12.

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

SECTION:12- SERVICEABILITY
12.1 General
LIMIT STATE
– Check of serviceability limit state (SLS)
ensures adequate performance of
structure during design service life.
§ Stress check in concrete & steel
§ Crack width of concrete
§ Deflection
By
Er. Vinay Gupta – Vibration and fatigue are outside the
Chief Executive Officer scope.
M/s Tandon Consultants Pvt Ltd
New Delhi

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

– Cross section assumed uncracked

provided concrete tensile stress £

TEMPORARY STRESSES fctm , fctm, fl , otherwise it is considered as

No separate clauses for stresses during erection; cracked.
ie no relaxations – fctm : concrete mean tensile
strength
– fctm, fl : concrete mean flexural
tensile strength (Eq 6.6)
= max {(1.6 - h / 1000) fctm, fctm}

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

12.2 Stress Limitation 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
12.2.1 Allowable Compressive Stress in 12.2.2 Allowable Tensile Stress in
Concrete Steel
– Max compressive stress = 0.48 fck
– Reinforcement £ 0.8 fyk
under rare combination of loads under rare combination of loads
(excessive compression causes irreversible strains) - No fatigue, if stress £ 300 Mpa
– For compressive stress < 0.36 fck
under quasi-permanent load combination
º linear creep may be assumed
(otherwise non-linear creep as per
Annexure A-2)

1
 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
12.3. Limit State of Cracking
STREESES IN PRESTRESSING 12.3.1 General

§During tensioning £ 90% of 0.1% proof
stress
§at seating £ 0.75 fpk or 85% of 0.1% proof
stress, whichever is lesser
§In PSC, if there is no tensile stress at
extreme fiber in frequent load combination,
fatigue check is not required.
§ Cracks can be due to load effects as
well as internal deformations (creep,
shrinkage, temperature)
§ Partially prestressed structures are
also required to be checked
§ Check for limit state of fatigue

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12.3.2 Limiting Crack Width (CONTD.)

12.3.2 Limiting Crack Width
§ Limits for different exposure conditions as § Members with bonded/bonded +
per Table 12.1 unbounded tendons º requirements of
§ Decompression: No tensile stress within prestressed concrete apply
100 mm around duct § Members with unbonded tendons º
§ Gross section properties for temperature requirements of reinforced concrete apply
distribution forces

Table 12.1 Recommended Values of Wmax

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
12. SERVICEABILITY 12.3.3 Minimum Reinforcement for Crack
LIMIT STATE
Control
12.3.2 (CONTD.)
§ Estimated from equilibrium between tensile
force in concrete just before cracking and
tensile force in steel at yielding
§ For T-beams and Box Sections
As. mins s = kc kfct ,eff Act Eq 12.1
As . min is the minimum area of reinforcing steel
within the tensile zone
Act Area of concrete in tension just before
cracking
f ct , eff £ f ctm when crack is first expected to occur

2
12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
12.3.3 (CONTD.) 12.3.3 (CONTD.)
Fcr Eq 12.3
s s = f yk (yield strength of reinforcement) = 0.9 ³ 0. 5
Act f ct ,eff
= 1.0 web or flange < 600 mm long for flanges (bending or bending + axial forces)
k
= 0.65 web or flange > 800 mm long s c = (Mean concrete stress) = N Ed
(intermediate values may be bh
NEd = concrete axial force in SLS
interpolated)
K1 = 1.5 if N Ed is compressive
kc = 1.0 for pure tension 2h * if N Ed is tensile
é s ù =
= 0.4 ê1 - ú £1
c
Eq 12.2 3h
êë k1 (hlh *) f ct ,eff úû
h* = h for h< 1.0m
for webs/rectangular sections (bending = 1.0 for h> 1.0m
or bending + axial forces) Fcr =Absolute value of tensile force within flange
before cracking; calculated using fct,eff

