01-12-2016

WORKSHOP ON
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD ULS for Linear Elements
ING-IABSE BRIDGES IRC:112 ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

INTRODUCTION:
Session -2
Ultimate Limit State of Linear Elements for Bending & Axial Forces
• The section 8 of the code covers Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Design of linear
elements which are subjected to the bending with or without axial force.
Umesh Rajeshirke
Managing Director • In case of linear elements (e.g. beam), at any section we get six force
SPECTRUM Techno Consultants Pvt Ltd, Navi Mumbai resultants viz. Axial force( Nx), two shear forces ( Vy & Vz), torsion (T) and two
bending moments (My & Mz).

• Design for Shear forces ( Vy & Vz), torsion (T) is covered in section 10 of the
Mr. Umesh Rajeshirke has completed his BE Civil form VJTI (Univ. of
code and the same for axial force( Nx) and two bending moments (My & Mz) is
Bombay) and M.S. from IIT, Madras. He has over 29 years of
experience in planning & designing of long span bridges, precast covered in section 8 &9. The additional checks for buckling of slender columns
segmental & cable stayed bridges. He has also involved in design of are given in section 11.
number Nuclear Containments, tall chimneys, Natural Draught Cooling
Towers and maritime structures. Actively involved in various code
• The method given here is applicable for design of section of piers, slabs, I
committees
girders, longitudinal design of box girders, etc.

ULS for Linear Elements ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

INTRODUCTION ( CONT….) • The strain limits εc1, εc2 & εc3 and εcu1, εcu2 & εcu3 for various grades of concrete are
Assumptions made: given in Table 6.5 of the code.
• plane sections remain plane.
• The values εc1 & εcu1 are used in generalized stress-strain distribution of concrete
• strain in bonded reinforcement or bonded prestressing tendons, whether in which is shown in fig. A2-1 of Annexure A-2 of the code.
tension or in compression, is the same as that in the surrounding concrete
• tensile strength of the concrete is ignored • The values εc2 & εcu2 are used in defining the parabola – rectangle stress-strain
diagram as shown in fig 6.5.
• stresses in the concrete in compression are derived from the design
stress/strain relationship given in Fig 6.5 & Annexure A-2 of the code • The values εc3 & εcu3 are used in defining the bilinear stress-strain relationship as
shown in Fig. A2-3 and rectangular stress distribution as shown in Fig. A2-4 of the
code.

• εc1, εc2 & εc3 are the strain limits when the cross section is subjected to the pure
compression (without bending), whereas, εcu1, εcu2 & εcu3 are limits when the section
is subjected to bending moment.

• The limiting strain εc2c & εcu2c for confined concrete are given in clause A2-8 of
annexure A-2 of the code.

Generalized Stress- Parabolic-Rectangular

Strain Relation Stress-Strain Relation

ULS for Linear Elements ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

• Stresses in the reinforcing or

prestressing steel are derived from
the design curves in Figure 6.2 & 6.4
of the code.

• When upward sloping branch of

stress-strain curve beyond the linear
elastic portion is used, the tensile
stresses in reinforcing and
prestressing steel are limited to those
corresponding to strain of 0.9 euk.
Where idealised plastic branch is
used for this part of the curve, it is not
necessary to check strain limit.

• Initial strain in prestressing tendons is

taken into account when assessing
the stresses in the tendons.

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 01-12-2016

ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
ULS for Linear Elements
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

e c2 e c2
es

es e ud
ec = 0 ec = 0 ec
ec

Pure Tensile Load

N.A. lies out side section
steel on both side yield

ING-IABSE
ULS for Linear Elements ING-IABSE
ULS for Linear Elements
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

e c2 e cu2
e c2
es es

2
1 1

A A
es e ud es e ud
ec = 0 ec ec = 0 ec

Zone-2 : Tensile/compressive Load with Bending

Zone-1 : Tensile Load with Bending Moment
Moment N.A. lies within side section
N.A. lies out side section Strain in concrete is still < e cu2
At least steel on one side yields strain in steel > e ud , governs the design

ING-IABSE
ULS for Linear Elements ING-IABSE
ULS for Linear Elements
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

e cu2 e c2 e cu2
e c2 e c2
es B es B

2 2 3/7 h
1 1 4
3 3 C

A A
es e ud e yd es e ud e yd
e c= e c2
ec = 0 ec ec
0
Zone-3 : Compressive Load with Bending Moment Zone-4 : Compressive Load with Bending Moment
N.A. lies within side section N.A. lies within side section
Strain in concrete is at e cu2, governs the ultimate strength Strain in concrete is at e cu2, governs the ultimate strength
strain in steel < e ud and > e yd strain in steel < e yd , Over-reinforced non ductile failure
Green line is balanced condition

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 01-12-2016

ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE
ULS for Linear Elements ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN CHECKS

