MATRICES Y DETERMINANTES (17ª entrega)

𝟐 −𝟏
1 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑨 = ( ) . 𝑂𝑏𝑡é𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑩 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨.
𝟑 𝟐
2 −1 𝑥 𝑦
𝐴=( ), 𝐵=( )
3 2 𝑧 𝑡
2𝑥 − 𝑧 2𝑦 − 𝑡 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 −𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 → ( )=( )
3𝑥 + 2𝑧 3𝑦 + 2𝑡 2𝑧 + 3𝑡 −𝑧 + 2𝑡
2𝑥 − 𝑧 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
2𝑦 − 𝑡 = −𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑧 + 3𝑦 = 0
→{ →{ →
3𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 2𝑧 + 3𝑡 𝑥−𝑡 =0
3𝑦 + 2𝑡 = −𝑧 + 2𝑡
𝑥=7
𝑦=2 7 2
𝑃𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜: { → 𝐵=( )
𝑧 = −6 −6 7
𝑡=7

𝒂 − 𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟒 −𝒂 + 𝟏
2 ¿ 𝐶𝑢á𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑨 = ( 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 )?
𝟎 𝒃−𝟏 𝟑

𝑎−2 𝑏 + 4 −𝑎 + 1 𝑎−2 𝑏+4 −𝑎 + 1

𝐴=( 0 −1 0 ) ~
⏟ ( 0 −1 0 )→
0 𝑏−1 3 𝐸3 +(𝑏−1)𝐸2 0 0 3

→ ∃𝐴−1 𝑠𝑖 𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑠𝑖 𝑎 ≠ 2

3 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢é𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑒: 𝑨 + 𝑿 = 𝑨𝑿

𝐴 + 𝑋 = 𝐴𝑋 → 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑋 − 𝑋 → 𝐴𝑋 − 𝑋 = 𝐴 (∗)
¡ 𝑂𝑗𝑜! 𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠: 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑎 → 𝑥 (𝑎 − 1) = 𝑎
𝐸𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒 1 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝐼:
(∗) 𝐴𝑋 − 𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴 →
⏟ (𝐴 − 𝐼)𝑋 = 𝐴 →
⏟
𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑋 𝑆𝑖 ∃(𝐴−𝐼)−1
𝑝𝑜𝑡−𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚ú𝑛
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 (𝐴−𝐼)−1

(⏟𝐴 − 𝐼)−1 (𝐴 − 𝐼) 𝑋 = (𝐴 − 𝐼)−1 𝐴 → 𝐼𝑋 = (𝐴 − 𝐼)−1 𝐴 → 𝑋 = (𝐴 − 𝐼)−1 𝐴

𝐼
 4

1 0
1 0 0
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐴 2 × 3 𝑦 𝐵 3 × 2 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠: 𝐴 = ( ) , 𝐵 = (0 0) →
0 0 1
0 1
1 0
1 0 0 1 0
𝐴·𝐵 =( ) (0 0) = ( ) = 𝐼2
0 0 1 0 1
0 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝐵 · 𝐴 = (0 0) ( ) = (0 0 0) ≠ 𝐼3
0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
𝐸𝑆 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐴 .

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
5 𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑰 = (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎) 𝑦 𝑨 = (𝟑 𝟐 𝟎) . 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢é𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛: 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝝀𝑰 − 𝑨) = 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟒

2 1 0 𝜆 0 0 2 1 0 𝜆−2 1 0
𝐴 = (3 2 0) → 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = (0 𝜆 0 ) − (3 2 0 ) = ( 3 𝜆−2 0 )→
0 0 4 0 0 𝜆 0 0 4 0 0 𝜆−4
𝜆−2 1 0
𝜆−2 1
det ( 3 𝜆−2 0 ) = (𝜆 − 4) | | = (𝜆 − 4)(𝜆 − 4𝜆 + 1) = 0 →
3 𝜆−2
0 0 𝜆−4
𝜆=4 𝜆1 = 4
{ 4 ± √12 → { 𝜆2 = 2 − √3 (𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠)
𝜆=
2 𝜆3 = 2 + √3

𝟎 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟒 𝟏 𝟓 𝟐
6 𝐻á𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑒: | |
𝟑 −𝟖 −𝟐 𝟎
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 −𝟐

