Greek Prehistory Through The Bronze Age

Greek Prehistory Through the Bronze Age
Brendan Burke
 LAST MODIFIED: 31 July 2019
 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195389661-0338
Introduction
The history of archaeology of Greece as we know it today begins with prehistoric investigations
that took place in the 19th century. Early excavations by Heinrich Schliemann, Arthur Evans,
and Wilhelm Dörpfeld, along with Greek colleagues like Christos Tsountas, Panagiotis
Stamatakis, Valerios Stais, and Antonios Keramopoulos laid the foundation for systematic,
stratigraphic excavations. Research was heavily directed by ancient Greek texts, primarily the
epic poems of Homer. Efforts to find archaeological truth to the legendary tales of the ancient
heroes continue to be problematic, but, to a degree, early excavations revealed a rich and
fascinating period of Greece’s development. Although the archaeological discoveries of Greek
prehistory date to an age centuries older than Homer, the discoveries shed light on a vast, rich
archaeological history, one upon which the Homeric tales were, at least partially, based. Early
discoveries of prehistoric texts, especially on Crete with scripts in Hieroglyphic Minoan, Linear
A (non-Greek), and Linear B (Greek), along with the enigmatic Phaistos disc, have expanded our
understanding of the history of the Greek language and Greek people.
General Overviews
For a long time the study of Greek prehistory has tended to concentrate on “Minoan” studies
associated with the remains on the island of Crete; “Mycenaean” material from the Greek
mainland, extending out to the islands and to the Anatolian coast; and “Cycladic” material,
mostly of the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Some works, such as Dickinson 1994, Preziosi and
Hitchcock 1999, and Vermeule 1972, attempt at providing a comprehensive overview, likely for
undergraduate survey courses. More recently, scholars have been making synthetic works which
go by various names [handbook (Cline 2010), review (Cullen 2001), companion (Shelmerdine
2008), collected essays (Galaty and Parkinson 2007, cited under Mycenaean Architecture and
Settlements)] but all are multi-authored with a main editor. Often these volumes span wider
ranges in chronology and geography, and cover different archaeological aspects including
architecture, craft production, administrative records and provide useful summaries of major
sites usually by the excavation director. For teaching purposes, and further research, the best
online source is Rutter 2011.
 Cline, Eric, ed. 2010. The Oxford handbook to the Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford: Oxford
Univ. Press.
Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
Comprehensive volume written by multiple authors with specific areas of focus. Sixty-six
contributions cover a chronological range within the Bronze Age (3000–1000 BCE). The
book is divided into four sections: Background and Definitions; Chronology and
Geography; Thematic and Specific Topics; Specific Sites and Areas. The divisions work
well and the volume provides the most comprehensive coverage in a single volume for
the state of the field to date.
Find this resource:
o
 Cullen, Tracy, ed. 2001. Aegean prehistory: A review. Boston: Archaeological Institute
of America.
Chapters are derived from detailed syntheses originally published in the American
Journal of Archaeology. Each chapter is updated and conveys the diversity of approaches
to Aegean prehistory. Essential source for scholars and students.
Find this resource:
o
 Dickinson, Oliver. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ.
Press.
The book is intended as a survey text and general introduction to the Aegean Bronze Age
for university students. It is more detailed and archaeological than previous books on the
subject but its organization is not chronological. Rather the book is organized around
topics such as settlement and economy, arts and crafts, trade, religion, etc. It is helpful for
diachronic investigations of these aspects of prehistoric life but it does assume some prior
knowledge about the Aegean Bronze Age.
Find this resource:
o
 French, Elizabeth, and Ken Wardle, eds. 1988. Problems in Greek prehistory. Bristol,
UK: Bristol Classical Press.
An important book that synthesized many issues in Aegean studies, with particular
reference to chronology, ideology and administrative records.
Find this resource:
o
 Lorimer, Hilda. 1950. Homer and the monuments. London: Macmillan.

Archaeological objects like the boars’ tusk helmet, which are also referred to in the epic
poetry of Homer, have intrigued scholars to investigate the relationship between the two
worlds, one literary and the other archaeological. Lorimer’s seminal volume investigated
in great detail these relationships and shows that the archaeology of Homer’s world is a
complex question.
Find this resource:
o
 Preziosi, Donald, and Louise Hitchcock. 1999. Aegean art and architecture. Oxford, UK:
Oxford Univ. Press.
This relatively small handbook provides a good introduction to the art and architecture of
mainland Greece, Crete, and the Cyclades, spanning the Bronze Age (3300–1000 BCE).
It is a useful text for undergraduates and employs more theoretical and critical
approaches to the material record.
Find this resource:
o
 Rutter, Jeremy. 2011. Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology, Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Sponsored by Dartmouth College.
There is no better, more comprehensive online resource for bibliography and summaries
of major aspects of Aegean prehistory. The page was developed over years of
undergraduate teaching and provides useful lessons with links to detailed bibliography
and images.
Find this resource:
o
 Shelmerdine, Cynthia, ed. 2008. The Cambridge companion to the Aegean Bronze Age.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
This survey of the Aegean Bronze Age covers the archaeology of Crete, Greece, and the
Aegean islands and looks at the topics of trade, administration, and religion, among other
themes. The number of authors is fewer than the larger surveys, such as the Oxford
Handbook of the Aegean Bronze Age and the chapters are more holistic.
Find this resource:
o
 Vermeule, Emily. 1972. Greece in the Bronze Age. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
An early textbook providing a broad overview of the archaeology of mainland Greece.

Very good text for courses specifically focused on the Mycenaeans and their origins.
Although it is somewhat outdated from more recent discoveries, this book provides a
foundation for understanding Aegean prehistory.
Find this resource:
Chronology
Greek prehistory stretches back in time to the Upper Paleolithic age (c. 20,000 BCE and earlier),
and continues until the dawn of the first millennium BCE. The geographical extent of
archaeological evidence that can be considered a part of Greek prehistory is also widely
dispersed throughout the eastern Mediterranean, from Cyprus and the Levant, through Anatolia,
up to the Balkans, down through the Italian peninsula and the islands, and back to the
Peloponnese, central Greece, the Cyclades, and Crete. Because of the lack of historical texts that
record individuals and major events, chronology has been a particular area of discussion and
debate among Aegean prehistorians. Chronological frameworks were established early in the
19th century based on progressive periods identified elsewhere, such as the Bronze and Iron
Ages of old Europe and the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms of Egypt. The ages of man, as
chronicled by the Greek poet Hesiod, also figured into the schematic framework. Relative
chronologies were established using principles of seriation and stratigraphy, relying heavily on
changes in ceramics, as in Warren and Hankey 1989. Some absolute dates were suggested by
finds imported from the better-documented civilizations of Egypt and the Near East, for
example, Åstrom, et al. 1984. More recently, radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology, and other
methods of scientific dating further refined our understanding of Greek prehistory as in Manning
1995, Manning 2014, and Manning and Bruce 2009.
 Åstrom, Paul, Leonard Palmer, and Leon Pomerance. 1984. Studies in Aegean
chronology. Gothenburg, Sweden: Paul Åstroms Förlag.
An early attempt to synthesize revisions to the Minoan chronological framework based

on the early excavations at Knossos. Middle Minoan chronology is addressed along with
the imported Khyan lid found at Knososs. Palmer examines the “Linear B palace” at
Knossos.
Find this resource:
o
 Driessen, Jan. 1990. An early destruction in the Mycenaean palace at Knossos: A new
interpretation of the excavation field- notes of the south-east area of the west wing. Acta
Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographiae 2. Leuven, Belgium: Katholieke Univ.
Leuven.

Fundamentally important book, which identified multiple destruction levels at Knossos,
helping to bridge the intellectual divide between the followers of Arthur Evans and the
revisionist historians and linguists who followed Leonard Palmer.
Find this resource:
o
 Manning, Sturt. 1995. The absolute chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age:
Archaeology, radiocarbon and history. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press.
Important work for establishing chronologies in the Aegean based on scientific evidence
rather than relying on ceramic chronologies and typologies.
Find this resource:
o
 Manning, Sturt. 2014. A test of time and a test of time revisited: The volcano of Thera
and the chronology and history of the Aegean and East Mediterranean in the mid second
millennium BC. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow.
This book deals with the debate about the Minoan eruption of the Thera volcano, dating
conventionally to the LM IA ceramic phase but debated in absolute terms. This edition
updates the author’s initial publication (A Test of Time, 1999) with new research and
addresses challenges posed by supporters of the traditional, low-chronology (i.e., late
16th century).
Find this resource:
o
 Manning, Sturt, and Mary Jaye Bruce, eds. 2009. Tree-rings, kings and Old World
archaeology and environment: Papers presented in honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm. Oxford
and Oakville, CT: Oxbow Books.
Collection of essays in honor of the founding figure in dendrochronology studies, Peter

Kuniholm. Papers go further afield than just the Aegean Bronze Age.
Find this resource:
o
 Palmer, Leonard. 1969. A new guide to the Palace of Knossos. London: Faber.

