SO4= x 0.00073 = BaCO3
(0.002083)
CO3= x 0.00043 = Ca(OH)2 (Lime)
(0.001227)
CO3= x 0.00100 = CaSO4 . 2 H2O (Gypsum)
(0.002853)
HCO3– x 0.00021 = Ca(OH)2
(0.000599)
HCO3– x 0.00200 = NaOH (Caustic soda)
(0.005706)
PO4= x 0.00041 = Ca(OH)2
(0.00117)
H2S x 0.00076 = Ca(OH)2 (Lime)
(0.002168)
H2S x 0.00128 = ZnCO3 (Zinc carbonate)
(0.003652)
H2S x 0.000836 ZnO (Zinc oxide)
(0.002385)

Multiply the mg/l of ion to be removed, as determined by titration of filtrate or Drager tube, by the factor
to give ppb of treating chemical required.

20
unit conversions
The following table gives conversion factors used for converting one unit to another. Both metric-to-
standard and standard-to-metric conversion factors are listed.

Multiply by To Calculate
Atmospheres 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi)
1.0132 bars
101.32 kilopascals
Barrels US (bbl) 42 gallons US (gal)
35 gallons (imperial)
5.615 cubic feet (ft3)
159 litres (L)
0.159 cubic meters (m3)
350 pounds (lb) [H2O at 68 ºF)
Barrels/foot (bbl/ft) 42 gallons/ft (gal/ft)
5.615 cubic ft/ft (ft3 /ft)
159 litres (L)
0.159 cubic meters/foot (m3/ft)
521.6 litres/meter (L / m)
0.5216 cubic meters/meter (m3 /m)
Barrels/minute (bbl/min) 42 gallons/minute (gal/min)
5.615 cubic ft/minute (ft3 /min)
159 litres/minute (L /min)
0.159 cubic meters/minute (m3/min)
Bars 0.9869 atmospheres
14.5 pounds per square inch (psi)
100 kilopascals
Centimetres (cm) 0.0328 feet (ft)
0.3937 inches (in)
0.01 meters (m)
10 millimetres (mm)
Cubic centimetres (cm3) 0.0610 cubic inches (in3)
0.0010 litres (L)
1.0 millilitres (mL)
Cubic feet (ft3) 0.1781 barrels (bbl)
7.4805 gallons (gal)
1,728 cubic inches (in3)
28,317 cubic centimetres (cm3)
28.3170 litres (L)
0.0283 cubic meters (m3)
Cubic inches (in3) 16.3871 cubic centimetres (cm3)
0.0164 litres (L)
0.0006 cubic feet (ft3)
0.0043 gallons (gal)
Cubic meters (m3) 6.2898 barrels (bbl)
264.17 gallons (gal)
35.31 cubic feet (ft3)
61023 cubic inches (in3)
1,000,000 cubic centimetres (cm3)
1,000 litres (L)

21
Section

17 engineering data

Multiply by To Calculate
Cubic meters/minute (m3 /min) 6.2898 barrels/minute (bbl/min)
264.17 gallons/minute (gal/min)
35.31 cubic feet/minute (ft3 /min)
1,000 litres/minute (L/min)
Degrees, angle 60 minutes (min)
0.0175 radians
3,600 seconds
Degrees, temperature Celsius (°C) (°C x 1.8)+ 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
Degrees, temperature Fahrenheit (°F) (°F – 32) ÷ 1.8 degrees Celsius (°C)
Feet (ft) 30.48 centimetres (cm)
0.3048 meters (m)
12 inches (in)
0.3333 yards (yd)
Feet/minute (ft/min) 0.0167 feet/second (ft/sec)
0.3048 meters/minute (m/min)
0.00508 meters/second (m/sec)
Feet/second (ft/sec) 60 feet/minute (ft/min)
18.288 meters/minute (m/min)
0.3048 meters/second (m/sec)
Gallons, US (gal) 3785 cubic centimetres (cm3)
3.785 litres (L)
0.0038 cubic meters (m3)
231 cubic inches (in3)
0.1337 cubic feet (ft3)
0.0238 barrels (bbl)
Gallons/minute (gal/min) 0.0238 barrels/minute (bbl/min)
0.1337 cubic feet/minute (ft3/min)
3.785 litres/minute (L/min)
0.0038 cubic meters/minute (m3/min)
Grams (g) 0.0010 kilograms (kg)
1,000 milligrams (mg)
0.03527 ounces (oz, avoirdupois)
0.0022 pounds (lb)
Grams/litre (g/L) 0.0624 pounds/cubic foot (lb/ft3)
0.0083 pounds/gallon (lb/gal)
0.3505 pounds/barrel (lb/bbl)
1,000 milligrams/litre (mg/L)
Inches (in) 0.0833 feet (ft)
0.0278 yards (yd)
25,400 microns
25.4 millimetres (mm)
2.54 centimetres (cm)
0.0254 meters (m)
Kilograms (kg) 1,000 grams (g)
0.0010 metric tons
2.2046 pounds (lb)
Kilograms/cubic meter (kg/m3) 0.3505 pounds/barrel (lb/bbl)
0.0083 pounds/gallon (lb/gal)
0.0624 pounds/cubic foot (lb/ft3)
Kilometres (km) 39,370 inches (in)
3280.84 feet (ft)
1,000 meters (m)
0.6214 miles (mi)