0−1 2 2 1 1 6 0
1 1 6
4 1 5 2 5 3 9 0 (−2)(−1)4+4 |5 3
| | = ⏟ | | =
⏟ 9| = ⏟
3−8 −2 0 3 −8 −2 0
𝐹 +𝐹 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑖ò 3 −8 −2 𝐶2 −𝐶1
1 2 4 −2 𝐹12 +𝐹44 1 2 4 −2 𝐶3 −6𝐶1
1 0 0
(−2) |5 −2 −21| =
⏟ (−2) · 1 · (−1)1+1 | −2 −21| = (−2)(40 − 231) =
−11 −20
3 −11 −20 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑖ò
= (−2)(−191) = 382
7

0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 −2
𝐴=( 0 𝑎 0 ) → 𝐴2 = ( 0 𝑎 0 ) ( 0 𝑎 0 ) = ( 0 𝑎2 0)
−1 0 −2 −1 0 −2 −1 0 −2 2 0 3
−1 0 −2 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
𝐴2 + 2𝐴 + 𝐼 = 𝑂 → ( 0 𝑎2 0 ) + ( 0 2𝑎 0 ) + (0 1 0) = (0 0 0) →
2 0 3 −2 0 −4 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
(0 𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 1 0) = (0 0 0) → 𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 1 = 0 → (𝑎 + 1)2 = 0 → 𝑎 = −1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1
𝑎 = 1 → 𝐴 = ( 0 1 0 ) → det(𝐴) = 1 ≠ 0 → ∃𝐴−1
−1 0 −2

0 0 1 1 0 0 −1 0 −2 0 0 1 −1 0 02 0 1
0 1 0 || 0 1 0 ~
⏟ ( 0 1 0 |0 1 0) ~
⏟ (0 1 0|0 1 0) ~
−1 0 −2 ⏟ 0 0 1 𝐹1 ↔𝐹3 0 0 1 1 0 0 𝐹1 +2𝐹3 0 0 11 0 0
( 𝐼3 )

1 0 0 −2 0 −1 −2 0 −1
| −1 (
0 1 0| 0 1 0 → 𝐴 = 0 1 0)
⏟
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
( 𝐼3 )

𝑋𝐴 = 𝐵 →
⏟ 𝑋𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐵𝐴−1 → 𝑋𝐼 = 𝐵𝐴−1 → 𝑋 = 𝐵𝐴−1
𝑆𝑖 ∃𝐴−1

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∃𝐴−1 , det (𝐴) ≠ 0

1 𝜆 0
det(𝐴) = |1 1 2 | = −1 + 2 + 𝜆 = 𝜆 + 1 ≠ 0 → 𝜆 ≠ −1
0 −1 −1
1 4 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 0 0
𝜆=4 →
⏟ (1 1 2 |0 1 0) ~
⏟ (0 −3 2 |−1 1 0) ~
⏟
𝑀é𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 0 −1 −1 0 0 1 𝐹2 −𝐹1 0 −1 −1 0 0 1 𝐹2 −3𝐹3
𝐹1 +4𝐹3
 1 0 −4 1 0 4 1 0 −4 1 0 4 5 0 0 1 4 8
(0 0 5 |−1 1 −3) ~
⏟ (0 −1 −1| 0 0 1) ~
⏟ (0 −5 0|−1 1 2 ) ~
0 −1 −1 0 0 1 𝐹2 ↔𝐹3 0 0 5 −1 1 −3 5𝐹2 +𝐹3 0 0 5 −1 1 −3
5𝐹1 +4𝐹3

1 4 8
| 5 5 5
1 0 0
1 1 2
0 1 0 − −
5 5 5
0 0 1| 1 1 3
−
⏟5 5 − 5
( 𝐴−1 )
1 4 8
0 0 −1
5 5 5 2 3 11
0 1 1 1 1 2
𝑋 = 𝐵𝐴−1 = (1 0 −1) · − − = 5 5 5
2 1 0 5 5 5 3 7 14
1 1 3
(5 5 5)
(− 5 5 − 5 )

𝟐 𝟓) 𝟒 −𝟓)
9 𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑨 = ( 𝑦𝑩=( . 𝐻á𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝒌 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛.
−𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝒌

2 5) 4 −5) 2 5) (4 −5) (4 −5) ( 2 5)