Presented a revised view of the building and destruction history of Knossos by looking at
the administrative records of the palace, the archaeology, and the records of the early
excavations by Arthur Evans.
Find this resource:
o
 Warren, Peter, and Vronwy Hankey. 1989. Aegean Bronze Age chronology. Bristol, UK:
Bristol Classical Press.
Presented the traditional view of Aegean Bronze Age chronologies in light of and
challenged by the newer scientific methods of radiocarbon and dendrochronology.
Find this resource:
Survey and Regional Studies

New methods in archaeological research began in the 1960s as a reaction against the approaches
of classical archaeologists, which focused on the great works of art and architecture preserved
from Greece’s historical age. Works by prehistorians such as Bintliff 1977; Davis 1998; Hope
Simpson and Dickinson 1979; Hope Simpson and Hagel 2006; and Jansen 2002 took a
geographical approach to try to understand the extent of one regional center’s power or to
provide a diachronic regional overview. Anthropologically trained archaeologists saw that the
Greek landscape presented a vast amount of evidence for new questions and the acquisition of
new data. Scholars became interested in Greece’s earliest history and in the changes in
settlement patterns, the paleoenvironment and subsistence systems, such as McDonald and Rapp
1972 and Jameson, et al. 1994. Surface survey and regional approaches developed new
methodological strategies that looked at settlements and human history from a wider perspective.
Some works have attempted to compare archaeological survey methods in the Aegean with those
elsewhere in the Mediterranean and beyond, such as Alcock and Cherry 2004 and Kardulias
1994.
 Alcock, Sue, and John Cherry, eds. 2004. Side-by-side survey: Comparative regional
studies in the Mediterranean world. Oxford, UK: Oxbow.
A volume focused on the results of decades of survey work in the Mediterranean. A

number of prominent scholars contribute to the volume, comparing and synthesizing
survey data to produce real insights into past societies.
Find this resource:
o
 Bintliff, John, ed. 1977. Mycenaean geography: Proceedings of the Cambridge
Colloquium 1976. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
An important work that examined the Mycenaean world from a regional perspective. This
and related works gave rise to systematic field surveys and laid the groundwork for GIS-
based research.
Find this resource:
o
 Davis, Jack, ed. 1998. Sandy Pylos: An archaeological history from Nestor to Navarino.
Austin: Univ. of Texas Press.
This multi-authored volume presents the results of the extensive field survey around the
Palace of Nestor at Pylos. Contributors cover a broad span of time and a range of material
culture.
Find this resource:
o
 Hope Simpson, Richard, and D. Hagel. 2006. Mycenaean fortifications, Highways, dams,
and canals. SIMA 133. Savedalen, Sweden: Paul Åströms Förlag.
A catalogue of forts, roadways, and other Mycenaean construction projects throughout

Greece.
Find this resource:
o
 Hope Simpson, Richard, and Oliver Dickinson. 1979. A gazetteer of Aegean civilization
in the Bronze Age. Gothenburg, Sweden: Paul Åströms Förlag.
An update of the 1965 edition, this gazetteer provides a catalogue of nearly every known
Bronze Age site by region and provides short bibliographical references.
Find this resource:
o
 Jameson, Michael, Curtis Runnels, and Tjeerd van Andel. 1994. A Greek countryside:
The southern Argolid from prehistory to the present day. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ.
Press.
Thorough publication of a systematic survey the included much of the Argolid. This
work shifted attention from major palace centers to the countryside and rural areas that
were such an important part of the Mycenaean economies.
Find this resource:
o
 Jansen, Anton. 2002. A study of the remains of Mycenaean roads and stations of Bronze-
Age Greece. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
A thorough record and catalog of Mycenaean construction projects throughout the

landscape. It builds on the tradition of the Gazetteer by Hope Simpson and Dickinson.
Find this resource:
o
 Kardulias, Nick, ed. 1994. Beyond the site: Regional studies in the Aegean area. Lanham,
MD: Univ. Press of America.
Edited volume with papers by specialists, providing innovative approaches to the

material past. Survey, regional studies, environment, population, diet and computer
modeling are included.
Find this resource:
o
 McDonald, William, and George Rapp Jr., eds. 1972. The Minnesota Messenia
Expedition: Reconstructing a Bronze Age regional environment. Minneapolis: The Univ.
of Minnesota Press.
Early publication in the history of survey archaeology, this work focuses on the
University of Minnesota’s research in the southwestern Peloponnese. This was the
seminal work for a large number of projects centered around the Palace of Nestor at
Pylos and its territories.
Find this resource:
o
 McDonald, William, and Nancy Wilkie, eds. 1992. Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest
Greece: The Bronze Age occupation. Minneapolis: The Univ. of Minnesota Press.
An important excavation of a non-palatial settlement providing information on life

outside of an administrative center. The excavation derived from regional survey work by
the Minnesota team.
Find this resource:
o
 Runnels, Curtis, Daniel Pullen, and Susan Langdon, eds. 1995. Artifact and assemblage:
The finds from a regional survey of the southern Argolid, Greece I: The prehistoric and
early Iron Age pottery and the lithic artifacts. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
Full and detailed publication of the large-scale intensive regional survey in the southern
Argolid. Material was collected between 1979 and 1983 from over three hundred sites.
Chronological sequence spans fifty thousand years.
Find this resource:
Paleolithic and Mesolithic Greece

Paleolithic and Mesolithic research in Greece focuses on the earliest evidence for humans and
issues related to early hominin movements. For a long time, scholars believed that Southwest
Asia and the Arabian Peninsula were the primary passageways for migrations to Eurasia by early
hominins but these ideas have been challenged by Bailey, et al. 1999; Galanidou and Perlès
2003; and Strasser, et al. 2011 Discoveries, such as those at the Petralona Cave in northern
Greece have documented early humanoids in Greece, dating back to 200,000 years BP if not
earlier. Current research on the islands of Naxos and the southern coast of Crete are challenging
accepted ideas about the earliest seafarers in the Mediterranean in shining light on the Paleolithic
Age in Greece. These long-lived periods were before settled agriculturalists as discussed by
Kyparissi-Apostolika 2000. The primary evidence revolves around stone tools found in
seasonally occupied sites used by hunters and gatherers. Excavations at Franchthi Cave in the
southern Argolid began in 1967 and employed new methods of science-based archaeology and
addressed important questions about early subsistence strategies, the beginnings of fired clay
ceramics and figurines, and the earliest burials in Greece. See Perlès 2017 and van Andel and
Sutton 1987 for only a start.
 Bailey, Geof, E. Adam, Eleni Panagopoulou, Catherine Perlès, and Konstantinos Zachos,
eds. 1999. The Palaeolithic archaeology of Greece and adjacent areas: Proceedings of
the ICOPAG Conference, Ioannina, September 1994. BSA Studies 3. London: British
School at Athens.

Conference proceedings from 1994 focusing on the earliest evidence for human
occupation in Greece. Thirty-four papers by leading scholars in the field of Paleolithic
studies in Greece. Key articles focused on the excavation of Franchthi Cave are included.
Find this resource:
o
 Galanidou, Nena, and Catherine Perlès, eds. 2003. The Greek Mesolithic: Problems and
perspectives. BSA Studies 10. London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
Provides a useful review of the Mesolithic period from a range of sites in Greece
including the Theopetra Cave, the Cave of the Cyclops on Youra, and evidence from the
Klisoura Gorge.
Find this resource:
o
 Kyparissi-Apostolika, Nina, ed. 2000. Theopetra Cave: Twelve years of excavation and
research 1987–1998. Athens, Greece: Greek Ministry of Culture.
Proceedings of an international conference focused on the important excavations of

Theopetra Cave, the site of some of the earliest hominid remains in Greece.
Find this resource:
o
 Perlès, Catherine. 2017. Ornaments and other ambiguous artifacts from Franchthi: The
Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Excavations at Franchthi Cave, Greece Fascicule 1.
Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
This volume focuses on one class of material, the ornaments and ornamental species that
were exploited during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods. The range of ornaments is
shown to be rather restricted and narrow, suggesting that there was a regional cultural
identity early on.
Find this resource:
o
 Strasser, Thomas, Curtis Runnels, Karl Wegmann, et al. 2011. Dating Palaeolithic sites in
southwestern Crete, Greece. Journal of Quaternary Science 26.5: 553–560.
DOI: 10.1002/jqs.1482Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

The discovery of early Paleolithic artifacts in an archaeological survey on the Greek
island of Crete challenges the view that early hominins were incapable of sailing
overseas. The evidence from Crete shows that Paleolithic artifacts in the Plakias region in
southwestern Crete are associated with geological contexts that can be dated to the late
Middle or early Late Pleistocene.
Find this resource:
o
 van Andel, Tjeerd Hendrik, and Susan Sutton. 1987. Landscape and people of the
Franchthi region. Excavations at Franchthi Cave, Greece, fascicule 2. Bloomington:
Univ. of Indiana Press.
Volume describing twenty-five thousand years of landscape evolution around Franchthi

Cave, its impact upon the cave’s prehistoric inhabitants and theirs upon it. Provides a
site-specific record of early cultural response to environmental change.
Find this resource:
Neolithic Greece and Archaeological Theory in Prehistoric

