|Build Your Own Distro|Linux Scripting BDM's @The Complete Linux Manual Learning Linux has never been so easy 4 Tips and tutorials help you 4 Intermediate projects for get to grips with Linux those who want more 4 Beginners’ guides in easy 4 Build your own custom to follow steps distro with Arch LinuxDiscover more of our complete manuals on Readly today... untu inten Manual Manual The Complete en The Complete Photoshop Linux || [ey Elements Manual Manual Gees Instagram Weare . The Complete . The Complete iPhone} iPadOS iOS 13 Manual Manual c Eas Bs soeBDM's Definitive Guide Series | ir Complete Manual Everything you need to start learning Linux Ever since its introduction to the world in 1991, as a then project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds, Linux has become one of the most important ‘operating systems in use today. While you may not realise it, Linux is working behind the scenes in many of your everyday devices. Versions of Linux can be found in smart TVs, Android phones and tablets, in-car entertainment systems and GPSs, as wellas being the operating system of choice for web servers and the world's most powerful supercomputers. However, it also works for you too. Linux is such a versatile and malleable ‘operating system that with a simple twist it can be transformed into a completely different type of system. You can use it as a standard desktop computer, media centre or programming and coding platform, and even a ‘gaming machine. Its this many Faceted and personal approach that makes Linux such a unique and thoroughly enjoyable system to learn to use. ‘Armed with The Complete Linux Manual we guide you through installing Linux, using itand even creating your own customised distribution based on ‘Arch Linux. Everything you need is within these pages. DD ovempubs [FF] som pubications worn bdmpublications.com40 Using Workspaces 42 Accessibility Options 8 Equipment You'llNeed 10 The Best Linux Distributions Se 12 Desktop Environments 46 Fllesand Folders 48 Using External Devices 14) Getting Started with Linux 50 Formatting Drives 16 Creating a Linux Installer on Windows 2 Bei cresting Dociments, 18 Installing Linux on a Windows PC 22 _Instaling a Virtual Environment seats Ree 5B Setting Up Email with Thunderbird 60 Enable Online Search 62 Becoming Anonymous Online Eee 64 Great internet Apps for Ubuntu 24 Installing Linux in a Virtual Environment 26 Things to do After installing Linux 30 Using the Desktop 32 Opening and Closing Programs 34 Navigating Menus 68 Watching Videos 36 Managing Windows 70 Using GIMP to Edit mages 38 Getting Online 72 Ustening to Music IE) 20s cet ct Stes one 0Exploring LibreOffice Writer Exploring LibreOffice Calc Exploring Libreoffice impress Exploring LibreOffice Draw ‘Adding a Printer How to Back Up Linux Where to Get Help eer eaehcu Using Software to Get New Programs How to lnstall Apps from the Terminal Red eee coue ee 100 Using the Linux Filesystem 102 Listing and Viewing Files 104 Creating and Deleting Files 106 Creating and Removing Directories 408 Copying, Moving and Renaming Files 110 Using the Man Pages 112. Editing Text Files, 114 Command Line Quick Reference 196 Ubuntu Tips and Tricks 118 Using the Bash Shell 94, arenes 122 Using a Different Desktop Environment wu bampabiatonscam 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 a2 144 154 156 158 iG Contents em Installing GNOME Shell Installing Xfce Installing KDE Plasma Installing LXDE Installing Cinnamon Installing MATE Fun Things to do in the Terminal ‘More Fun Things to do in the Terminal Fine Tune Ubuntu Connecting ta Windows Shares Creating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks Gaming on Ubuntu Where to Get Games for Linux Retro Gaming in Linux Build Your Own Linux, Why? Using Arch Linux asa Base Preparing Virtualbox for Arch Linux Download and Boot Into Arch Connecting to the Internet Partition the Hard Drive Format Partitions and Install Arch Linux Base Getting Arch Linux Ready Booting Arch and Configuration Installing a Desktop Environmentin