• Find the location of neutral axis, distribution of strains and hence the stresses
e c2 e cu2 across the section of element, which correspond to the force equilibrium.
e c2
es B • For rectangular cross section, the direct formulae can be derived to find out
the resisting capacity of the section whereas for non-rectangular sections the
2 3/7 h same can be found out by using computer program
1 4 PROCEDURE FOR COMPUTER PROGRAM:
3 C
• For a given cross-section, the ultimate axial load carrying capacity can be
5 checked for uniform strain of εc2 if the applied force is pure compressive, and
A for 0.9 εuk, if the applied axial force is tensile without moment.
es e ud e yd • The ultimate axial force carrying capacity of the section for given bending
e c= e c2
ec moment shall always be between these two limits i.e. maximum compressive
0 force carrying capacity and maximum tension carrying capacity.
• The position of neutral axis, k for which the ultimate force carrying capacity of
Zone-5 : Compressive Load with Bending Moment the section matches with the factored axial force acting on the section is
N.A. lies out side section ( Section is in full compression )
obtained by solving the following equilibrium condition.
Strain in concrete is between e cu2 & e c2
ƒ(k) = Ns(k) + Nc(k) + N =0

ULS for Linear Elements ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

fck (N/mm2) up to 60 70 75 90 100 115

β1 0.80952 0.74194 0.69496 0.63719 0.59936 0.58333

β2 0.41597 0.39191 0.37723 0.36201 0.35482 0.35294

ULS for Linear Elements ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

Rectangular section with

fck (N/mm2) up to 60 70 75 90 100 115 neutral axis outside the section
β1 0.8 0.76781 0.73625 0.675 0.61625 0.56

β2 0.4 0.39375 0.3875 0.375 0.3625 0.35

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 01-12-2016

ULS for Linear Elements ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

Parabola Rectangle Constitutive Law

f ck = 60 N/mm2 f ck = 70 N/mm2 f ck = 75 N/mm2 f ck = 90 N/mm2 f ck = 100 N/mm2 f ck =115 N/mm2
x/h
β3 β4 β3 β4 β3 β4 β3 β4 β3 β4 β3 β4

1 0.80952 0.41597 0.74194 0.39191 0.69496 0.37723 0.63719 0.36201 0.59936 0.35482 0.58333 0.35294

1.2 0.89549 0.45832 0.83288 0.43765 0.78714 0.42436 0.72968 0.41022 0.69249 0.40355 0.6772 0.40186

1.4 0.93409 0.4748 0.88197 0.45841 0.84129 0.44724 0.78831 0.43492 0.75381 0.42907 0.73986 0.42761

1.6 0.95468 0.48304 0.91168 0.4699 0.87615 0.46046 0.82826 0.44975 0.79679 0.44461 0.78422 0.44335

1.8 0.96693 0.48779 0.93113 0.47702 0.90007 0.46895 0.85695 0.45954 0.82834 0.45499 0.81702 0.45389

2 0.97481 0.49077 0.9446 0.48178 0.9173 0.47478 0.87838 0.46644 0.85234 0.46237 0.84211 0.4614

2.5 0.9855 0.49475 0.96464 0.48861 0.9442 0.48347 0.91348 0.47705 0.89255 0.47385 0.88448 0.47311

5 0.99702 0.49893 0.9906 0.49705 0.98285 0.49512 0.96937 0.49234 0.95972 0.49089 0.95622 0.49057

ULS for Linear Elements ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

fck = 60 N/mm2 fck = 70 N/mm2 fck = 75 N/mm2 fck = 90 N/mm2 fck = 100 N/mm2 fck = 115 N/mm2
x/h
β3 β4 β3 β4 β3 β4 β3 β4 β3 β4 β3 β4
1 0.80000 0.40000 0.76781 0.39375 0.73625 0.38750 0.67500 0.37500 0.61625 0.36250 0.56000 0.35000
1.2 0.88889 0.44444 0.85601 0.43898 0.82344 0.43339 0.75938 0.42188 0.69695 0.40997 0.63636 0.39773
fck (N/mm2) λ η 1.4 0.92308 0.46154 0.89154 0.45720 0.86011 0.45269 0.79773 0.44318 0.73623 0.43308 0.67586 0.42241

≤ 60 0.80000 1.00000 0.75000 1.6 0.94118 0.47059 0.91073 0.46704 0.88030 0.46332 0.81964 0.45536 0.75946 0.44674 0.70000 0.43750
1.8 0.95238 0.47619 0.92274 0.47320 0.89308 0.47004 0.83382 0.46324 0.77482 0.45577 0.71628 0.44767
70.0 0.78750 0.97500 0.73016
2 0.96000 0.48000 0.93097 0.47742 0.90191 0.47469 0.84375 0.46875 0.78572 0.46219 0.72800 0.45500
75.0 0.77500 0.95000 0.70968 2.5 0.97143 0.48571 0.94341 0.48380 0.91534 0.48176 0.85909 0.47727 0.80282 0.47255 0.74667 0.46667
5 0.98824 0.49412 0.96191 0.49329 0.93554 0.49239 0.88269 0.49038 0.82975 0.48809 0.74677 0.48548
90 0.75000 0.90000 0.66667

100.0 0.72500 0.85000 0.62069

115.0 0.70000 0.80000 0.57143

ULS for Linear Elements ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

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 01-12-2016

ULS for Linear Elements ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

ULS for Linear Elements ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

ULS for Linear Elements ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

4.0 REFERENCES:

1. EUROCODE 2 COMMENTARY by European Concrete Platform ASBL, June 2008

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 01-12-2016

ULS for Linear Elements

ING-IABSE
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18 & 19 Nov 16, Mumbai

Thank You.