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

12.3.3 (CONTD.) 12.3.4 Calculation of Crack Width
Wk = Sr , max (e sm - e cm )
Eq. 12.5
S r ,max = max crack spacing
e sm = mean strain in reinforcement (for PSC
members additional strain beyond
the state of zero strain)
e cm = mean strain in concrete between cracks

Fig. 12.1 TYPICAL DIVISION OF A FLANGED CROSS –SECTION

FOR ANALYSIS OF CRACKING

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

12.3.4 (CONTD.) 12.3.4 (CONTD.)
f ct ,eff
s sc - kt
r p , eff
(1 + a r )
e p ,eff
s sc
e sm - e cm = ³ 0 .6 Eq. 12.6 x e= 0
Es Es h d A A - level of steel centroid
hc.ef B - effective tension area, Ac,eff

s sc = tensile stress in reinforcement a) Beam B

e

a e = ES / Ecm
x
e= 0
Fig. 12.2
EFFECTIVE
r p ,eff = As / Ac ,eff
h d

Eq. 12.7 hc.ef e

TENSION AREA
b) Slab
B B - effective tension area, Ac.eff (TYPICAL CASES)
Ac ,eff = is the effective area of concrete in B
hc.ef e

tension surrounding the h d

d
B - effective tension area for
upper surface, Act.eff

reinforcement, of the depth hc.ef e

C - effective tension area for
lower surface, Acb.eff

hwhere
c ,eff ' is the lesser of
C
c) Member in tension

æ hö
hc ,eff ç 2. 5(h - d ); (h - x ) / 3; or ÷
è 2ø
K t = 0.5 (factor for duration of loading)

3
12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
12.3.4 (CONTD.) 12.3.4 (CONTD.)
f = dia of bar or equivalent dia for different
bar sizes
In case of small spacing of
c = clear cover to longitudinal
reinforcement £ 5(c+f/2) reinforcement
k1 = 0.8 for deformed bars (increase by 25%
0.425k1k 2f for epoxy coated bars)
S r ,max = 3.4c +
r p ,eff Eq. 12.8 k2 = 0.5 for bending
= 1.0 for pure tension
As (e1 +e 2 )
r p ,eff = = k2 = Eq. 12.10
Ac , eff 2e 1
for combined bending + tension
e 1, e 2 are smaller and larger values of tensile
strains of the cracked section

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

12.3.4 (CONTD.) 12.3.6 CONTROL OF CRACKING WITHOUT
DIRECT CALCULATION
In case of larger spacing of reinforcement
> 5(c+f/2) § Tables 12.2 and 12.3 are applicable where

S r ,max = 1.3( h - x) Eq. 12.12 c = 40mm; f ct .eff = 2.8MPa; hcr 0.5

( h - d ) = 0.1h, k1 = 0.8, k 2 = 0.5, k t = 0.5, k = 1.0
h = overall depth of member hcr = depth of tensile zone before cracking, under
x = depth of neutral axis from quasi-permanent load combination and
characteristic prestressing
compression face
§ Either of bar diameter and bar spacing
criteria need to be satisfied

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

12.3.6 (CONTD.) 12.3.6 (CONTD.)

Table 12.2 Maximum Bar Diameters fs for Crack Control Table 12.3 Maximum Bar Spacing for Crack Control

The image
cannot be
display ed.
Your
computer
may not hav e
enough

4
12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
12.3.6 (CONTD.) 12.4. Limit State of Deflection
12.4.1 General
§ For pretensioned concrete, tables 12.2 or
12.3 are applicable with stress = total § Excessive deflection can adversely
stress – prestress affect appearance or functionality
§ Precambering is permitted
§ For post-tensioned concrete tables 12.2 or
12.3 are applicable with reinforcement § Hence, deflection limits apply to
stress calculated taking into account deflection due to moving loads only
effect of the prestressing force § Cable supported bridges not covered,
refer specialist literature
The image The image
cannot be cannot be
display ed. display ed.
Your Your
computer computer
may not hav e may not hav e
enough enough

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

12.4.1 (CONTD.) 12.4.1 (CONTD.)