𝐴=( 𝑦𝐵=( ; 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 → ( = →
−3 1 3 𝑘 −3 1 3 𝑘 3 𝑘 −3 1
23 −10 + 5𝑘 23 15
( )=( ) → {−10 + 5𝑘 = 15 → 5𝑘 = 25 → 𝑘 = 5 → 𝑘 = 5
−9 15 + 𝑘 6 − 3𝑘 15 + 𝑘 −9 = 6 − 3𝑘 → 3𝑘 = 15 → 𝑘 = 5

𝒂 𝒃𝟏 𝟎
𝒃 𝒂𝟎 𝟏)
10 𝐻á𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑨 = (𝟎 𝒂
𝟏𝒃
𝟏 𝒂𝟎 𝒃

𝑎 𝑏1 0
𝑏
∆= det(𝐴) = |0 𝑎 0 1 | (𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 1ª)
1𝑏 𝑎
1 𝑎0 𝑏
𝑎+𝑏+1 𝑏1 0 1 𝑏1 0
∆= |𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1 𝑎 0 𝑎1 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1) |1 𝑎 0 1 | (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑎 1ª)
𝑎+𝑏+1 1𝑏 1 1𝑏 𝑎
𝑎+𝑏+1 𝑎0 𝑏 1 𝑎0 𝑏
1 𝑏 1 0
𝑎−𝑏 −1 1
∆= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1) |0 𝑎 − 𝑏 −1 𝑎 1 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1) |1 − 𝑏 𝑏 − 1 𝑏| (𝐹 − 𝐹 )
3 1
0 1−𝑏𝑏−1
1 𝑎 − 𝑏 −1 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 −1 𝑏
𝑎−𝑏 −1 1
𝑎−1 −1
∆= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1) |1 − 𝑏 𝑏 − 1 𝑏 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1)(𝑏 − 1) | |=
1−𝑏 𝑏−1
0 0 𝑏−1
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1)(𝑏 − 1)(𝑏 − 1) |𝑎 − 1 −1| = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1)(𝑏 − 1)2 (𝑎 − 2)
−1 1
 11

𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑠: det(𝐴) = 5 𝑦 det(𝐵) = 3

1
𝑎) det(𝐵−1 𝐴2 𝐵2 ) = det(𝐴−1 ) · det(𝐴2 ) · det(𝐵2 ) = · [det(𝐴)]2 · [det(𝐵)]2
det (𝐴)
1
= 52 32 = 45
5
2 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 3 0
𝑏)𝐶 = 𝐴 + ( ) 𝐴 = 𝐴 [𝐼 + ( )] = 𝐴 · [( )+( )] = 𝐴 ( )→
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2
3 0
det(𝐶 ) = det(𝐴) · det ( ) = 5 · 6 = 30
0 2
𝑐 𝑐
| |
𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑑 =0=0
𝑎 𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 5 5
𝑐) (⏟ )( ) = ( ) → ⏟ 𝑎 𝑐 → (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,1)
𝑏 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 | |
𝐴
𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟
𝑏 𝑑 5
{𝑦 = 5 = 5 = 1

𝑆𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑨, 𝑩 𝒚 𝑪 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎
12 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟. 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑨𝒅𝒋(𝑴) 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑴, 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑢é𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒:
𝑨𝒅𝒋(𝑨𝑩𝑪) = [𝑨𝒅𝒋(𝑨)][𝑨𝒅𝒋(𝑩)][𝑨𝒅𝒋(𝑪)]

det(𝐴) ≠ 0, det(𝐵) ≠ 0, det (𝐶) ≠ 0

𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 → det(𝐴𝐵𝐶 ) ≠ 0 → ∃(𝐴𝐵𝐶 )−1 → {
∃𝐴−1 , ∃𝐵−1 , ∃𝐶 −1
𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑠 → 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 𝐶𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐵𝐴 →
𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖é𝑛: det(𝐴𝐵𝐶 ) = det(𝐴) · det(𝐵) · det(𝐶 )
1
𝑆𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑀−1 = [𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝑀)]𝑇 → 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝑀) = det(𝑀) · (𝑀−1 )𝑇
det (𝑀)
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵𝐶 ) = det(𝐴𝐵𝐶 ) · [(𝐴𝐵𝐶)−1 ]𝑇 = [det(𝐴) · det(𝐵) · det(𝐶 )][(𝐴𝐵𝐶 )−1 ]𝑇 =
[det(𝐴) · det(𝐵) · det(𝐶 )][𝐶 −1 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1 ]𝑇 = [det(𝐴) · det(𝐵) · det(𝐶 )][(𝐴−1 )𝑇 (𝐵−1 )𝑇 (𝐶 −1 )𝑇 ]
= det(𝐴) · (𝐴−1 )𝑇 · det(𝐵) · (𝐵 −1 )𝑇 · det(𝐶 ) · (𝐶 −1 )𝑇 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) · 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐵) · 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐶) →
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵𝐶 ) = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) · 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐵) · 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐶)
 𝑆𝑒𝑎