Arch Installing Useful Desktop Programs Fixing Sound and Virtualbox Graphics Build Your Own Linux Distro Project ideasSay Hello to Linux.) Say Hello to Linux Let's get ready to work with Linux, a powerful and free operating system that's infinitely customisable, impressively powerful and loved by developers. Have you ever wondered why computers cat ust be better Linux is the answer. Linuxis an operating system, siilarto Windows and macOSbut its opensource witha vast community oF experts behind it. Lnuxisthe operating system af choice for hundreds of thousands of tech experts Nosingle comparysresponsible for Linux development. hile this may sound worrying, means that Linux's developed collaboratively by thousands of volunteer. These aren't amateurs elther; developers from over 100 companies contribute to each Linux kernel update. Some of ts biggest supporters are Google, Intel ane Samsung, IBM alone has invested two billon dollars in Ling development The Linux operating system may nt have the consumer presence of Windows and macOS but t's nota small affair by ary ‘means. Linux powers everything from the New York Stock Exchange taChina’s Tianhe? supercomputer. t's also atthe heat of Android ‘mobile phones, Sky TV set top boxes and Toyots'sin-ar information sytem. Linuxis everywhere you look What you might also have heard, s that Linux s ideal for home computers. Most desktops and laptops are capable of cunning Linux its powerful alternative to Windows oF macOs, Liuxhas its rots in Unix an operating system designed by ATT in the 60s and used on many university computer mainframes While it's based an Unix it incorporatesa free alternative called GNU (which stands For “GNU Is Not Uni), GNU was put together BOM Dette Gude Stes volume 30 byRichard Stallman in 1963;"tallowed anybody to run Unictke computer system for ree. Linux was enisioned in 1991 by Finnish computer science student named Linus Torvalds and builds upon GNU. Torvalds Cceated the core, knowin asthe “kernel”, of an operating system and ‘matched it up with the tools in GNU. Linux was born, The Linux systems portable, soit can run on many diferent types of systems and thas a ree software iense so anybady can se i. More importantly, I's open-source which means anybody can investigate the source code and anybody can contribute to its Further development. Every part oF Linux modular so that various pats can be added ‘removed and the sytem keeps working, This modularity enables developers to pickand choose the specifi bits they want to add to their operating system so thatit canbe custom buil from minuscule tocolossal computers. 's why Linxis such a Fantastic operating system for older computer, running much more smoothly than Windows on old haccware, LUnuxisa hotbed of new ideas. Youll see cool new ideas, tke the ‘App Store, on Linux ang before they appear in macOS or Windows, t's the natural home of developers and so Linu is by Far the best environment Fr earning coding, programming, web development and computersin general LUnuxisa Fantastic operating system to learn and once youknow how it works, oul never look backDistributions and Flavours There are many differen versions (oF Linux, known as "distributions ‘and each detributioncan come with dfferent modules stated, these are called "Mavours” Here we're looking at Ubuntu, one ofthe most popular and easyto-se dstbutions, Applications Thereare alot of applications avaiable for Linux and many of them are similarto the ones you may have used before. You > \f your computer doesnt have a DVO drive, then you can utlisea ‘USB Flash Drive put into « media installation device: In factthisis 1.9004 ides evenif you have a Recordable DVD drive because i's faster andin some cases considered a more reliable medium. It reeds to belarger than 268 though, USB Flash Drive You need to download a Linux distribution before you can stat. “ThsIS0 Fie is used to create the instalation media forthe DVD or USB Fash Orive, We're predominately using Ubuntu thraughou this book