Deflection Limits § For calculating deflections of cracked

- Vehicular live load
- Pedestrian live load with/ without
vehicular
(keeping in view human comfort)
- Vehicular live load on cantilever
- Pedestrian live load with/ without
vehicular
members due to sustained loads, Icrack
: Span/ 800 = 0.7 Igross may be taken unless more
: Span/ 1000 accurate determination is made.
§ For uncracked members, such as
: Cantilever Span/ 300 prestressed members fully, under
: Cantilever Span/ 375 compression, Igross may be used.

The image The image

cannot be cannot be
display ed. display ed.
Your Your
computer computer
may not hav e may not hav e
enough enough

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

12.4.1 (CONTD.) 12.4.1 (CONTD.)
Shrinkage curvature shall be estimated as
§ For long sustained load conditions
creep effects shall be accounted for by 1 S
taking = e csa e Eq. 12.16
rcs 1
Ecm
Ec ,eff = Eq. 12.15
1 + f (¥, t0 )

The image The image

cannot be cannot be
display ed. display ed.
Your Your
computer computer
may not hav e may not hav e
enough enough

5
12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
12.4.1 (CONTD.) Worked example 1= Stress Control
1 / rcs =
§ Member = RCC deck slab
is the curvature due to shrinkage
§ Thickness = 350 mm
e cs = is the free shrinkage strain § Effective depth = 290 mm (cover=50mm)
S = is the first moment of area of the § Concrete Grade = M50
reinforcement about the centroid of § SLS Sagging BM = 144 KNm/m
the section (rare combination of loads)
I = is the second moment of area of the § Out of 144 KNm/m
section due to DL+SIDL = 32.4 KNm/m
ae = is the effective modular ratio= due to LL = 111.6 KNm/m
Es/Ec,eff § Reinforcement for ULS = 2513 mm2/m
The image
cannot be
display ed.
(20mm bars @ 125mm c/c The image
cannot be
display ed.
Your Your
computer computer
may not hav e may not hav e
enough enough

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

12.4.1 (CONTD.) 12.4.1 (CONTD.)
§Assuming uncracked section Check of stresses when the bridge is just
I = bh3 / 12 =1000 ´ 3503 / 12 = 3.573´109 mm 4 / m opened to traffic, assuming short term
§h/2 = 350/2 = 175 mm Elastic Modulus
s top = s bott = My / I = 7.05 MPa Es = 200 GPa, Ecm = 35 GPa (Table 6.5)
However, f = 3.5 MPA (Table 6.5) < s bot Thus Ec,eff = 35 GPA
ctm
Hence, stresses will be calculated ignoring Depth of Concrete in Compression dc
concrete in tension for the cracked section
- AsE s + ( A s E s )2 + 2 bA s E s E c , eff d
= dc=
bE c , eff

= - 2513 ´ 200 ´ 10 + ´ 200 ´ 10 ) 2 + 2 ´ 1000 ´ 2513 ´ 200 ´ 10 ´ 35 ´ 10 ´ 290

9 9 9 9
( 2513
1000 ´ 35 ´ 10 9

The image
cannot be
display ed.
= 78.02mm The image
cannot be
display ed.
Your Your
Stresses computer computer
Strains
may not hav e may not hav e
enough enough