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Multiply by To Calculate
Kilometres/hour (km/hr or kph) 54.68 feet/minute (ft/min)
0.9113 feet/second (ft/sec)
0.54 knots
0.6214 miles/hour (mi/hr or mph)
1,000 meters/hour (m/hr)
16.6667 meters/minute (m/min)
0.2778 meters/second (m/sec)
Kilopascals 0.1450 pounds per square inch (psi)
0.0100 bars
0.0099 atmospheres
Knots 1.15 miles/hour (mi/hr or mph)
6,080 feet/hour (ft/hr)
101.27 feet/minute (ft/min)
1.69 feet/second (ft/sec)
1.85 kilometres/hour (km/hr or kph)
30.87 meters/minute (m/min)
0.5144 meters/second (m/sec)
Litres (L) 61.03 cubic inches (in3)
0.0353 cubic feet (ft3)
0.2642 gallons (gal)
0.0063 barrels (bbl)
1,000 cubic centimetres (cm3)
0.001 cubic meters (m3)
Litres/minute (L/min) 0.2642 gallons/minute (gal/min)
0.0063 barrels/minute (bbl/min)
0.0353 cubic feet/minute (ft /min)3
Meters (m) 1,000 millimetres (mm)
100 centimetres (cm)
0.001 kilometres (km)
39.37 inches (in)
3.28 feet (ft)
1.0936 yards (yd)
Meters/minute (m/min) 3.28 feet/minute (ft/min)
0.05468 feet/second (ft/sec)
0.03728 miles/hour (mi/hr or mph)
0.01667 meters/second (m/sec)
1.6670 centimetres/second (cm/sec)
0.06 kilometres/hour (km/hr or kph)
Meters/second (m/sec) 2.2369 miles/hour (mi/hr or mph)
196.85 feet/minute (ft/min)
3.28 feet/second (ft/sec)
100 centimetres/second (cm/sec)
60 meters/minute (m/min)
0.060 kilometres/hour (km/hr or kph)
Microns 0.0010 millimetres (mm)
0.0001 centimetres (cm)
0.00003937 inches (in)
Miles, statute (mi) 160,934 centimetres (cm)
1609.34 meters (m)
1.6093 kilometres (km)
63,360 inches (in)

23
Section

17 engineering data

Multiply by To Calculate
Miles, nautical 5,280 feet (ft)
1,760 yards (yd)
6,080.27 feet (ft)
1.1516 statute miles (mi)
1,853.27 meters (m)
1.8533 kilometres (km)
Millilitres (ml) 0.0010 litres (L)
Millimetres (mm) 0.0010 meters (m)
0.10 centimetres (cm)
0.0394 inches (in)
Ounces (oz, avoirdupois) 0.0625 pounds (lb)
28.3495 grams (g)
0.0283 kilograms (kg)
Pounds (lb) 16 ounces (oz, avoirdupois)
0.0005 short tons
453.6 grams (g)
0.4536 kilograms (kg)
Pounds/barrel (lb/bbl) 0.047 grams/cubic inch (g/in3)
2.853 kilograms/cubic meter (kg/m3)
0.1781 pounds/cubic foot (lb/ft3)
0.0238 pounds/gallon (lb/gal)
Pounds/cubic foot (lb/ft3) 0.0160 grams/cubic centimeter (g/cm3)
16.0185 kilograms/cubic meter (kg/m3)
0.1337 pounds/gallon (lb/gal)
5.6146 pounds/barrel (lb/bbl)
Pounds/gallon (lb/gal) 0.1198 grams/cubic centimeter (g/cm3)
119.8260 kilograms/cubic meter (kg/m3)
0.0238 pounds/barrel (lb/bbl)
7.4805 pounds/cubic foot (lb/ft2)
Pounds/square inch (lb/in2) (psi) 0.0680 atmospheres
0.0689 bars
0.0703 kilograms/square centimeter (kg/cm2)
6.89 kilopascals
Pounds/square inch/foot (lb/in2/ft) 22.6203 kilopascals/meter
Square centimetres (cm2) 0.1550 square inches (in2)
Square feet (ft2) 929.03 square centimeters (cm2)
0.0929 square meters (m2)
144 square inches (in2)
0.1111 square yards (yd2)
Square inches (in2) 645.16 square millimeters (mm2)
6.4516 square centimeters (cm2)
Square kilometres (km2) 0.3861 square miles (mi2)
100 hectares
Square meters (m2) 10.76 square feet (ft2)
Square miles (mi2) 2.59 square kilometres (km2)
640 acres
259 hectares
Tons, long 2,240 pounds (lb)
1,016 kilograms (kg)
1.016 metric tons

24
Multiply by To Calculate
Tons, metric 2,204 pounds (lb)
1,000 kilograms (kg)
0.9842 long tons
1.1023 short tons
Tons, short 2,000 pounds (lb)
907.18 kilograms (kg)
0.9072 metric tons

25