13

𝑃𝑟𝑢é𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒:
𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝒋 < 𝒎, 𝑒𝑙 1 𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎 𝒊, 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎 𝒌 = 𝒋.

det(𝑁 − 𝑥𝐼𝑚 ) = (−1)𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 → 𝑁𝑗 = 𝑂𝑚 , ∀𝑗 ≥ 𝑚

𝑘 = 𝑖−1 (
1, 𝑖 ≥ 2, 𝑘 = 𝑖 − 1 𝑎 · 𝑎 = 1, 𝑠𝑖 { 𝑖 ≥ 3)
𝑁 = (𝑎𝑖𝑘 ) = { → 𝑁 2 = 𝑁 · 𝑁 = { 𝑖𝑘 𝑘ℎ ℎ = 𝑘−1
0, 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜
0, 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜
2 1 , 𝑠𝑖 𝑖 ≥ 3 ℎ = 𝑖 − 2
→ 𝑁 = (𝑎𝑖ℎ ) = { →⋯
0, 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜.
1, 𝑠𝑖 𝑟 ≥ 𝑗 + 1, 𝑠 = 𝑠 − 𝑗
𝑁𝑗 = (𝑎𝑟𝑠 ) = {
0, 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜.

𝒂 𝟎 𝟐𝒂
(
14 𝐻á𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒: 𝑨 = 𝟎 𝒂 𝟎)
−𝒂 𝟎 −𝒂
1 0 2
𝐴 = 𝑎 ( 0 1 0 ) = 𝑎𝐵
⏟−1 0 −1
𝐵
−1 0 0 −1 0 −2
𝐴2 = 𝑎2 𝐵2 = 𝑎2 ( 0 1 0 ) ; 𝐴3 = 𝑎3 𝐵3 = 𝑎3 ( 0 1 0 ) ;
0 0 −1 1 0 1
1 0 0
𝐴4 = 𝑎4 𝐵4 = 𝑎4 (0 1 0) = 𝑎4 𝐼 → 𝐵5 = 𝐵, 𝐵6 = 𝐵2 , 𝐵7 = 𝐵3 , …
0 0 1
𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠, 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠: 𝑆𝑖 𝑘 ∈ ℤ, 𝑘 ≥ 0 →
 𝑎𝑛 0 0
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 = 4𝑘 → 𝐵 = 𝐼 → 𝐴 = ( 0 𝑎𝑛 0 )
0 0 𝑎𝑛
𝑛
𝑎 0 2𝑎𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 = 4𝑘 + 1 → 𝐵 = 𝐵 → 𝐴 = ( 0 𝑎𝑛 0 )
𝑛
−𝑎 0 −𝑎𝑛
−𝑎𝑛 0 0
𝑛 2 𝑛
𝑛 = 4𝑘 + 2 → 𝐵 = 𝐵 → 𝐴 = ( 0 𝑎𝑛 0 )
0 0 −𝑎𝑛
−𝑎𝑛 0 −2𝑎𝑛
𝑛 3 𝑛
𝑛 = 4𝑘 + 3 → 𝐵 = 𝐵 → 𝐴 = ( 0 𝑎𝑛 0 )
𝑛
{ 𝑎 0 𝑎𝑛