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

12.4.1 (CONTD.)
b) Stress Check after long term creep effects
1 E c , eff
I cr = A s (d - d c )2 + bd c3 • For 350mm thick slab, loading at 7 days and RH=80%
3 Es
1 35 • Final Creep Co-efficient f = 2.2 from Table 6.9
= 2513 ´ ( 290 - 78 . 02 ) + ´
2
´ 1000 ´ 78 . 02 2 = 140 . 63 ´ 10 6 mm 4
3 200
M Ed E c , eff 144 ´ 10 6 35
Hence , s ctop = = ´ = 13 . 98 MPa
Zc Es 140 . 63 ´ 10 6 / 78 . 02 200
(M qp + M st ) E cm
E c , eff =
< 0.48 fck = 24 MPa, hence OK
M st + (1 + f ) M qp

s =
M Ed
= 144 ´ 10 6 ´ ( 290 - 78 . 02 ) /( 140 . 63 ´ 10 6 ) = 217 . 06 MPa ( 0 . 225 + 0 . 775 ) 35
s
Zs = = 23 . 41 GPa
Clause 12.2.2: tensile limit
0 . 775 + (1 + 2 . 2 ) x 0 . 225
, hence OK
0 . 8 f yk = 0 . 8 ´ 500 = 400 MPa > 217 . 06 MPa

The image The image

cannot be cannot be
display ed. display ed.
Your Your
computer computer
may not hav e may not hav e
enough enough

6
12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
Worked Example 2: Crack Control
Repeating the process of (a) above
dc= 92.17mm and Icrack=128.9x106 mm4 Take same structure as in Example 1
Hence,
depth of neutral axis x=92.17mm
M Ed Ec,eff 144 ´ 106 23.41
s ctop = = ´ for bar spacing less than 5(c+ j /2)
ƶ Es 128 .9 ´106 / 92.17 200
c
= 12.05 MPa < 18MPa , hence Ok =5(50+20/2)=300

0.425 ´ k1 ´ k 2 ´ f
ss =
M Ed
= 144 ´ 106 ( 290 - 92.17) /(128.9 ´1.06 ) s r ,max = 3.4c +
ƶs r p ,eff
= 221.0 MPa < 400 MPa , hence Ok

c = 50 mm; j = 20mm
The image The image
cannot be cannot be
display ed. display ed.
Your Your
computer computer
may not hav e may not hav e
enough enough

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

A 0.8 x 0.5 x 20
r p,eff = s s r ,max = 3.4 ´ 50 + = 287.2mm
Ac,eff 0.029
314mm 2 e sm - e cm =
As = = 2513mm 2
0.125( spacing ) f ct ,eff
s sc - kt (1 + a e r p,eff )
r p,eff > s sc
Ac,eff (effective tension area) = bhc,eff 0.6
( h - x)
Es Es
é ù
hceff = lesser ê2.5( h - d ); or h/2ú
ë 3 û s sc = 221MPa (Already calculated)
é 350 - 92.17 350 ù s sc 0 .6 ´ 221
= lesser ê2.5(350 - 290); ; = = 0 .663 ´10 - 3 (Minimum Value)
2 úû
0.6
ë 3 Es 200 ´10 3
= lesser [150mm, 85.9mm or 175mm] Kt = 0.5
= 85.9mm
Ac, eff = 85. 9 ´ 1000 = 85900 mm / m 2

2513
r p,eff = = 0.029
85900 The image
cannot be
The image
cannot be
display ed. display ed.
Your Your
computer computer
may not hav e may not hav e
enough enough

12. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE VARIATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES

WITH AGE
fct,eff = fctm = 3.5 MPa (M50 concrete)
ae = E s = 200/35 = 5.714
INSTANT LONG TERM
Ecm
E : 35 23.41
e sm - e cm = I : 140.63´106 128.9´106
3.5
221.0 - 0.5 ´ (1 + 5.714 ´ 0.029)
221.0 - 70. 34 dc : 78.02 92.17
0.029 = = 0.753 ´10 -3
200 ´103 200 ´103
sc : 13.98 12.05

> 0.663x10-3 (Min value) ss : 217.06 221.0

Wk : 0.22

Wk = 287.2 x 0.753x10-3 =0.22mm < 0.30 mm, hence Ok

The image
cannot be
display ed.
Your
computer
may not hav e
enough

7
THANK YOU