wwnceleasessbuntu.com/6.10)) But Linux Mints anather excellent distro For newcomers and advanced users aie, ‘and i's based on Ubuntu, You can find it at wuwlinuxmint. com) ownload pha, Distribution 86 10 Say Hello to Linux. ) The Best Linux Distributions There are lots of versions of Linux available, known as “Distribution: cach hasa different ethos and approach. Here are the five most popular distributions available and where you can get them. INSTALLING LINUX “The installation process For most distributions is similar. You download a disk image From the website and burn it to an optical disk or create a USB Flash Drive installer. Just be careful to get the right distribution for your hardware and read the Instructions carefuly CUED 52s aswell as the Dash fr searching and new HUD interface which augments te traditional menu, You can try out Ubuntu withoutinstaling if, by running rectly from 3 OVD or USB Flash Dive Its developed inthe UK by Canonical, which generates money through tech suppert. So while it'Free to instal, Ubuntu is professionally Funded, [Not everybody is a fan and many Linux usrsind it bit too colourful and Feature rch, We think’ the best place for beginners tostart though and afiendly way to get upané-unning with Linux BoM Dette Gude Sates volume 30Lin Mie began back 2005 CED oo osc tos ceren direction deveaped aan alteraive to Ubunyfte tht sated to impute is eroe thas to The man resson perl se Min base offers fret deseopptors pon rata The res poarch NATE KOE and fzare se opr Carman trees the Minds ive, uhhmas Mn than pop opb0h for those ngratingto nem Windows vl youcan ial dere cestspenrmets on Uburta(o ay Lx a) Wrsenr to supp ot Cestopendrnentsin i than Ut the eresing touch stat nt ndues promt nowopen oue sot chest maintains ae ie questionable inte commun t does se yousotwaelke Via poweru eo aye bitin ater hen fanhato stall Referers The Best Linux Distributions Most nun drbwons fl CPT erecta ons wih the ees features nd techlogy ike Ubunt and Min afd those wth ew new features Proceso He bebon eal opensuse atemotsto cover both bases Opens Leapiste oot sold ssa develope openly by ocean along wth USE employees ho develop an enerpcelerl 7 SSE wich pomesthe London stk er things ts dened for msion ral tnvinments were thete tone scope for sab Trou Tindal toto sesile opesuSe Turbleweedisa rong release wih ltheatest fetresan the occasional cash OoensUSE solighy respected Unix stron and any fs core contrbutos werk onthe Linx ere LbreOffce,Greme and ches Fey Lnuxereos short opensuse where yeh proshering ost openSUSE ween Babian ie one ob landest unning DEBIAN.ORG isthe distributions and formathe: basis of many other versions of Un, including Ubuntu, So why instal Ubuntu, when youcan ‘90 for Debian? Many users do exactly that butts not idea for beginners, Ubuntu and Mint both offer an easier installation path ‘and come with software packages that help you get started. Debian on the other hand, isa much more bare bones affair Debian commited to Free software and its repositories contain ‘ove $0,000 apps to instal, You can install multiple afferent Desktop environments although t doesnt support Unity In many ways Debian and Ubuntu are complate opposites ‘Ubuntu for beainners while Debian is For total experts. with this inmind, we don't expect, or encourage, you to start with Debian. Instead you should kick off with Ubuntu then try out Mint and then work with Debian or other distributions Debian Fedora \s sponsored by Red Hat one ofthe bigger names in Linux development thas an estimated 12 miion users, and cute a bit of kudos because Lins Torvalds, creator ofthe Limxkernel, uses Fedora on all of bis computers, \while openSUSE and Debian ae rock oid Fedorais bit more fy- bbyvourpants system with 3 Focus on introducing new technology eatiy and often, Consequently each release hasaselatvely short lifespan, with support between each version lasting around a year. ‘Many of the Features introduced n Fedora rol out to Ubunty ‘and other distros down the line. good example’s Gnome Software, which