Archaeology
The archaeology of Greece’s earliest history has always employed scientific and theoretical
approaches, which might best be described as anthropological archaeology. Focus on subsistence
practices by Mee and Renard 2007 and Halstead 2000, on death by Fowler 2004, and the
household by Souvatzi 2008 are just some of the many studies related to change over time during
the Greek Neolithic. Works that look theoretically at the impact of Neolithic developments and
its consequences for social systems in the succeeding Early Bronze Age have been highly
influential. See works by Renfrew 1972 and Barrett and Halstead 2004. Synthetic works that
present overviews of the Greek Neolithic are also very valuable and vary in their theoretical
approaches, such as Perlès 2001, Sampson 2006, and Theochares 1973.
 Barrett, John C., and Paul Halstead, eds. 2004. The emergence of civilisation revisited.
Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books.
This work is a response and an update of Colin Renfrew’s seminal volume, The
Emergence of Civilization (1972). The work characterizes the context and nature of
changes in the field of archaeology since Renfrew’s initial text. It includes fourteen
papers, many by former students of Renfrew, and resets the theoretical agenda.
Find this resource:
o
 Fowler, Kent. 2004. Neolithic mortuary practices in Greece. BAR-IS 1314. Oxford, UK:
Archaeopress.
Thirteen sites of the early, middle, late, and final Neolithic periods are included in this
study focused on Neolithic burials and disposal practices. Addresses issues of social
differentiation, ritual, and ideology.
Find this resource:
o
 Halstead, Paul, ed. 2000. Neolithic society in Greece. Sheffield Studies in Aegean
Archaeology 2. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology.
A useful reference work on early agricultural societies in Greece. It provides a review of

the most significant field research including survey archaeology, settlement excavations,
and speleological research.
Find this resource:
o
 Mee, Christopher, and Josette Renard, eds. 2007. Cooking up the past: Food and culinary
practices in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
This volume focuses on the ways in which the production and consumption of food
developed in the Aegean region in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, to see how this
was linked to the appearance of more complex forms of social organization. Sites from
Macedonia in the north of Greece down to Crete are discussed and chronologically the
papers cover not only the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age but extend into the Middle and
Late Bronze Age and classical period as well.
Find this resource:
o
 Perlès, Catherine. 2001. The Early Neolithic in Greece: The first farming communities in
Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511612855Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
This book is a valuable synthesis of archaeological data and stimulating ideas on

agriculture, technology and society in the Neolithic period. The great value of this work
is that it presents a wide survey of the evidence for Neolithic Greece rather than being
overly interpretive.
Find this resource:

o
 Renfrew, Colin. 1972. The emergence of civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the
Third Millennium B.C. London: Methuen.
Perhaps the most influential book in the history of Aegean archaeology. Renfrew sets the
theoretical agenda for explaining the observed changes over time in the Aegean
beginning in the third millennium BCE. His focus are the islands of the Cyclades but the
theoretical implications extend into the Middle and Late Bronze Age palaces of the
Minoans and Mycenaeans.
Find this resource:
o
 Sampson, Admantios. 2006. Proïstoria tou Aigaiou: Palaiolithike-Mesolithike-
Neolithike. Athens: Ekdoseis Atrapos.
Broad, comprehensive overview by one of the leading prehistoric archaeologists in

Greece.
Find this resource:
o
 Souvatzi, Stella. 2008. A social archaeology of households in Neolithic Greece: An
anthropological approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
A fundamental unit of analysis in social archaeology is the household. This study

interprets social organization during the Neolithic period by looking at case studies in
household archaeology. Variability, craft production, agency, and identity, among other
theoretical topics are discussed.
Find this resource:
o
 Theochares, Dimitrios, ed. 1973. Neolithic Greece. Athens, Greece: National Bank of
Greece.
This book is designed for a general audience and presents fairly traditional interpretations
of Neolithic society, but it is well-illustrated.
Find this resource:

o
Early and Middle Bronze Age

Two competing chronological frameworks have been devised for the early phases of the Aegean
Bronze Age. Renfrew 1972 suggested a system of site-based terminology for periods, reflecting
predominant culture groups and similarities in material culture with particular reference to the
Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Cyclades. This was in opposition to the tripartite scheme
promoted first by Evans’s work at Knossos (Early, Middle, and Late Minoan), and then adapted
by Wace and Blegen for mainland Greece (Early, Middle, and Late Helladic). Scholars have
resisted Renfrew’s system but recognize that its descriptive nature is helpful. Other scholars have
placed attention on perceived breaks and looked for evidence of new arrivals to Greece (Caskey
1960; Forsén 1992; Goldman 1931).
 Broodbank, Cyprian. 2000. An island archaeology of the early Cyclades. Cambridge,

UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
This book looks at the highly detailed archaeology of the Cyclades in terms of island
archaeology. Employing theoretical models and a number of examples this book
reformulates Cycladic history, from colonization to world systems theory.
Find this resource:
o
 Caskey, Jack. 1960. The Early Helladic period in the Argolid. Hesperia 29:285–303.
DOI: 10.2307/147199Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
Based on supplementary excavations at Eutresis in 1958, Caskey proposed helpful

distinctions between Final Neolithic (FN) and Early Helladic phases (EH I and EH II
periods) on the Greek mainland.
Find this resource:
o
 Day, Peter, and Roger Doonan, eds. 2007. Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean.
Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 7. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books.
Contains fifteen papers that couple recent theoretical models with new data derived from
scientific analysis that pushes the field of metallurgical studies beyond simply circulation
and provenance of metals.
Find this resource:
o
 Forsén, Jeannette. 1992. The twilight of the Early Helladics: A study of the disturbances
in East-Central and Southern Greece towards the end of the Early Bronze Age. SIMA
Pocket-book 116. Jonsered, Sweden: Åström Editions.
The arrival of Greek speakers has long been an issue of debate. This comprehensive work
surveys the evidence for destruction and the arrival of newcomers to Greece at a number
of sites in central Greece and the Peloponnese. It examines the evidence for breaks in the
cultural record between EH II and EH III and stresses continuities rather than
discontinuities.
Find this resource:
o
 Goldman, Hetty. 1931. Excavations at Eutresis in Boeotia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Univ. Press.
A key excavation in central Greece which provided the groundwork for a tripartite
division of the Early Helladic period (EH I-III). This site was excavated by a team of
women, which was highly unusual for the period and published quickly in an exemplary
way.
Find this resource:
o
 Hägg, Robin, and Dora Konsola, eds. 1986. Early Helladic architecture and
urbanization: Proceedings of a seminar held at the Swedish Institute in Athens, June 8,
1985. Gothenburg, Sweden: Paul Aström.
This conference proceedings volume that presents a broad overview of the current
understanding of Early Helladic architecture.
Find this resource:
o
 Philippa-Touchais, Anna, Gilles Touchais, Sophia Voutsaki, and James Wright, eds.
2010. Mesohelladika: The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age. Athens, Greece:
École française d’Athènes.
This large volume is the proceedings of an international colloquium (French, American,

Dutch, and Greek) held in Athens in 2006. Sixty-three papers and twenty-eight posters
are presented with short abstracts in Greek, French, and English. Sections of the volume
include papers on topography and settlement, mortuary practices, symbolism and ritual,
pottery, and chronology.
Find this resource:
o
 Pullen, Daniel. 2011. The Early Bronze Age village on Tsoungiza Hill. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton Univ. Press.
Thorough publication of the important excavation of a single settlement located above

the sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea. Remains date from the Final Neolithic to Early Helladic
period and are comparable to the finds at the House of the Tiles at Lerna. Details of
stratigraphy, architecture, and ceramics of five major periods, along with specialist
reports on figurines, textiles, metals, stone tools, and faunal and palaeobotanical remains.
Find this resource:
o
 Renfrew, Colin. 1972. The emergence of civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the
Third Millennium B.C. London: Methuen.
The most influential book for theoretical modeling of complexity in the Aegean Bronze
Age. Renfrew’s book set the agenda for generations of archaeologists to follow.
Find this resource:
o
 Wiencke, Martha. 2000. Lerna: A preclassical site in the Argolid IV: The architecture,
stratification, and pottery of Lerna III. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
Lerna’s phasing can sometimes get confused with its publications. Wiencke’s volume is
the fourth of the Lerna series, focused on the settlement level called Lerna III, which
roughly corresponds to the important Early Helladic II period. This comprehensive
volume covers four phases at Lerna, including the corridor houses (House of the Tiles),
sealing fragments, and the fortifications from the excavations by J. Caskey.
Find this resource:
Minoan Architecture and Settlements