15

𝑥 0 −1 𝑥 2 −1 −2𝑥 𝑥 3 + 1 −2𝑥 −3𝑥 2

2 3
𝐴 = (−1 0 0 ) → 𝐴 = (−𝑥 0 1 ) → 𝐴 = ( −𝑥 2 1 2𝑥 ) →
0 1 𝑥 −1 𝑥 𝑥2 −2𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 + 1
𝑥 3 + 1 −2𝑥 −3𝑥 2 1 0 0 𝑥 3 −2𝑥 −3𝑥 2
3 2
𝐴 − 𝐼3 = ( −𝑥 1 2𝑥 ) − (0 1 0) = ( −𝑥 2 0 2𝑥 )
2 3 2
−2𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 +1 0 0 1 −2𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3
0 0 0
𝐴3 − 𝐼3 = (0 0 0) → 𝑥 = 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
𝐴3 − 𝐼3 = 𝑂3 → 𝐴3 = 𝐼3 → (𝐴3 )4 = 𝐼34 → 𝐴12 = 𝐼3 → 𝐴12 = (0 1 0)
0 0 1
0 −1 0
𝑥 = 0 → 𝐴3 − 𝐼3 = 𝑂3 → 𝐴 · 𝐴2 = 𝐼3 → 𝐴2 = 𝐴−1 → 𝐴−1 = ( 0 0 1)
−1 0 0
16

−3 −3 0 0 −2 𝑎
𝐴=( ),𝐵 = ( ) 𝑦 𝐶=( )
2 2 0 −1 𝑏 𝑐
2𝑎 + 6 2𝑎 + 6 0 0 −2 𝑎
𝑎) 𝐶 · 𝐴 = ( ) 𝑦 𝐵·𝐶 =( ) 𝑦 det(𝐶 ) = | |
−3𝑏 + 2𝑐 −3𝑏 + 2𝑐 −𝑏 −𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
2𝑎 + 6 = 0 𝑎 = −3 𝑎 = −3
𝑎 = −3
𝐶 · 𝐴 = 𝐵 · 𝐶 → {−3𝑏 + 2𝑐 = −𝑏 → ⏟ {−3𝑏 + 2𝑐 = −𝑏 → {−𝑏 = −𝑏 → {
𝑏=𝑐
−3𝑏 + 2𝑐 = −𝑐 𝐸3 −𝐸2 0 = −𝑐 + 𝑏 𝑏=𝑐
−2 𝑎 −2 −3
| |=2→| |=2→ 𝑏=2 → 𝑐=2
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑏
−2 1
𝑏) 𝐶 = ( )
1 1
1 1
−2 1 1 0 −2 1 1 0 6 0 −2 2 1 0|−3 3
( | ) ~
⏟ ( | ) ~
⏟ ( | ) ~
⏟
⏟
1 1 0⏟1 0 31 2 0 3 1 2 0⏟1 | 1 2
2𝐹2 +𝐹1 (−3)𝐹1 +𝐹2 1 ⏟3
𝐶 𝐼 𝐹
6 1 𝐼 3
1 ( 𝐶 −1 )
𝐹
3 2
1 1 1 1
− − −
0 0 −2 1
𝐶 −1 · 𝐵 · 𝐶 = ( 3 3) ( )( )= ( 3 3)
1 2 0 −1 1 1 2 2
− −
3 3 3 3
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝐵 =( )( )=( ) = −𝐵 𝑦 𝐵 = ( )( )=( )=𝐵→
0 −1 0 −1 0 1 0 1 0 −1 0 −1
−𝐵, 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟 0 0
𝐵𝑛 = { → 𝐵100 = ( )
𝐵, 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟 0 1

𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐
17 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢é𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑨𝑿 − 𝑩 = 𝟑𝑿, 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑨 = (𝟑 𝟎 𝟏 ) 𝑦 𝑩 = (−𝟏)
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏

𝐴𝑋 − 𝐵 = 3𝑋 → 𝐴𝑋 − 3𝑋 = 𝐵 → 𝐴𝑋 − 3𝐼𝑋 = 𝐵 → (𝐴 − 3𝐼)𝑋 = 𝐵 →
⏟
𝑆𝑖 ∃(𝐴−3𝐼)−1

(𝐴 − 3𝐼 )−1 (𝐴 − 3𝐼)𝑋 = (𝐴 − 3𝐼)−1 𝐵 → 𝐼𝑋 = (𝐴 − 3𝐼)−1 𝐵 → 𝑋 = (𝐴 − 3𝐼)−1 𝐵

3 2 −1 3 2 −1 3 0 0 0 2 −1
( )
𝐴 = 3 0 1 → 𝐶 = 𝐴 − 3𝐼 = 3 0 ( ) (
1 − 0 3 0 = 3 −3 1 )
) (
2 1 3 2 1 3 0 0 3 2 1 0
 0 2 −1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1
3 −3 1 || 0 1 0 ~⏟ (3 −3 1 |0 1 0) ~
⏟ (0 9 −2|0 −2 3)
⏟
2 1 0 ⏟ 0 0 1 𝐹1 ↔𝐹3 0 2 −1 1 0 0 −2𝐹2 +3𝐹1 0 2 −1 1 0 0
( 𝐶 𝐼 )
18 0 2 0 2 6 9 0 1 0 1 3
~
⏟ (0 9 −2|0 −2 3 ) ~
⏟ (0 45 0 |−18 −18 27 ) ~
⏟
9𝐹1 −𝐹2 0 0 −5 9 4 −6 1
𝐹
0 0 −5 9 4 −6 1
𝐹
9𝐹3−2𝐹2 2 1 9 2
5𝐹2−2𝐹3 5𝐹1+𝐹3

1 1 1
| 5 5 5
45 0 0 9 9 9 1 0 0
( 0 5 0 |−2 2 2 3
−2 3 ) ~
⏟ 0 1 0 − −5 →
5 5
0 0 −5 9 4 −6 1 𝐹 ⏟
0 0 1| 9 4 6
45 1 𝐼 − −5
1
𝐹
⏟5 5
5 2 ( 𝐶 −1 )
1
− 𝐹3
5
1 1 1 2
−
5 5 5 5
2 2 3 −2 9
𝑋= − − (−1) =
5 5 5 1 5
9 4 6 28
(− 5 − 5 5) ( 5 )

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
18 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑨 = ( 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 ) , ℎá𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝒌 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒: 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝒌(𝑨 − 𝟐𝑰)
−𝟑 −𝟑 −𝟐

2 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1
𝐴 − 2𝐼 = ( 2 3 2 ) − (0 2 0) = ( 2 1 2)
−3 −3 −2 0 0 2 −3 −3 −4

𝐴−1 = 𝑘 (𝐴 − 2𝐼) → 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝑘(𝐴 − 2𝐼)𝐴 → 𝐼 = 𝑘(𝐴 − 2𝐼)𝐴 →

0 1 1 2 1 1 −1 0 0
𝐼 = 𝑘( 2 1 2 ) ( 2 3 2 ) → 𝐼 = 𝑘 ( 0 −1 0 ) →
−3 −3 −4 −3 −3 −2 0 0 −1
1 0 0 −1 0 0
(0 1 0) = (−1) ( 0 −1 0 ) → 𝑘 = −1
0 0 1 0 0 −1

19
 5 1 0 6
2 4 9
2 0 4 9
det(𝐴) = | | =
⏟ 1 · (−1)1+2 |0 8 3 | =
⏟
0 0 8 3
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑖ò 0 1 −3 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑖ò
0 0 1 −3

(−1) · 2(−1)1+1 |8 3 | = (−2)(−24 − 3) = 54

1 −3

−𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑨 = ( )
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟒
20 𝑎) 𝐿𝑙é𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑨𝑬𝑹 .
𝑏) 𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑢é𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑩 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑩𝑨 = 𝑨𝑬𝑹 .

−3 2 5) −3 0 27 1 0 −9
𝐴=( ~
⏟ (−3 2 5)
⏟ (
~ ) ~
⏟ ( )
2 −2 4 0 −2 22 0 −2 22 0 1 −11
3𝐹2 +2𝐹1 𝐹1 +𝐹2 1
− 𝐹1
3
1
− 𝐹2
2
−3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1 −3𝑧 + 2𝑡 = 0
𝑥 𝑦 −3 2 5 1 0 −9
( )( )=( ) → { 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 ∧ { 2𝑧 − 2𝑡 = 1 →
𝑧 𝑡 2 −2 4 0 1 −11
5𝑥 + 4𝑦 = −9 5𝑧 + 4𝑡 = −11
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −1 −1 −1
𝑧 = −1 → 𝐵 = ( 3) 𝑦 𝑒𝑠 det (𝐵) ≠ 0.
3 −1 −
2
𝑡=−
{ 2

𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑨 = ( ),𝑩 = ( ) 𝑦 𝑪=( )
21 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢é𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑒: 𝑪𝑻 𝑿 = 𝑪 + 𝟐𝑩𝑨𝑻 𝑿

1 1
𝐴𝑇 = (1 −3)
1 1 0 1 1 1 2 −1
𝐴=( ),𝐵 = ( ) 𝑦 𝐶=( )→ 0 2
1 −3 2 −2 −2 0 1 4 2 1
𝐶𝑇 = ( )
{ −1 4
𝑥 𝑦
𝑆𝑖 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠: 𝐶 𝑇 𝑋 = 𝐶 + 2 𝐵𝐴
⏟𝑇 𝑋 → 𝑋 𝑒𝑠 2 × 2 → 𝑋 = ( )
𝑧 𝑡
2×2
1 1
1 1 1 4 0
2𝐵𝐴𝑇 = 2 ( ) (1 −3) = ( )
−2 −2 0 −8 8
0 2
2 1 4 0 2 1 4 0
( )𝑋 = 𝐶 + ( ) 𝑋 → [( )−( )] 𝑋 = 𝐶 →
−1 4 −8 8 −1 4 −8 8
−2 1 𝑥 𝑦 2 −1 −2𝑥 + 𝑧 −2𝑦 + 𝑡 2 −1
( )( )=( )→( )=( )→
7 −4 𝑧 𝑡 1 4 7𝑥 − 4𝑧 7𝑦 − 4𝑡 1 4
−2𝑥 + 𝑧 = 2 −2𝑦 + 𝑡 = −1 𝑥 = −9 𝑦=0 −9 0
{ ∧ { →{ ∧ { → 𝑋=( )
7𝑥 − 4𝑧 = 1 7𝑦 − 4𝑡 = 4 𝑧 = −16 𝑡 = −1 −16 −1
 𝟑 −𝟒
22 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑨 = ( ) . 𝐻á𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑩 = (𝒂 𝒃)
𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑨𝑩 = −𝑩𝑨
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟎 𝒄

3 −4
𝐴=( ) 𝑦 𝐵 = (𝑎 𝑏) . 𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖:
2 −3 0 𝑐
3 −4 𝑎 𝑏 3 −4
𝐴𝐵 = −𝐵𝐴 → ( )( ) = − (𝑎 𝑏) ( )→
2 −3 0 𝑐 0 𝑐 2 −3
(3𝑎 3𝑏 − 4𝑐 )
= −(
3𝑎 + 2𝑏 −4𝑎 − 3𝑏) (3𝑎 3𝑏 − 4𝑐 ) (−3𝑎 − 2𝑏 4𝑎 + 3𝑏)
→ = →
2𝑎 2𝑏 − 3𝑐 2𝑐 −3𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑏 − 3𝑐 −2𝑐 3𝑐
3𝑎 = −3𝑎 − 2𝑏 𝑏 = −3𝑎 𝑎=𝜇
3𝑏 − 4𝑐 = 4𝑎 + 3𝑏 𝑎 = −𝑐 𝜇 −3𝜇
{ →{ → {𝑏 = −3𝜇 → 𝐵 = ( ),𝜇 ∈ ℝ
2𝑎 = −2𝑐 𝑎 = −𝑐 0 −𝜇
𝑐 = −𝜇
2𝑏 − 3𝑐 = 3𝑐 𝑏 = −3𝑎

𝟎 𝒂 𝟎 𝒃 (
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑨 = ( ) 𝑦𝑩=( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝒂 ≠ 𝒃, 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒃 > 𝟎)
23 𝒂 𝟎 𝒃 𝟎
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝒙 ∈ ℝ 𝑦 𝑿 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒: 𝑨𝑿 + 𝑿𝑩 = 𝒙𝑿.
𝐻á𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝒙.