replacing Ubuntu Software Centre in Ubuntu 16.05, To Fedora users, other Linux distributions just Fel like old ‘versions of theirsoftware, Mind you, Fedora users pay witha lack oF LT (Long Term Support) anda lack of reliability. Using Fedora often feels tke a permanent repair job, there's aways something going wrong. Tretnumanst 82 : LY sayetlototinux Desktop Environments One of the greatest things about Linux is its customisable nature. Unlike Windows or macOS, you can install different desktop environments. Each has its foibles and quirks, strengths and weaknesses. INSTALLING DESKTOPS You can install desktops inside most Linux distributions, and swap between them at the Login screen by tapping the Settings cog. However t's usually a good idea to install your preferred desktop as part of a distribution. CD Utes sce ED 0s probably the one youl hen you getstarted Foralong time desktop environments but sinc vame was the last word in deal start aut wi ickand very macoS unity and KDE me along it's started to Feelalite dated. For many people like andhasits quik. 's more restrctes than other Desktop thisisa good thin, ahark backto the “good old das" when things environments, sit'the place to start ly laid ut and easyto navigate. hast in some ways too and isa popular choice re edge on Unity 1¢ D unity.ubuntu.com PREEPEIIR thosewnotind unity tootmted wick NV rigrate to KOE P ike Unity ’s 3 aheavyemphasisonfindingthings _easyto dismiss Cinnamon a Fr peo va search, rather than digging through menus. sabi much at ist with ess change imposed by Gnome updates. is a vsually sharp but agood placeto go ifyou Find Unity iting, ‘operating system though ands often combined with Linux Mint to : - provide a simple operating syste innamon takes eversthingo Gnome 3 bute desktop, range’, eve x 06 kde.ora/workspaces/plasmadesktop/ (¢D IMATE isa Fork of an even older desktop environment: ED ‘Superfiially Pantheon is similar to macOS and nome 2.’ tempting to tink oF MATE 353 thas. aveneer that wouldnt look out oF place throwback’s throwback butt has 3 huge numberof fans, IFyou want ona Mac, Many Linux users find its simplicity off-putting but i's 3 a cassic style desktop, then Mate has you covered, ls ncrediblyFast_ tight and Focused operating sytem, Mac owners should rit out and table, which mekes tan excellent cnoie For older machines. wiki.archlinux.ora/index.php/Pantheon LIGHTWEIGHT DESKTOPS Not ll Linux environments try to pack n all the latest Features, some attempt to be as light as possible while still being Functional. These are the best desktop environments for old and low power machines. LXDE LXE (igntwetaht x11 Desktop Environment) isthe jy JIWM Uoe's Window Manager! fs lesser known biagest name in smal desktops and is extremely Fast light Linux desktop that comes alongside an eager SRA RBar efficient. es the default desktop on the Raspherry®\, _6W/distribution called “Puppy Linux” One interesting thing soit comes recommended by people who know about running low about Puppy Linuxis that’s designed tobe run From Thumb ‘costhardware. ts very plain though, soyou might indika ttle Drive rather than a5 3 ullinstallation, so it's ideal for resting 3 to limited portable computer puppylinux.ora Ityute rnning Chvomeboos, yout Aadroid an interesting coke of desktop OO ‘start out with Chromium OS (aka. ero For low performance Linux devices. In theory, About Sra downto the Bit whereit sas System updeted ate regulary andi'soften diffi to ascertan ato type’ end checkhetherit sys 64 operating ster 32-08 what he al release ks he, and what cortansn is Book, operating ste ci are sing Ubuntu 1510 sndlinux Mine 18 1;both othese a8 regarded asthe ea table versione rf — 8 Windows 10 PER o0en your web browserand download the version [RIB ncort.a recordable DVD into the drive of your (of Liuxyou want to instal, You can find Ubuntu computer. It doesnt matter its DVD+RW of OVD- at wivureleases ubuntu comy'16.10/and Linux Mint at was, RW butit has tobe a recordable OVD, not aC. Ignore any alert linueint.cony/downlcad