A great deal of scholarly attention has been paid to the Minoan palace, as conceptualized and
propagated by Arthur Evans in light of his European-centered view of the Minoans at Knossos.
See Evans 1921–1936 and Cadogan, et al. 2004 for an introduction. Architectural features
characteristic of the Minoans are based on excavated palaces, households, and tombs and on
visual depictions in Minoan art. These include the works Day, et al. 2004, McEnroe 2010, and
Shaw and Shaw 2014. Scholars have lately come to address the question of function for the great
structures built on Crete, whether they were indeed political and economic centers, similar to
“palaces” elsewhere, or whether they should more accurately be understood as ceremonial and
religious centers. See Hägg and Marinatos 1987 and Hägg and Marinatos 1997.
 Branigan, Keith, ed. 2001. Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield
Academic Press.
Rather than focus on isolated architecture or settlements, this volume focuses attention on
urban settlements as social constructions, forming early Greek communities. Branigan
and contributors look at the demography and social meaning of communal living.
Find this resource:
o
 Cadogan, Gerald, Eleni Hatzaki, and Antonis Vasilakis, eds. 2004. Knossos: Palace, city,
state. BSA Studies 12. London: British School at Athens.
An edited volume that resulted from a centenary celebration of the British School’s work
at the Palace of Minos at Knossos. The contributors are some of the leading figures in
Minoan archaeology. The material is presented in an ever-expanding way, from the
palace at Knossos outwards to the hinterland.
Find this resource:
o
 Day, Leslie, Margaret Mook, and James Muhly, eds. 2004. Crete beyond the palaces:
Proceedings of the Crete 2000 conference. Philadelphia: INSTAP Press.
This book is the result of a centenary conference celebration by the American School of
Classical Studies at Athens to mark work by Americans on the island of Crete. A history
of exploration by American scholars is presented, including work of figures like Harriet
Boyd Hawes and Richard Seager. Much attention focuses on work in eastern Crete.
Find this resource:
o
 Evans, Arthur. 1921–1936. The Palace of Minos, I-IV. London: Macmillan.
This four-volume (plus index) magnum opus established the field of Minoan
archaeology. The work is based primarily on Evans’s four major field seasons of
excavation at Knossos (1900–1904).
Find this resource:
o
 Hägg, Robin, and Nanno Marinatos, eds. 1987. The function of the Minoan palaces:
Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens,
10–16 June, 1984. Stockholm: Swedish Institute in Athens.
An edited volume with important chapters on Minoan architecture, administration,

religion, and society. Chapters focus on the origins of Minoan palatial features.
Find this resource:
o
 Hägg, Robin, and Nanno Marinatos, eds. 1997. The function of the “Minoan villa”:
Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 6–
8 June 1992. Stockholm: Swedish Institute in Athens.
A second conference proceedings volume, which focuses on the Minoan villa complexes.
These structures are often located away from the palaces on Crete and may be connected
to agricultural lands. They are associated with Minoan palaces but lacking in certain
features, such as central courts.
Find this resource:
o
 McEnroe, John. 2010. Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing identity in the Aegean
Bronze Age. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press.
A comprehensive overview of Minoan architecture that includes houses, palaces, tombs,

and urban settlements. Architecture is viewed as embodying social and cultural
significance. Examples span the six thousand years of history from the island of Crete.
Find this resource:
o
 Pendlebury, John Devitt Stringfellow. 1939. The archaeology of Crete: An introduction.
London: Mithuen.
Published just after Evans’s Palace of Minos and Pendlebury’s A Handbook to the Palace
of Minos. It is a landmark publication and provided a comprehensive approach to the
field of Minoan archaeology.
Find this resource:
o
 Shaw, Joseph, and Maria Shaw. 2014. Elite Minoan architecture: Its development at
Knossos, Phaistos and Malia. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.
A collection of revised articles and chapters by the authors summarizing their current
views and interpretations of Minoan architecture. Reference to their monumental
accomplishments excavating the important harbor town of Kommos is included.
Find this resource:
Cycladic Art and Architecture

Archaeological research in the Cyclades focuses on a few specific areas: Renfrew 1972 (cited
under Early and Middle Bronze Age) set the theoretical agenda for understanding the emergence
of Cycladic civilization by looking at settlements and resources of the islands in the Early
Bronze Age. Other works—Doumas 2000, Gill and Chippendale 1993, and Renfrew, et al. 2007,
for example—have focused on Cycladic figurines and associated art from the same time period.
Other work related to the Cyclades centers on the island of Thera, such as Doumas 1983,
Doumas 1992, cited under Wall Painting and Figural Art and the violent eruption that preserved
the city of Akrotiri. Scholarly works have examined the well-preserved wall paintings and
architecture (Palyvou 2005).
 Barber, Robin. 1987. The Cyclades in the Bronze Age. Iowa City: Univ. of Iowa Press.
A broad survey of the archaeology of the Cyclades by a respected British archaeologist.

The material is presented in an accessible way suitable for undergraduates.
Find this resource:
o
 Doumas, Christos. 2000. Early Cycladic culture: The N.P. Goulandris Collection.
Athens.

Written by one of the leading figures in Cycladic archaeology, this catalogue provides
detailed descriptions, maps, and timelines. For the general public but it has a substantial
bibliography.
Find this resource:
o
 Doumas, Christos. 1983. Thera: Pompeii of the Aegean: Excavations at Akrotiri 1967–
1979. London: Thames and Hudson.
This book is accessible to the general public but full of important details about the
excavation of Akrotiri. Illustrations are extremely helpful. The text is well-written and
shows the unique character of the excavations.
Find this resource:
o
 Fitton, J. Lesley. 1999. Cycladic art. 2d ed. London: British Museum Press.
Provides a general overview of Cycladic art for a wide audience. Good examples are
illustrated and some bibliography is presented. The majority of the material discussed is
from the third millennium but the author covers the entirety of the Bronze Age.
Find this resource:
o
 Gill, David, and Christopher Chippendale. 1993. Material and intellectual consequences
of esteem for Cycladic figures. AJA 97.4: 601–659.
A very important article which highlights the problems in the study of Cycladic figurines,
examining the difficulty scholars have in assessing their original context, function, and
creation.
Find this resource:
o
 Palyvou, Clairy. 2005. Akrotiri Thera: An architecture of affluence 3,500 years old.
Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.
Publication of the well-preserved architecture from the site of Akrotiri by the project
architect. Accessible to a general audience.
Find this resource:
o
 Renfrew, Colin, Christos Doumas, Lila Marangou, and Giorgos Gavalas, eds. 2007.
Keros, Dhaskalio Kavos: The investigations of 1987–1988. Cambridge, UK: McDonald
Institute for Archaeological Research.
A key publication for the enigmatic but highly important deposit of Cycladic material on
the small islet of Dhaskalio off of Keros excavated most recently by Renfrew and his
team.
Find this resource:
Mycenaean Architecture and Settlements

A great deal of fieldwork has gone into exploring the extent and range of Mycenaean culture in
mainland Greece and beyond. There were early investigations at Korakou and Zygouries in the
Corinthia, published in Blegen 1921; Blegen 1928 revealed settlements with architecture much
less grand than the palaces first explored at Tiryns and Mycenae (see Schliemann 1878 and
Schliemann 1885 cited under Peloponnese).
 Blegen, Carl. 1921. Korakou: A prehistoric settlement near Corinth. Boston: American
School of Classical Studies at Athens.
An early and important publication of a Mycenaean non-palatial settlement near Corinth

excavated by a young Carl Blegen in 1915 and 1916. Most likely the site served as the
harbor of Mycenaean Corinth. The excavation established a stratigraphic chronological
framework for the Helladic period.
Find this resource:
o
 Blegen, Carl. 1928. Zygouries: A prehistoric settlement in the Valley of Cleonae.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
Another early excavation of Carl Blegen’s (1921 and 1922) which revealed an Early
Helladic settlement, associated tombs, and a later, Mycenaean potter’s workshop.
Find this resource:
o
 Darcque, Pascal. 2005. L’habitat mycénien. Formes et fonctions de l’espace bâti en
Grèce continentale á la fin du IIe millénaire avant J.-C. Athens, Greece: École Française
d’Athènes.
This work goes further than just examining Mycenaean domestic architecture. Rather the
work expands the approach to look at the social life of occupied structures. It is divided
into three parts: “Construction,” “The Rooms,” and “The Buildings.”
Find this resource:
o
 Darcque, Pascal, and René Treuil, eds. 1990. L’habitat Égéen préhistorique. BCH
Supplement 19. Athens, Greece: École Française d’Athènes.
This important volume presents chapters by international scholars who examine domestic
architecture from the Bronze Age Aegean, including mainland Greece, Crete, and the
Cycladic islands. Issues of urbanization and settlement typologies are presented along
with more traditional studies in form and function.
Find this resource:
o
 Galaty, Michael, and William Parkinson, eds. 2007. Rethinking Mycenaean palaces II.
Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.
This is a revised and slightly expanded version of the 1999 edition providing a review of
the state of the field of Mycenaean palatial economy, systems, and archaeology.
Contributors include experts in Linear B and in the archaeology of Mycenaean palaces.
The book presents a more anthropological approach to Mycenaean studies than found
elsewhere.
Find this resource:
o
 Hiesel, Gerhard. 1989. Späthelladische Hausarchitektur: Studien zur
Architekturgeschichte der griechischen Festlandes in der späten Bronzezeit. Mainz,
Germany: Von Zabern.
Provides a comprehensive overview with descriptive details of the available evidence for
domestic architecture of the Late Helladic period.
Find this resource:

o
 Pelon, Oliver. 1976. Tholoi, tumuli, et cercles funéraires. Paris: de Boccard.
A key work for the study of funerary architecture from Bronze Age Greece. Gives a
thorough accounting of the available evidence.
Find this resource:
o
 Tournavitou, Iphigenia. 1995. The ‘Ivory Houses’ at Mycenae. London: British School at
Athens.
A major publication of a set of houses outside the main citadel at Mycenae. The character
of these structures and their role within the administrative and social life of Mycenae is
well-addressed.
Find this resource:
Peloponnese
Some scholars may view the Peloponnese as the Mycenaean heartland because of the early
foundational excavations at Mycenae and Tiryns, published in Schliemann 1878; Schliemann
1885; Tsountas and Manatt 1897; Karo 1930–1933 and succeeding works in Wace 1949;
Taylour 1981; Graziadio 1988; French 2002; Schallin and Tournavitou 2015. The work to
uncover the Palace of Nestor at Pylos in southwest Messenia also provides one of the best-
preserved Mycenaean palaces with regard to architecture, wall painting, and administrative
records, as found in Blegen, et al. 1966–1973. Work on Bronze Age Sparta is covered by
Taylour and Janko 2008.
 Blegen, Carl, Marion Rawson, and Mabel Lang. 1966–1973. The Palace of Nestor at
Pylos in western Messenia. 3 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
These are the fundamental publications of one of the best-preserved and most well-
excavated Mycenaean palaces. The multivolume work focuses on various aspects of the
palace, including architecture, wall paintings, and ceramics. A forthcoming volume on
the tablets from Pylos in this series has long been promised. Volume 1: The Buildings
and Their contents; Volume 2: The Frescoes; Vol. 3, Acropolis and Lower Town: Tholoi,
Grave Circle, and Chamber Tombs.
Find this resource:

o
 French, Elizabeth. 2002. Mycenae: Agamemnon’s capital: The site in its settings. Stroud,
UK: Tempus.
A general overview and survey of the finds at the site of Mycenae. Handbook format
makes it useful for travel and site visits.
Find this resource:
o
 Graziadio, Giampaolo. 1988. The chronology of the graves of Circle B at Mycenae: A
new hypothesis. American Journal of Archaeology 92.3: 343–372.
A key article for understanding the emergence of the Mycenaeans at Mycenae, based on
the excavations of George Mylonas. Presents a coherent understanding of use and reuse
of these tombs, from the earliest to latest internments.
Find this resource:
o
 Karo, Georg Heinrich. 1930–1933. Die Schachtgräber von Mykenai. Vols. 1–2.2.
Munich: F. Bruckmann.
Thorough publication of the material excavated from the first Grave Circle at Mycenae.
Black and white photographs and detailed descriptions of most of the finds.
Find this resource:
o
 Schallin, Ann Louise, and Iphiyenia Tournavitou, eds. 2015. Mycenaeans up to date: The
archaeology of the north-eastern Peloponnese―Current concepts and new directions.
Stockholm: Swedish Institute at Athens.
Proceedings of a 2010 conference held at the Swedish Institute in Athens that focuses on
current field projects and established excavations in the Argolid and surrounding areas
(Corinthia). Architecture, administration, mortuary practices, and religion are discussed
in the second half of the book.
Find this resource:

o
 Schliemann, Heinrich. 1878. Mycenae: A narrative of researches and discoveries at
Mycenae and Tiryns. London: John Murray.
Early publication of Schliemann’s investigations at Mycenae including a preliminary

presentation of the Shaft Grave material.
Find this resource:
o
 Schliemann, Heinrich. 1885. Tiryns: The prehistoric palace of the kings of Tiryns. New
York: Scribner’s.
Schliemann’s excavations and research in and around the palace at Tiryns are presented
in this well-illustrated volume.
Find this resource:
o
 Taylour, William. 1981. Well built Mycenae. The Helleno-British excavations within the
citadel at Mycenae 1959–1969. Fascicule 1. The Excavations. Warminster, UK: Aris &
Phillips Ltd.
Concise publication of the material excavated by the British team at Mycenae.
Find this resource:
o
 Taylour, William, and Richard Janko, eds. 2008. Ayios Stephanos: Excavations at a
Bronze Age and medieval settlement in southern Laconia. BSA Supplementary Vol. 44.
London.
Thorough publication of the 1959–1977 British excavation. Material spans the entire
Bronze Age (EH I-LH IIIC) and the Medieval period. Connections with Crete are
explored in terms of ceramics, architecture, and metallurgy.
Find this resource:
o
 Tsountas, Christos, and J. Irving Manatt. 1897. The Mycenaean age: A study of the
monuments and culture of pre-Homeric Greece. Boston and New York: Houghton,
Mifflin.
This book is currently widely available as an online digital scan. It is a summary of

Bronze Age research on mainland Greece at the end of the 19th century. Tsountas had
worked with Schliemann at Mycenae and continued after his death. The book is well
illustrated with photos and drawings and good architectural plans of Mycenae and Tiryns,
and drawings of Grave Circle (A), tholos tombs, and their contents.
Find this resource:
o
 Wace, Alan. 1949. Mycenae: An archaeological history and guide. Princeton, NJ:
A useful, if now dated, collection of plans, illustrations, and maps of the excavations at
Mycenae up to the mid-20th century. It is a large volume meant for interested travelers,
students, and the general public.
Find this resource:
Central Greece
The major Bronze Age sites of central Greece are often overshadowed by their more famous
relatives in the Peloponnese. The prehistoric center of Thebes, the Kadmeion, lies below the
modern city and its full extant is difficult to appreciate, although ongoing work in the urban core
of Thebes is revealing a truly impressive palace center. See Aravantinos and Kountouri 2014;
Symeonoglou 1985. Evidence from Orchomenos and Gla also suggest palace-level building
projects, published by Iakovides 2001 and Vlachopoulos 2009.
 Aravantinos, Vassilis, and Eleni Kountouri, eds. 2014. Εκατό 100 χρόνια αρχαιολογικού
έργου στη Θήβα: οι πρωτεργάτες των ερευνών και οι συνεχιστές τους. Athens, Greece:
Ταμείο Αρχαιολογικών Πόρων και Απαλλοτριώσεων.
A volume of contributions showing a broad range of research over the last one hundred
years in central Greece.
Find this resource:
o
 Iakovides, Spyros. 2001. Gla and the Kopais in the 13th century B.C. Βιβλιοθήκη της Εν
Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 221. Athens: Archaeological Society at Athens.
Greek and English publication of the excavations at the site of Gla in the Kopaic basin.
Excavations that Iakovides resumed revealed an unusual complex that raises questions
about the control of this territory and the role of possibly competing centers, Orchomenos
and Thebes, at the end of the Late Bronze Age.
Find this resource:
o
 Symeonoglou, Sarandis. 1985. The topography of Thebes from the Bronze Age to modern
times. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
Because so much of ancient Thebes (prehistoric through classical) lays below the modern
city, much of the research and excavation takes place in disparate locations throughout.
This book synthesizes many of the projects in a comprehensive way.
Find this resource:
o
 Vlachopoulos, Andreas, ed. 2009. Archaeology: Euboea & Central Greece. Athens,
Greece: Melissa.
A well-illustrated popular book that provides a vivid picture of the archaeology of this
overlooked part of Greece. Material covered spans all historical periods.
Find this resource:
Religion
Archaeologists are sometimes criticized for defaulting to a religious interpretation for evidence
that they cannot otherwise explain. Figurines, animal remains, unusual representations in wall-
paintings, the palaces themselves—all of these have been interpreted to have religious
significance, as described by Caskey 1986. Some of them in fact may be religious but
archaeologists must take care to assess evidence critically. Laffineur and Hägg 2001; Renfrew
1985; Rutkowski 1986; and Wright 1994 suggest ways for the properly assessing religious
evidence. The connection between religion and prehistoric economies, especially craft
production, is also very important as shown by Lupack 2008.
 Caskey, Miriam. 1986. Keos II,1: The temple at Ayia Irini: The statues. Princeton, NJ:
Ayia Irini, on the northwest coast of Kea, provides a wealth of evidence for a major
settlement in the Cyclades. The thirty-two terracatta statues which are half to life-size are
unparalled in the Aegean and provide invaluable evidence for cult activity. There is also
evidence for continuity of use into the historical periods.
Find this resource:
o
 Laffineur, Robert, and Robin Hägg, eds. 2001. Potnia: Deities and religion in the Aegean
Bronze Age: Proceedings of the 8th International Aegean Conference Aegaeum 22.
Austin: Univ. of Texas at Austin, Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory.
Conference proceedings that sets the agenda for the study of prehistoric religion with
reference to the primary female divinity preserved in the Linear B texts. The chapters
focus well beyond just the Mycenaean evidence to consider cult throughout the Aegean
Bronze Age.
Find this resource:
o
 Lupack, Susan. 2008. The role of the religious sector in the economy of Late Bronze Age
Mycenaean Greece. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Looks at the religious sphere of the Mycenaean economy through Linear B tablets and
other sources.
Find this resource:
o
 Renfrew, Colin, ed. 1985. The archaeology of cult: The sanctuary at Phylakopi. London:
Thames and Hudson.
Thorough publication of excavations related to cult activity on the island of Melos.

