I.

Laboratory report 1: page 9-10

1. Explain the interrelationships among the following metric system units of length: centimeters,
millimeters, micrometers, and nanometers.

2. State the metric units used to express the sizes of bacteria, protozoa, and viruses.

3. Compare and contrast the various types of microscopes, to include simple microscopes,
compound light microscopes, electron microscopes, and atomic force microscopes.

A. Short-Answer Questions

1. Describe the position of your hands when carrying the microscope to and from your laboratory
bench.

2. Differentiate between the limit of resolution of the typical light microscope and that of unaided
human eye.

3. (a) What two adjustments can be made to the condenser? (b) what effect do these adjustments
have

4. Why are condenser adjustments generally preferred over the use of the light intensity control?

5. When using oil immersion lens, what four procedures can be implemented to achieve the
maximum resolution.

6. Why is it advisable to start first with the low power lens when viewing a slide?

7. Why is it necessary to use oil in conjunction with the oil immersion lens and not with the other
objectives?

8. What is the relationship between the working distance of an objective lens and its magnification
power?

B. Matching Questions

1. This objective lens provides the highest magnification.

2. This objective lens provides the second-highest magnification.

3. This objective lens provides the lowest magnification.

4. This objective lens has the shortest working distance.

5. The coarse focus knob should be adjusted only when using this objective lens.

6. This lens collects and focuses light from the lamp onto the specimen on the slide.

7. This lens, also known as the eyepiece, often comes in pairs.

8. Diopter adjustments can be made to this lens.

9. A diaphragm is used to regulate light passing through this lens

C. True-False

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

D. Multiple choice

1. The resolving power of a microscope is a function of

2. The coarse and fine focus knobs adjust the distance between

3. A microscope that maintains focus when the objective magnification is increased is called

I. Laboratory Report 2: page 15

1. For which types of specimens is darkfield microscopy preferred over brightfield microscopy?

2. If a darkfield condenser causes all light rays to bypass the objective, where does the light come
from that makes an object visible in a dark field?

3. What advantage does a cardioid condenser have over a star diaphragm?

4. 4. If accessories for darkfield microscopy were not available, how would you construct a simple
star diaphragm?

II. Laboratory Report 3: pages 23-24

A. Short-Answer Questions

1. Staining of cells is often performed to enhance images acquired by brightfield microscopy. Phase
contrast microscopy does not require cell staining. Why is this advantageous?

2. As light passes through a transparent object, how are direct and diffracted light rays produced?
How much phase shift occurs?

3. How do coincidence and interference of light rays differ? What type of image does each
produce? How does that contribute to a sharper image?

4. Differentiate between bright-phase and dark-phase microscopy in terms of phase shift.

5. Which two items can be used to check the alignment of the annulus and phase ring?

B. Multiple Choice

1. A phase-contrast microscope differs from a brightfield microscope by having a

2. Which of the following would be best observed for a bacterial cell using phase-contrast
microscopy?

3. Amplitude summation occurs in phase-contrast optics when both direct and diffracted rays are

4. The phase-contrast microscope is best suited for observing