php. Make sure you downoad the flavour windows asking you what you want to do withthe drive, that matches your sytem (ee Step 1). you're not sure which to choose, get Ubuntu. ETD 22s ee ct sesameCreating a Linux Installer on Windows. ‘Open the Downloads folder and locate the Linux en the dischas finished burning, open a File isofe Rightck onthe fle andchoose Bun Osc Mal Explorer window and click on Tis PC Check th 'sDiselmage Burner appears. Drive is csplaing the newly transferred content. Right Dise burner window displays your OVO RW Drive D icon and choose Open to view the Fes. in the nex marked Ver rming’ and click Bur, tutorial well use this DVD to install inux on your PC. STEP 1 STEP3 B} Pendrivelinux.com STEP 2 STEP 4 TA,v Getting Started with Linux Installing Linux on a Windows PC INSTALLATION PROCESS ‘The installation process forall versions of Linuxis largely the same. Ensure that your installation media (OVD or USB Flash drive) is inserted and tell your computer to boot into it. We're going to install Ubuntu in this example. willnow startup. Instead of runing ss yousee amenu with Try Ubuntu and tions. Fyou are nstalng from OVD they willbe 100 instal from USB Fash rive ie willbe a text ment Try Ubuntu, tyour DVD or atach the USB fash drive to Jr BC and shut down Windows, The process isthe pes of installation media but wee using the USB. created. Start upyour PCand hold down the button large you useto interrupt Startup and acces the BIOS. Ether way pi Sieve startup device, then press the key ct Suds display some keyboard shortauts; click the X icon to. OVD ce and press tte Fou dot hve 9 You're now unningin Try Ubuntu mode tup device, you need to head into your BIOS and set and can experiment withthe operating system: but isnt installed ive, Fullyand wont save ay les(installing Linux on a Windows PC Oetrene sare aaiconsegeoceto| TREMP cote aun 10 anonte SIE connect to your local network. Connect an Ethernet Size desktop to start the Full installation process. Ensure cable or click the Wi-iicon nthe top right and choose your that English selected in the Welcome screen and click Continue. network Enter your WiFi password and click Connect. notification Select‘Download updetes while instaling! and ‘Instal thi thr should display Connected nthe top right ofthe desktop. patty sofeware' and click Continue REPLACING WINDOWS ‘You're now ready to get rid of Windows and install Linux. Following these steps erases Windows from your hard drive, so be sure there aren't any files on the Windows system you want to keep. Tensalaten pewadontasply sal TARE) lou witesqustouritowsiat Sie ‘Ubuntu alongside Windows 10’. It's tempting but Sig's ‘based on your location. Make sure it's correct and dent pick this option Thereare numerous poblensuhen tying to cickContinu. nthe Who are you? window enter yourname ard run bath operating systems tagether.Undates to ether systemcan _flloutthe Choose a password and Confirm your password Feld. break one a the other, orn some extreme case both, Click Continue tostarthe installation process. Peary Clas Nowansoewerigsceenwicopee EAA Teton os ow dah anu Sua"e {tis telling you that it will ‘destroy all data’ on your SIE displays a Welcome to Ubuntu screen. Astatus bar mainbardrve and format new partons You dor want Windows _alengthe bots up asthe varius isalation procedures tae enyays0 lk Conte, The nex window aks youta conf your plc. Telnstalton aes araunaha en out, depending onthe location 5 pick the ight cy and clk Continue {peed of your system. Click Resor Now wien es fnshedt start (Sing sour ne ra computerPW cetting started with Linux Installing Linux on a Mac APPLE QUIRKS Itwouldn't be Apple without a Few quirks, and there are some pitfalls to be wary of when installing Linux on a Mac. You'll need torreplace the whole of macOS with Linux, and older machines need tweaking to boot properly. ves as akon opal dv so wee gon to us on instaling Linux from a USB stick Linus installation Usa dik by PPD in ::cod of the usual ashy spash screen yout ablack and