Renfrew explicitly addresses archaeological correlates of belief and religion. This volume
rigorously interrogates the evidence for ancient belief.
Find this resource:

o
 Rutkowski, Bogdan. 1986. The cult places of the Aegean. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ.
Press.
An in-depth and extensively illustrated analysis of cult practices in the Aegean world
throughout the Neolithic and Bronze Age.
Find this resource:
o
 Wright, James. 1994. The spatial configuration of belief: The archaeology of Mycenaean
religion. In Placing the gods: Sanctuaries and sacred space in ancient Greece. Edited by
Susan Alcock and Robin Osborne, 37–78. Oxford: Clarendon.
A seminal article that tries to establish clear parameters for the study and understanding
of Mycenaean religion through archaeological evidence.
Find this resource:
Death
Many archaeological investigations focused on Greek prehistory have focused on mortuary
remains. The early excavations by Heinrich Schliemann (Schliemann 1878) at Grave Circle A at
Mycenae began the field of Aegean death studies. The study of burials has revealed complex
associations between the living and the dead in ancient societies. Newer research by Boyd 2002;
Cavanagh and Mee 1998; Dakouri-Hild and Boyd 2016; and Moutafi 2015 applies much
methodological and theoretical rigor.
 Boyd, Michael. 2002. Middle Helladic and early Mycenaean mortuary practices in the
southern and western Peloponnese. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Sets out and interprets the evidence of burial practices and human action in the Middle
Helladic and Early Mycenaean periods (c. 2000–1400 BCE) in the context of the use of
burial practices in the study of Mycenaean civilization.
Find this resource:
o
 Cavanagh, William, and Christopher Mee. 1998. A private place: Death in prehistoric
Greece. SIMA 125. Jonsered.
Presents an overview of burial practices in prehistoric Greece spanning from the

Mesolithic to LH IIIC. Written with an intended audience of specialists, students, and
other interested scholars.
Find this resource:
o
 Dakouri-Hild, Anastasia, and Michael Boyd, eds. 2016. Staging death: Funerary
performance, architecture and landscape in the Aegean. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Applies the archaeology of place to the field of Aegean mortuary customs with the aim of
establishing ways in which to approach deathscapes and their qualities in the Aegean
world.
Find this resource:
o
 Hägg, Robin, and Gullög Nordquist, eds. 1990. Celebrations of death and divinity in the
Bronze Age Argolid. Stockholm: Aström.
Conference proceedings on a wide range of topics relating to Bronze Age mortuary

customs and cult in the Argolid.
Find this resource:
o
 Moutafi, Ioanna. 2015. Towards a social bioarchaeology of the Mycenaean period: A
multi-disciplinary analysis of funerary remains from the Late Helladic chamber tomb
cemetery of Voudeni, Achaea, Greece. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Sheffield.
Offers a holistic bioarchaeological approach to the study of the social dimensions of

Mycenaean mortuary practice, especially treatment of the body.
Find this resource:
o
 Schliemann, Heinrich. 1878. Mycenae: A narrative of researches and discoveries at
Mycenae and Tiryns. London: John Murray.

Early report on the excavations of Schliemann at Mycenae and Tiryns. His earliest
interpretations of the remains from Grave Circle A can be found in this work.
Find this resource:
Wall Painting and Figural Art

Efforts to cover walls with colored plaster began as early as the third millennium on Crete. By
the age of the Minoan palaces many excavated structures have yielded examples of figural and
patterned scenes. Akrotiri, published by Doumas 1992, among many, is perhaps the most famous
Aegean site to preserve well-contextualized wall paintings. Immerwahr 1989 provides a survey
of painting in the Aegean that still serves as the best overview while the edited volume
Brekoulaki, et al. 2015 provides detailed information on wall painting primarily from the
Mycenaean world. Aegean wall painting and figural pottery provide us with valuable evidence,
which allows vivid reconstructions of how people of the past saw their world. See Brysbaert
2008; Crouwel 1991; Rystedt, et al. 2006; Shaw and Chapin 2016.
 Brekoulaki, Hariclia, Jack Davis, and Sharon Stocker, eds. 2015. Mycenaean wall
paintings in context. New Discoveries and Old Finds, Meletemata 72. Athens: National
Hellenic Research Foundation.
Presents the results of recent excavations and current research on Mycenaean wall
paintings from both palatial and non-palatial contexts on the Greek mainland. Focuses on
previously unpublished materials.
Find this resource:
o
 Brysbaert, Ann. 2008. The power of technology in the Bronze Age eastern
Mediterranean: The case of the painted plaster. London: Equinox
This book takes a technical and iconographic approach to the study of wall painting and
investigates the development of the art form’s technological transfer and its impact on the
social dynamics of the late Middle and Late Bronze Age. Argues the technology most
likely transferred west to east.
Find this resource:
o
 Crouwel, Joost. 1991. Well built Mycenae: The Helleno-British excavations within the
citadel at Mycenae 1959–1969. Fascicule 21. The Mycenaean pictorial pottery. Oxford:
Oxbow Books.
A small book from the Mycenae series published by the British team. This work looks at
an important class of pottery, examples that show figural scenes. Chariots, processions,
and animals are predominant subjects.
Find this resource:
o
 Doumas, Christos. 1992. The wall painting of Thera. Athens: Thera Foundation,
Nomikos.
A very well-illustrated volume that focuses wholly on the wall paintings from Akrotiri.
The paintings are described and discussed in terms of their iconography and imagery, as
well as their architectural context. The history of their discovery is also presented.
Find this resource:
o
 Immerwahr, Sara. 1989. Aegean painting in the Bronze Age. University Park:
Pennsylania State Univ. Press.
Handbook providing a synthesis of painting and pictorial art from its Aegean origin in
Crete to the collapse of the Late Bronze Age.
Find this resource:
o
 Rystedt, Eva, and Berit Wells, eds. 2006. Pictorial pursuits: Figurative painting on
Mycenaean and Geometric pottery: Papers from two seminars at the Swedish Institute at
Athens in 1999 and 2001. Stockholm: Paul Åströms Förlag.
Two-part volume on pictorial vase painting from 1200 to 700 BCE with ample
illustrations and a valuable index.
Find this resource:
o
 Shaw, Maria, and Anne Chapin, eds. 2016. Woven threads: Patterned textiles of the
Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Analyzes evidence of patterned textiles produced by the Minoans and Mycenaeans from
fresco representations and production implements. This evidence suggests textiles held
essential practical and social roles in both Minoan and Mycenaean society.
Find this resource:
Pottery
One might say the history of prehistoric Greece is written in clay. Ceramic studies far outnumber
the study of other classes of materials from excavations of prehistoric sites in the Aegean. Works
such as Betancourt 1985; Furumark 1941; Furumark 1992; Mountjoy 1981; Mountjoy 1986; and
Mountjoy 1999 are synthetic works that provide broad overviews of the various types of
ceramics, and many efforts have been made to look at pottery as evidence for trade. See Zerner,
et al. 1993 to name only one.
 Betancourt, Philip. 1985. The history of Minoan pottery. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ.
Press.
Authoritative handbook on the pottery of prehistoric Crete. Well-illustrated, clearly

written, and takes in all evidence available at the time. Useful to the specialist, student,
and general reader alike.
Find this resource:
o
 Furumark, Arne. 1941. Mycenaean pottery: Analysis and classification. Stockholm:
Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.
This is a fundamental work which allowed archaeologists to refer to specific forms of

Mycenaean pottery by shape and type. It provided some standardization for descriptions
so that systematic, comparative work could move forward.
Find this resource:
o
 Furumark, Arne. 1992. Mycenaean Pottery III: Plates. Stockholm: Paul Aström Forlag.
Furumark’s publications are early, foundational works on the study of Mycenaean

pottery. They established shape and types for Mycenaean vessels.
Find this resource:

o
 Mountjoy, Penelope. 1981. Four early Mycenaean wells: From the south slope of the
Acropolis at Athens. Ghent, Belgium: Belgian Archaeological Mission in Greece.
Illustrated account of the pottery recovered from four early Mycenaean wells on the south
slope of the Acropolis.
Find this resource:
o
 Mountjoy, Penelope. 1986. Mycenaean decorated pottery: A guide to identification.
Gothenburg, Sweden: Paul Åströms Förlag.
Authoritative guide to the identification and study of Mycenaean decorated pottery. This
work is perhaps consulted more often than any other for describing Mycenaean pottery.
Find this resource:
o
 Mountjoy, Penelope. 1999. Regional Mycenaean decorated pottery. Vols. 1 and 2.
Rahden, Germany: Marie Leidorf.
A key work that updates Mountjoy’s earlier volumes on Mycenaean decorated pottery.
The presentation of material is organized geographically highlighting similarities and
differences in pottery style.
Find this resource:
o
 Zerner, Carol, Peter Zerner, and John Winder, eds. 1993. Wace and Blegen: Pottery as
evidence for trade in the Aegean Bronze Age 1939–1989: Proceedings of the
International Conference Held at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens,
December 2–3, 1989. Amsterdam: Brill.
Conference proceedings relating to the use of pottery as evidence for trade in the Aegean
Bronze Age. Assesses the contributions and long-lived collaboration between Wace and
Blegen, especially in light of the strong presence of Arthur Evans in Aegean Bronze Age
archaeology.
Find this resource:

o
Craft Production and Technologies

Archaeologists focus studies on craft production, in works such as Nosch and Laffineur 2012 and
Shelmerdine 1985, and subsistence technologies in Halstead and Barrett 2004; Margomenou
2005 and Palmer 1994 offer an understanding of how prehistoric communities in Greece
functioned. Scholars have begun in recent years to look at textile production as a vital craft in
relatively resource-poor Greece. See Andersson Strand and Nosch 2015; Barber 1991; Burke
2010. Metallurgy was also of course important and investigators have looked to isolate sources
for producing metals. Works include Gale, et al. 2009.
 Andersson Strand, Eva, and Marie Louise Nosch, eds. 2015. Tools, textiles and contexts:
Investigating textile production in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age.
Oxford and Philadelphia: Oxbow Books.
Encyclopedic catalogue and detailed record of textile equipment found in Bronze Age
contexts throughout the Aegean world.
Find this resource:
o
 Barber, Elizabeth. 1991. Prehistoric textiles: The development of cloth in the Neolithic
and Bronze Ages with special reference to the Aegean. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ.
Press.
Foundational text for the study of cloth in the ancient world. Barber’s work established
the field of textile studies, and all related aspects of gender, technology, agency,
economy, linguistics, as a wide-ranging field worthy of serious study.
Find this resource:
o
 Burke, Brendan. 2010. From Minos to Midas: Ancient cloth production in the Aegean
and in Anatolia. Oxford: Oxbow.
This book looks at the organization of cloth production as a reflection of social

organization. Select case studies are presented based on available evidence. Although it is
not comprehensive in terms of available data, coverage extends from Late Neolithic
Knossos to Early Iron Age Anatolia.
Find this resource:

o
 Gale, Noel, Maria Kayafa, and Zofia Anna Stos-Gale. 2009. Further evidence for Bronze
Age production of copper from ores in the Lavrion ore district, Attica, Greece. In
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference: Archaeometallurgy in Europe, 2007.
Edited by A. Giumlia-Mair, P. Craddock, A. Hauptmann, et al., 158–176. Milan:
Associazione italiana di metallurgia.
A relatively recent article that further documents the evidence for metallurgy on the
Greek mainland during the Bronze Age. Bibliography in this article directs interested
parties to other fundamental works in metallurgy by the team of Gale and Stos-Gale.
Find this resource:
o
 Halstead, Paul, and John Barrett, eds. 2004. Food, cuisine, and society in prehistoric
Greece. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Addresses the variety of social distinction, identities, and values that can be discerned
from the study of food, drink, and the material culture of their consumption. Highlights
the potential of multidisciplinary research in this area.
Find this resource:
o
 Laffineur, Robert, and Philip Betancourt, eds. 1997. TECHNE: Craftsmen, craftswomen
and craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 6th International
Aegean Conference. Aegaeum 16. Liège, Belium: Université de Liège, Histoire de l’art et
archéologie de la Grèce antique.
Volume covers a wide range of topics relating to craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze
Age, including ceramics, seal production, textiles, metallurgy, and the administration of
these and other crafts.
Find this resource:
o
 Margomenou, Despina. 2005. Food storage, surplus and the emergence of
institutionalized inequality: A study of storage jars and food storage for Central Northern
Greece in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan.

Dissertations focusing on food storage in pithoi of central northern Greece and its
usefulness as a method of identifying surplus and potential small-scale hierarchy among
northern Greece Bronze and early Iron Age societies normally considered as
transegalitarian.
Find this resource:
o
 Nosch, Marie-Louise, and Robert Laffineur, eds. 2012. Kosmos: Jewellery, adornment,
and textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 13th International Aegean
Conference/13e Rencontre egeenne internationale, University of Copenhagen, Danish
National Research Foundation's Centre for Textile Research, 21–26 April 2010.
Aegaeum 33. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters.
This volume addresses the issues of textile production, costumes, dyes and pigments,
colors, jewelery, aesthetics, body adornment, luxury and exotic items, gender and
femininity/masculinity, as well as their social, religious, ideological, economic,
technological, administrative, and philological connections.
Find this resource:
o
 Palmer, Ruth. 1994. Wine in the Mycenaean palace economy. Aegaeum 10. Liège: Univ.
of Liège.
This systematic analysis of Mycenaean viticulture and its role in the palatial economy
draws on both the textual and archaeological evidence for Mycenaean wine production
and the information the industry can reveal about the relationship between the palaces
and the common people.
Find this resource:
o
 Shelmerdine, Cynthia. 1985. The perfume industry of Mycenaean Pylos. Gothenburg:
Aström.
A foundational study combining archaeological evidence with Linear B textual

information focused on one important craft activity at Mycenaean Pylos. The study is a
model for focused, contextualized research. Few illustrations but a helpful source for
looking at craft production.
Find this resource:

o
Late Bronze Age Administration and Economy

Our understanding of the Mycenaean palace has evolved since the investigations of Heinrich
Schliemann (at Mycenae, Tiryns, Orchomenos) and Arthur Evans (at Knossos). A general
consensus about these massive architectural complexes is that they served multiple functions, as
religious and political centers, as well as being administrative and economic nodes within their
territory. The discoveries of administrative records at palace centers, beginning with the Linear B
tablets uncovered by Arthur Evans at Knossos and the archives at the Palace of Nestor by Carl
Blegen, have greatly improved our understanding as published in the seminal works Ventris and
Chadwick 1973 and Chadwick 1976. Recent discoveries of tablets at Thebes, published in
Andrikou, et al. 2006, and elsewhere in Mycenaean Greece (Ayios Vassilios, near Sparta;
Iklaina) add greater levels of complexity to our understanding of the Mycenaean economy; such
is the focus of Pullen 2007 and Voutsaki and Killen 2001. Combining textual evidence with
archaeological discoveries further illuminates the interconnected nature of economies of Bronze
Age Greece as found in Burns 2010; Cline 1994; Duhoux and Davies 2007–2015; Nakassis
2013; and Oleson 2014.
 Andrikou, Eleni, Vassilis Aravantinos, Louis Godart, Anna Sacconi, and Juanita Vroom.
2006. Thèbes. Fouilles de la Cadmée II.2. Les tablettes en linéaire B de la Odos
Pelopidou. Le contexte archéologique. La céramique de la Odos Pelopidou et la
chronologie du linéaire B. Pisa, Italy, and Rome: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici
Internazionali.
This volume is the first of three to provide the comprehensive publication and
interpretation of the Linear B fragments discovered in the 1990s in Thebes. The tablets
show that Thebes’ administrative system was as complex and interesting as those at Pylos
and Knossos.
Find this resource:
o
 Aura Jorro, Francisco. 1985–1993. Diccionario Micénico. 2 vols. Madrid: Instituto de
Filología.
The most complete dictionary, in two volumes, of Mycenaean Greek available.

Vocabulary is taken from the Mycenaeae Graecitatis Lexicon of Anna Morpurgo Davies
and other more recent discoveries. Lexical and morphological information is provided
along with most occurrences of the word in the original texts.
Find this resource:
o
 Burns, Bryan. 2010. Mycenaean Greece, Mediterranean commerce, and the formation of
identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Considers traded objects in their Mycenaean contexts. It is argued that these items
enabled the formation of alternate identities and the resistance of palatial power through
their spread beyond the elite levels of Mycenaean society and their function as symbols
of external powers.
Find this resource:
o
 Chadwick, John. 1976. The Mycenaean world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
This relatively inexpensive and widely published book is a very good source for
understanding what we know about Mycenaean society based on the decipherment of the
Linear B tablets. It is well illustrated and focuses specifically on the 13th century BCE.
Find this resource:
o
 Cline, Eric. 1994. Sailing the wine-dark sea: International trade and the Late Bronze Age
Aegean. London: Archaeopress.
This influential book was based on Cline’s dissertation. It examines the contexts for Near
Eastern imports to the Aegean and looks at their economic, chronological, and
ideological significance.
Find this resource:
o
 Duhoux, Yves, and Anna Morpurgo Davies, eds. 2007–2015. A companion to Linear B.
Mycenaean Greek texts and their world. Vols. 1–3. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters.
Three volumes with state of the field contributions by leading scholars on many aspects
of Linear B scholarship.
Find this resource:
o
 Nakassis, D. 2013. Individuals and society in Mycenaean Pylos. Brill.
Presents a detailed study of personal names attested in the Linear B archives from the
Palace of Nestor at Pylos. Main contribution is that the named individuals in the tablets
likely were regional elites who had multiple roles in palace life. It provides an innovative
approach to social organization and labor.
Find this resource:
o
 Oleson, Barbara. 2014. Women in Mycenaean Greece: The Linear B Tablets from Pylos
and Knossos. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
This book looks at the record and role of women from the Mycenaean archives, primarily
Knossos and Pylos. Nearly two thousand women are documented performing over fifty
tasks. The book gives an accounting for their work, rank, and value.
Find this resource:
o
 Pullen, Daniel, ed. 2007. Political economies of the Aegean Bronze Age: Papers from the
Langford Conference, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 22–24 February 2007.
Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books.
Analyzes evidence for the Aegean economies beyond simple redistribution models.
Pushes the debates by employing anthropological and political economic theories.
Find this resource:
o
 Ventris, Michael, and John Chadwick. 1973. Documents in Mycenaean Greek. 2d ed.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Twenty years after the first edition, updates the publication and analysis of nearly three
hundred tablets from Knossos, Pylos, and Mycenae. This synthetic works presents the
Linear B syllabary and outlines the methods for the study of Mycenaean tablets.
Find this resource:
o
 Voutsaki, Sophia, and John Killen, eds. 2001. Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean
Palace States. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Philological Society.
Collection of essays related to the economic organization of the Mycenaean world. Many
contributors combine artifactual and textual data.
Find this resource:
Post-Bronze Age
The ultimate demise of Mycenaean civilization was a gradual process lasting approximately 150
years. As a result of new excavations at Lefkandi, Teichos Dymaion, Aigeira, Asine, Kalapodi,
and other sites, our knowledge of Late Bronze Age Greece has increased tremendously. From
about 1150 onward there is a growing cultural regionalism which serves as a prelude to the
highly localized character of Greek culture during the Dark Age (c. 1050–700 BCE). Various
theories, including those outlined in Alin 1962, Bachhuber and Roberts 2009, and Drews 1993
have been proposed to explain the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. Dickinson
2006 and Cline 2014 provide readable overviews of the competing explanations and put forward
their own interpretation of how the Bronze Age ended. Other works provide a synthetic overview
of the observed changes in the archaeological record, such as Deger-Jalkotzy and Bächle 2009
and Desborough 1964. A few specific sites provide useful archaeological evidence for the
transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, such as Lefkandi by Evely 2006, Mycenae by
French 2011, and Tiryns by Mühlenbruch 2013. Comprehensive overviews of what the changes
brought to the Aegean are presented by Finley 1979 and Mazarakis Ainian 1997.
 Alin, Per. 1962. Das Ende der Mykenischen Fundstätten auf dem Griechischen Festland.
Lund, Sweden: Carl Bloms.
A level-headed account of the end of the Bronze Age on the Greek mainland. Alin
identifies an accidental fire at Mycenae that destroyed the granary structure inside the
walls rather than seeing it destroyed by invading Dorians.
Find this resource:
o
 Bachhuber, Christopher, and Gareth Roberts, eds. 2009. Forces of transformation: The
end of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
An edited volume with twenty-one papers addressing the transition from the Late Bronze
Age to the Iron Age. Climate, exchange, iconography, built environments, and pottery are
the five main sections of the book.
Find this resource:

