Calculus 3

Module 1. Derivatives

MANUEL C. FRANCISCO ,LPT

INSTRUCTOR
The Derivative as a Slope
The following are the steps in finding the equation of
the line tangent to the curve y = f(x).
a. Solve for the derivative.
b. Evaluate the value of the derivative at x=a. This
value is the slope of the tangent line 𝑚 𝑇 at the point
(a,b). Hence, 𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 .
c. Equation of the tangent line : 𝑦 − 𝑏 = 𝑚 𝑇 𝑥 − 𝑎
d. Simplify the linear equation.
 Solution

Problem 1.
Find the equation of the

tangent line to the graph of

the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 at

the point (1,2).

 Solution

Problem 2.
Find the equation of the

tangent line to the graph of

the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2 at

the point (1,1).

 Solution

Problem 3.
Find the equation of the

tangent line to the graph of

the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 +

5 at the point (0,5).

 Problem 4
Find the equation of the
tangent line that is
tangent to the curve
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 5 at
the point (0,1).
 Solution

Problem 4.
Find the value of x where the

graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 + 15

has a horizontal tangent line.

 Learning Assessment 1
1. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at
the point (2,8).
2. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 at
the point (9,3).
3. Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 at x=2
. What is f(2)? Give the equation of the tangent line.
4. Determine values of x where the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 −
9𝑥 + 12 has a horizontal tangent line.
5. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +
5 where the tangent line is horizontal.
Marginal Profit
The idea of marginal cost is also applied to profits. Let 𝑃(𝑥)
be the total profit from producing and selling x units of
commodity. The derivative of the profit function gives the
marginal profit function 𝑃𝑀 (𝑥), which determines the rate at
which the profit is increasing (when 𝑃𝑀 (𝑥) is positive) or
decreasing (when 𝑃𝑀 (𝑥) is negative). That is,
𝑃𝑀 𝑥 = 𝑃′(𝑥)
The marginal profit tells the profit for each additional unit
based on a given production level.
 Problem 1
The profit function in pesos of a company is given by
1
𝑃 𝑥 = − 8 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 − 300
Where x is the daily quantity of goods produced.
a. Find the marginal profit function 𝑃𝑀 𝑥 .
b. What is the marginal profit when the production level is 4?
c. Find the marginal profit when the company produces 10 units?
 Solution

Problem 1
A. Find the marginal
profit function
𝑃𝑀 𝑥 .
 Solution

Problem 1
B. What is the
marginal profit when
the production level
is 4?
 Solution

Problem 1
C. Find the marginal
profit when the
company produces 10
units?
Problem 2
The profit in pesos of a bakery is given by 𝑃 𝑥 =
− 1000 + 16𝑥 − 0.01𝑥 2 , where x is the number of
loaves of bread baked each week.
a. Find the marginal profit function.
b. Compute for the marginal profit when x = 700, x
= 800, and x=900.
c. Find the Profits obtained when x=700, x=800,
and x=900.
 Solution

Problem 2
a. Find the marginal
profit function.
 Solution

Problem 2
b. Compute for the
marginal profit when
x = 700, x = 800, and
x=900.
 Solution

Problem 2
c. Find the Profits
obtained when
x=700, x=800, and
x=900.
 Learning Assessment 1, Sol’n Set
1. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at
the point (2,8).
2. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 at
the point (9,3).
3. Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 at x=2
. What is f(2)? Give the equation of the tangent line.
4. Determine values of x where the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 −
9𝑥 + 12 has a horizontal tangent line.
5. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +
5 where the tangent line is horizontal.
 Solution

1. Find the equation

of the tangent
line to the curve
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at the
point (2,8).
 Solution

2. Find the equation of the

tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥
at the point (9,3).
 Solution

3. Find the slope of the tangent

line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 at x=2 .
What is f(2)? Give the equation
of the tangent line.
 Solution

4. Determine values of x
where the curve 𝑦 =
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 12
has a horizontal tangent
line.
 Solution

5. Find the equation of

the tangent line to the
curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5 where
the tangent line is
horizontal.
 Learning Assessment 2, Sol’n Set
1. The profit function in pesos for x bicycles is
𝑃 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 50𝑥 − 150
a. What is the marginal profit function 𝑃𝑀 𝑥 ?
b. Find the marginal profit for 𝑥 = 20, 𝑥 = 25, 𝑥 = 30.
c. What is the maximum profit obtained?
2. The profit of selling x units of pipes is
1 2
𝑃 𝑥 = 420𝑥 − 𝑥
4
a. Find the marginal profit function 𝑃𝑀 𝑥 .
b. What is the marginal profit for 800 units? For 900 units?
c. Determine the value of x that will provide the maximum profit.
 Solution

1. The profit function in

pesos for x bicycles is
𝑃 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 50𝑥 − 150
a. What is the marginal profit
function 𝑃𝑀 𝑥 ?
b. Find the marginal profit
for 𝑥 = 20, 𝑥 = 25, 𝑥 =
30.
c. What is the maximum
profit obtained?
 Solution

2. The profit of selling x

units of pipes is
1 2
𝑃 𝑥 = 420𝑥 − 𝑥
4
a. Find the marginal
profit function 𝑃𝑀 𝑥 .
b. What is the marginal
profit for 800 units?
For 900 units?
c. Determine the value
of x that will provide
the maximum profit.
Marginal Cost
Suppose a production company defines the function 𝑦 = 𝐶(𝑥) that
gives the total cost of manufacturing x units of a product. We call this
the cost function. The derivative of the cost function gives the rate of
change of the cost with respect to the number of units produced. We
call this rate of change of the cost as the marginal cost 𝐶𝑀 (𝑥). That
is,𝐶𝑀 𝑥 = C′(x). Economists define the marginal cost as the cost of
producing one more unit after x items have been produced.
 Problem 1
The cost C in pesos of
producing x units of a
commodity is given by the
function 𝐶 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 80.
a. Find the marginal cost
function 𝐶𝑚 𝑥 .
b. What is the marginal cost at
x = 5 units?
c. What is the marginal cost at
x = 10 units.
 Problem 2
For an oil pipe company, to
produce x units of pipes, the
cost function in pesos is given
by 𝐶 𝑥 = 300 + 270𝑥 + 𝑥 2 .
Find the marginal cost for the
following values of x:
A. x = 4
B. x = 10
 Problem 3
The cost in pesos of producing
x units of a commodity is given
by 𝐶 𝑥 = 0.2𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 +
250.
A. Find the increase in cost of
producing from 20 units to 21
units.
B. Determine the rate of
change of cost when 20 units
are produced.
 Learning Assessment 3.
1. A book company finds that its cost function in producing x units of
1
books is given by 𝐶 𝑥 = 10 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 15, where C(x) is in hundreds of
pesos while each unit of x is equivalent to 10, 000 books.
a. What is the marginal cost function 𝐶𝑀 𝑥 ?
b. Find the marginal cost after producing 2 units.
c. What is the marginal cost when 5 units are produced?
2. The cost in pesos of printing x mathematics books is given by
𝐶 𝑥 = 20 000 + 10𝑥
What is the marginal cost when the production level is 100 books?500
books?