white text display with four options (urs "Try Ubuntu without installing’, install Ubuntu’, "OEM instal” and is going to contain Ubuntu installation Fle ‘Check diskfor defects. Stop right there. Notice the other options atthe bottom, Shutdown yourMcen Spore USB port Hold down the Optionkey(mored ail on most Ma keyboard) ad press the Power bto Presse" to eitthe boot entry, it theline that begins with “nun” and place the word nomodeset Keep bit splash’ and befer inthe picture). holding down the Option key unt the Startup Disk screen appears. Select the frst EI Boat option and press ReturC installing LinuxonaMac @¥ Ubuntu wil nw oot int the tral mode and af Selec the “tall sth party software’ option SEP briefly displaying the Ubuntu splash screen, your Mac SHEP and click Continue. Click Yes iF you get an alert about villelay the Ubuntu desktop Doublecickthe con marked Install the /devsdo patton Ensiethat Erase dk an stall Ubunt = Ubuntu’ Select Englshinthe Welcome screen andl Conte. selected and clck continue CEE ECE STEP 1 STEP3 STEP2 STEP 4 eerInstalling a Virtual Environment fol ToC CAV iatre sted oat om AoE AE OUT Lea e CeCe COO Oh Le a Co) Oe TUN ans eke ea a ee afer cam etme computer's set up. GOING VIRTUAL Using a VM will take resources from your computer: memory, hard drive space, processor usage and so on. So make sure you've got enough of each before commencing, The Fisttasis etthgholdofvtualBox. Fy Sue?) haven't already, head over to www.virtualbox.org Sieve x onthelargeDownioad Vitwalbox5,1 box Thswiltake —> / usr/share/1ghtde/ightdn. cont. 4/50-ubunt.conf Reboot Ubu totale effect FPID 000 forget you can update your wallpaper from your avn pictures or online; you can change the ‘Ubuntu theme using Unity Tweak via the Software Centre and even Install coal new launcher such as Plank as used here. To install Plank: sudo apt-get install plank Type plank, or Dash search Frit. There are some who prefer the menu on suey an app to appear at the top of the app itself. To. 68 menu options appea as such, goto Stem Setings arace and openthe aehavour tab cick the radi button resto nthe window stile ba under the Show the menus fora vandow section, Flach and Java may not be 5 prominent as they Sue ‘once were in both apps and online but they're aillot there Foc ful compat, nal the Hash plain wit sudo apt-get install browser-plugin-Freshplayer- epperfash istalo.a with sudo add-apt=repository Ppa:webupd8tean/ fava, ther: sudo apt-get Update && Sudo apt instott oracle-javab-Anstal ler Follow te onscreen nstuctons JAVA+YOU, ryFY rdexGetting to Know Linux Linux is a different system to that of Windows or macOS. It has its own quirks and way of doing things, so it's best to take a moment to test di the new install and see how it differs From what you might be used to. Also, one of the many great features Of Linuxis its accessibility. Regardless of language or disability, Linux can work for you. Read on to find out more, Using the Desktop ‘Opening and Closing Programs Navigating Menu ‘Managing Windows Getting Ontinery Getting to Know Linux Using the Desktop ane eAITT i n ca UBUNTU UNITY For our desktop tutorial we're going to look at Unity, the desktop included with Ubuntu. Unity is quite different from the standard desktop, so t's worth looking at n more detail. When you frst boo into Ubuntu Linux you are Enter the pasword associated with your WiFi SHEP i asked to enter the password that you chose during Sues ‘network and click on Connect. The Wi-Fi symbol and installation. Enter it and press Return and you are greeted with this a Notification alert will appear in the top right saying Connected. cveray of shortcut key, These arehandytoleamnbutyou dont Onceyoue online youcan start checking ok the est Fhe desktop. need krow them igh now, Clckon the Xiconto gti of them, ‘The first thing anybody wants to do is connect to EED ‘On the left-hand side ofthe screen in Unity is an BALD resort. acthetop ofthe desicopisthe tens Maal rescaled Launcher Tiss edt open aps and barand tothe ightisan empty