0 𝑎 0 1 0 𝑏 0 1 (
𝐴=( ) = 𝑎( ) 𝑦 𝐵=( ) = 𝑏( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0).
𝑎 0 1 0 𝑏 0 1 0
𝑟 𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑋 = ( )
𝑧 𝑡
−𝑥𝑟 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑟 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎𝑡 0 0
𝐴𝑋 + 𝑋𝐵 = 𝑥𝑋 → 𝐴𝑋 + 𝑋𝐵 − 𝑥𝑋 = 𝑂 → ( )=( )→
𝑎𝑟 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑏𝑡 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧 − 𝑥𝑡 0 0
−𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 0 𝑟 0
𝑏 −𝑥 0 𝑎 𝑦 0
𝐴′ = ( )=( )
𝑎 0 −𝑥 𝑏 𝑧 0
⏟0 𝑎 𝑏 −𝑥 𝑡 0
( 𝐴 )
0 0
∃𝑋 ≠ ( ) → det(𝐴) = 0 (𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔é𝑛𝑒𝑜)
0 0
−𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 0 𝑎+𝑏−𝑥 𝑎+𝑏−𝑥 𝑎+𝑏−𝑥 𝑎+𝑏−𝑥
𝑏 −𝑥 0 𝑎 𝑏 −𝑥 0 𝑎
det(𝐴) = | | =
⏟ | |=
𝑎 0 −𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 0 −𝑥 𝑏
𝐹1 +(𝐹2 +𝐹3 +𝐹4 )
0 𝑎 𝑏 −𝑥 0 𝑎 𝑏 −𝑥

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥) |𝑏 −𝑥 0 𝑎
| =
⏟ (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥) |𝑏 −𝑥 − 𝑏 −𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏| =
𝑎 0 −𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 −𝑎 −𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝐶2 −𝐶1
0 𝑎 𝑏 −𝑥 𝐶3 −𝐶1 0 𝑎 𝑏 −𝑥
𝐶4 −𝐶1
−𝑥 − 𝑏 −𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥) | −𝑎 −𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎| =⏟
𝑎 𝑏 −𝑥 𝐹1 +𝐹3
𝐹2 +𝐹3

−𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 0 −𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥) | 0 −𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑏 −𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑏| =
𝑎 𝑏 −𝑥
 1 0 1
(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)(−𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑏)(−𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑏) |0 1 1 | =
𝑎 𝑏 −𝑥
(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)(−𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑏)(−𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑏)(−𝑥 − 𝑎 − 𝑏)
𝑥1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑥 =𝑎−𝑏
det(𝐴) = 0 → 2
𝑥3 = −𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑥4 = −𝑎 − 𝑏

24

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 6
𝑎) 𝐴 = ( ) → 𝐴2 = ( )( )=( ) → 𝐴3 = ( )( )=( )… →
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

1 2𝑛 1 228
𝐴𝑛 = ( ) → 𝐴114 = ( )
0 1 0 1
𝑥 𝑦
𝑏) 𝑋 = ( )
𝑧 1
1 2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 1 2 𝑥 + 2𝑧 𝑦 + 2 𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐴𝑋 = 𝑋𝐴 → ( )( )=( )( )→( )=( )→
0 1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 0 1 𝑧 1 𝑧 2𝑧 + 1
𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 𝑥
𝑥=1
𝑦 + 2 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
{ → {𝑦 = 𝜇 → (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, 𝜇, 0), 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝜇 ∈ ℝ
𝑧=𝑧
𝑧=0
1 = 2𝑧 + 1

25

2 𝑎 𝑎2 2 𝑎 𝑎2 2 𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎) 𝐶 = (2 𝑏 2 ) → det(𝐶 ) = |
𝑏 2 𝑏 𝑏2 | =⏟ |0 𝑏−𝑎 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 | =
⏟
2 𝑐 𝑐2 2 𝑐 𝑐 2 𝐹 −𝐹
3 1 0 𝑐−𝑎 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑖ò
𝐹2 −𝐹1
2 |𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 2 − 𝑎 2 | = 2 |𝑏 − 𝑎 (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑏 + 𝑎)
| = 2(𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎) |
1 𝑏+𝑎
| =
⏟
𝑐−𝑎 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 𝑐−𝑎 (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑐 + 𝑎) 1 𝑐+𝑎
𝐹2−𝐹1
1 𝑏+𝑎
2(𝑏 − 𝑎 )(𝑐 − 𝑎) | | = 2(𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑏)
0 𝑐−𝑏

𝑏) 𝐶𝑋 = 𝑂 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔é𝑛𝑒𝑜.

𝑆𝑖 𝑆 ≡ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔é𝑛𝑒𝑜:

𝑎≠𝑏
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠, ℎ𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟: 2(𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑏) ≠ 0 → { 𝑎 ≠ 𝑐
𝑏≠𝑐

PROFESOR: ANTONIUS BENEDICTUS