o
 Cline, Eric. 2014. 1177 B.C. The year civilization collapsed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
Univ. Press.
This widely read book encapsulates the major arguments used to explain the end of the
Bronze Age. The author incorporates a full range of Aegean, Anatolian, Egyptian, and
Near Eastern sources.
Find this resource:
o
 Deger-Jalkotzy, Sigrid, and Anna Elisabeth Bächle, eds. 2009. LH III C Chronology and
Synchronisms III: LH IIIC Late and the transition to the Early Iron Age. Vienna: Verlag
der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
The third and final volume which gave specific focus to the sub-phases of the LH IIIC
period (Early, Middle, and Late). The volumes incorporate evidence from many
important sites, some newly excavated.
Find this resource:
o
 Desborough, Vincent. 1964. The last Mycenaeans and their successors. An
Archaeological Survey c. 1200 – c. 1000 B.C. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
A comprehensive survey of the evidence for the end of the Late Bronze Age on mainland
Greece and the Aegean. The author chronicles the destructions throughout the Aegean
and speculates on the arrival of newcomers, identified by changes in burials and
ceramics, among other cultural markers.
Find this resource:
o
 Dickinson, Oliver T. P. K. 2006. The Aegean from the Bronze Age to Iron Age:
Continuity and change between the twelfth and eighth centuries BC. London: Routledge.
A survey and critical review of theories regarding the end of the prehistoric age. The
book follows the author’s Aegean Bronze Age survey book (1994) and is similarly
sparsely illustrated.
Find this resource:

o
 Drews, Robert. 1993. The end of the Bronze Age: Changes in warfare and the
catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
This book presents an overview of various theories to explain the end of the Late Bronze
Age and their difficulties. It concludes with the author’s own idea about changes in
military technology which gave advantages to conquerors and brought about the Late
Bronze Age collapse.
Find this resource:
o
 Evely, Doniert, ed. 2006. Lefkandi IV: The Bronze Age. The Late Helladic IIIC settlement
at Xeropolis. London: British School at Athens.
Thorough publication of an important excavation in Euboea. It provides valuable

comparative evidence for the final phase of the Late Bronze Age in Greece.
Find this resource:
o
 Finley, Moses. 1979. The world of Odysseus. 2d ed. New York: Penguin Books.
A widely influential book that provides a picture of the Greek world after the Late
Bronze Age collapse. It is accessible to the lay reader and useful for students of Homer
and Homeric Greece.
Find this resource:
o
 French, Elizabeth. 2011. Well built Mycenae. The Helleno-British excavations within the
citadel at Mycenae 1959–1969. Fascicule 16/17. The post-palatial levels. Oxford:
Oxbow Books.
Full report on the LH IIIC remains from Mycenae. Important reference tool for study of
the post-palatial period.
Find this resource:
o
 Mazarakis Ainian, Alexander. 1997. From rulers’ dwellings to temples: Architecture,
religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece. Jonsered, Sweden: Paul Åströms Förlag.
Important study that links the architecture, in form and function, from the Mycenaean age
to the period of early Archaic Greece.
Find this resource:
o
 Mühlenbruch, Tobias. 2013. Tiryns: Forschungen und Berichte. Band XVII.2.
Baubefunde und Stratigraphie der Unterburg und des Nordwestlichen Stadtgebiets
(Kampagnen 1976 bis 1983). Die mykenische Nachpalastzeit (SH III C). Wiesbaden,
Germany: Reichert Verlag.
Publication of the latest phases from Tiryns. This work documents the influx of people to
the citadel, to the lower town, and demonstrates changes in the material record during
this important period.
Find this resource:
Aegean Periphery and Anatolian Interface

While excavations in the Aegean were proceeding in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, other
scholars were active in central Anatolia, discovering the world of the Hittites roughly
contemporary with the Minoan and Mycenaean sites of Greece, and they were exploring ancient
Troy. See the historiography of this work in Allen 1998. Records written in the Hittite language
were especially intriguing since correspondences were discovered in Hittite and Greek for
certain people and place names (e.g., Ahhiyawa and Achaians; Wilusa and Homeric (W)Ilios)
presented in accessible ways by Beckman, et al. 2011; Collins, et al. 2010. The debate about the
nature of the interactions between Anatolia and the Aegean continues.
 Allen, Susan Heuck. 1998. Finding the walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich
Schliemann at Hisarlik. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Provides historiographical background to the excavations at Troy started by Calvert and

Schliemann.
Find this resource:
o
 Beckman, Gary, Trevor Bryce, and Eric Cline. 2011. The Ahhiyawa Texts. Atlanta:
Society of Biblical Literature.
Presents English translations of all twenty-six Ahhiyawa texts found in Hattusa with
commentary and a brief discussion of each text’s historical implications. Also includes an
essay introducing the issue of Ahhiyawa and another essay on Mycenaean-Hittite
interconnections.
Find this resource:
o
 Collins, Billie-Jean, Mary Bachvarova, and Ian Rutherford, eds. 2010. Anatolian
interfaces: Hittites, Greeks, and their neighbours. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
This volume addresses a range of issues related to the cultural interactions which
occurred in Bronze Age Anatolia between the Greeks and a variety of Anatolian
civilizations.
Find this resource:
o
 Galanaki, Ioanna, Helena Thomas, Yannis Galanakis, and Robert Laffineur, eds. 2007.
Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas: Prehistory across borders: Proceedings of the
International conference Bronze and Early Iron Age interconnections and contemporary
developments between the Aegean and the regions of the Balkan Peninsula, Central and
Northern Europe. University of Zagreb, 11-14 April 2005. Aegaeum 27. Leuven,
Belgium: Peeters.
This volume offers a number of papers relating to the interconnectivity of the prehistoric
Aegean, Balkans, and continental Europe.
Find this resource:
o
 Latacz, Joachim. 2004. Troy and Homer: Towards a solution of an old mystery. Oxford
and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
This book addresses the question of whether Homeric Troy was a memory of historical
reality. It examines the new excavations of Hisarlik and research of the Hittite archives to
argue that the plot of Homer’s Iliad plays out in front of a backdrop of the historical
reality of the 13th century BCE.

Greek Prehistory Through The Bronze Age

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Greek Prehistory Through The Bronze Age

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Greek Prehistory Through the Bronze Age

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

An early textbook providing a broad overview of the archaeology of mainland Greece.

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

An early attempt to synthesize revisions to the Minoan chronological framework based

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Collection of essays in honor of the founding figure in dendrochronology studies, Peter

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Survey and Regional Studies

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

A volume focused on the results of decades of survey work in the Mediterranean. A

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

A catalogue of forts, roadways, and other Mycenaean construction projects throughout

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

A thorough record and catalog of Mycenaean construction projects throughout the

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Edited volume with papers by specialists, providing innovative approaches to the

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

An important excavation of a non-palatial settlement providing information on life

Find this resource:

Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »

Find this resource:

Paleolithic and Mesolithic Greece