WiFiiconClckitandchooseyour programs CicktheFreforicon to open the Frefox Web browse. network rom the ist; you mayneedtodickonMorenewworks. _Notce the mall white triangleto the right oft inthe Launcher, ths indicates that the app is open, BOM Dette Gude Stes volume 30(Using the Desktop Seow tifoxoeensfratersonir son, ETA Toth eof tary ken bas ttn SEP including LibreOffice Writer, Calc and Impress, Size ‘icon, Bluetooth should be turned on by default but These are equivalent to Microsoft Office appsin Windows but if youre using anew laptop i's worth checking, Bluetooth is used to completely ree. lick on the black bar at he top of awindowand connect wireless devices such as mice and keyboards, Clk Setup éragitto the edges ofthe screen to snap it, New Devie if you want tous a Bluetooth Mouse etc, Nexenarencgamundensccatroenens FTAA oretesapionnieendrecbec. oth sere jinthem by default. Like macOS you see a Menu for SuEPo Date & Time. Clicking it reveals a mini calendar. This the acne ap window at thetop of tesreen Move the poner up shoud cpl the cere time stb your ato intera clock tothetop ofthe screento ew the menu options or the curently Clickthe Time & Date Satins i i's incorrec: and seit manually selected app. Matt einpatttdsioureducctan TRI Ucvindonandnaccsyoustais suey tthe top right of the screen in the Menu bar, We've Su) ‘switch of your Linux computer. Click on the alead looked at WF bt laptop owners shoulda eepaneye_Powerioninthe tp ight ofthe desktop and choose Shut Down. tnthebatteryicon.Thisshowshow muchtimeyouvegotleftto Shut Down Restart) to tse your laptop and whether itis charging or running on battery. switch off Linux. [= fray will appear, choose Shut Down (Getting to Know Linux. ) Opening and Closing Programs WHERE ARE YOUR APPS? Unlike macOS and Windows, there's no single area in Linux housing all your apps. Many are installed in a directory called “/ust/ bin” but that's not the way to find them. Here's how to open your programs in Ubuntu. ‘Most Linux desktops have ameanst find Searching for apps retiFyouknow what Sierd applications. Some have a Windows-like Start button Siar you're looking for but what about viewing all of inthe bottom left but Ununc ses the Launcher and Oath, the programs raed inLna’in Ubuney te easest way tatoo area looked tLanener, the onsen the efbucickte eon at thatista view the Lenses atthe bottom othe Dash, These narrow theverytop to openash oun search tospectc area; ckk the second Lens can fo such toapntestons Teban sasiemaidesacheiton ke EAM) rh sslaortenvenstows Reet ed SEP spotlight on @ Mac or Cortana in Windows. By Sus but instead of then displaying files and Folders, it cefadtwillshow thespoetthnks yours: thet want with hasta ad" More suggestion below Next “sald suggested files beneath, Enter the name of an app, such sale" to should be “See more results’, Cickthis to see all ofthe apps search ori, installed in Linux BOM Dette Gude Stes volume 30Opening and Closing Programs FY ‘Add applications that you frequently useto the SHEP ‘Launcher so you don't have to click on them, We're bottom iis aeedy present, witha white arow 0g tobe using Terminal ot inthis boo, 5 search and open you open mutiple windows itil have moe white aTows the Trina app. Then ight-ck Rin Launcher and choose Lock to Launcher. When you close ‘lckon SEED cictns osiconfortisactedto tou STEP 1 STEP 3 STEP 2 STEP 4Getting to Know Linux Navigating Menus MENUS AND HUDS ‘Menus are allover the place in modern operating systems and you might miss some options simply because you don't look For them. The fisting tonotice about Unity that menos Sel are tucked away by default, This is because Unity ‘was designed vith smaller laptop devices mind Open an ‘Applicaton suchas LibreOffice Writer and move the pointer to the top ofthe screen to reveal the menu, EEE Poy ‘There are other menusin the Unty esto oo Sure Right-click on a Launcher item to reveal a mini menu ‘with options fr that app. Option ary but most app enable youto create new ies, open dose te pp of arch between windows “The Launcher menus are alot less cluttered than the main menu so ies. good habit to use them, SPEELEDO BOM Dette Gude Stes volume 30 'salso a bind digging through menus to perform repetitive tasks; fortunately the HUD Is there to help. Te best menatricto knowin Ubuntu Unity Sues how to use the HUD to select menu items, Press the albutton anda eet box appees similar o Oath but neice the Dash icons replaced withthe app icon. Enter the name ofthe command you are looking for and press Return to select Used to but most of them are in syncwith Windows equivalents; "Mac uses should spend alittle mare time getting to knowthe shortcuts again. aOR oe!(_ Navigating Menus Lke all operating systems, there ae a whole bunch MED :rom shorts hatyou wil want ler. Pressing Catt opens the Terminal na matter where you ar, ick ystem Settings » Keyboards» Shortcutsto view the defaut system shortcuts. ADJUSTING THE MENUS Here's top tip to remember whenyou fist stated Size ‘up Ubuntu it displayed a bunch of system shortcuts. toleam.Youcan view that ay time byholing down he Super keyrthat'sthe windows button ona Cand Commandon» Mac Keep thld doum andthe shorts wire appear. "Most Linux desktops have options for customising the Form and Function of items and Ubuntu is no exception. A quick trip to the Settings enables you to aout the mend Items fa the mot popula change to malein Ubunta Sie ‘Unity is to adjust the menus position so they appear inside program windows (nsmlr fashion to Windows Chek Settings and choose Appearance and Behaviour Ament open tated "Show the menvsor awindow” ffrstvo options the menu bar’ and in the windows title bar’, Select the latter to change the postion ofthe menus. 1's also possible to adjust the Launcher. Open Settings > Appearance and choose Look. At the bottom you wil see the "Launcher ican size slider. Use ths to make the Launcher icons larger or smaller-the defaulesie is 48. SORFo ONS Use te Atte the Launcher OVO sitchin Sig's ‘Appearance if you want the Launcher out of the way when ts not begs Set toon andthe anche wl ol apse when you move the Peer othe eof the scree increase the Reveal Sent) sler Fi dest appear eal enoush Asyauinstal programs in Lnuxyou may find more SUES indicator items appearing in the menu bar. When you setup programs tke Thundetord Mallor Dropbox an ndator offers quickacessto Rs functions and preferences Keep an eve Out For entra meruitems appearing 3s you se DUNGetting to Know Linux ) Managing Windows WINDOW CLEANING ‘Managing your open windows will make Fora cleaner, tidier Ubuntu desktop. Some Features will be Familiar, whereas others may be a new introduction. Asvith windows and Macenironments Ubvaty Likewise, to restore a window omits maximum Sel allows you to clase, minimise and maximise the Sues size, drag it From the top of the screen by its title current opened ap. They maybe ina dfferent order from what br, double left-c torestoreit or om the keboarduse Ch, youre used to but the three buttonsin the corner ofthe pp Super Key and the down arrow. ‘window do the same job, ED ocr iiwuntoncansecunin” RBI osnooewceiane-cerncesven Super Key, andthe up arrow. The desktop colour wilater, indicating you're athe appyou want, the space that the new window size wil i is a i} Hy Ly im [a] Gy te BOM Dette Gude Stes volume 30(_ Managing Windows Cll Much he Windows. apps ane sapped tothe Ubuntupaces naps menu ontions inthe Menu Sia5 ‘edges of the desktop. Simply left-click and hold the SHEE Bar. if you would prefer the menu to appear in the title bar and drag it to the le or right ofthe screen, Alternatively application's window do the Following: open the System Settings, ress Ctrl, Super and use the left or right arrowkeys. Again, the Appearance and the Behaviour tab again. nthe’Show the menus esktop colour willinicate the ares thatthe new window wil fil, Fora window’ section, clk onthe radio button next to Inthe window tie bar youwant to vw al your open windows ress the \hen using ART to sutch between ape PP, S126 sper Key and W. This will display all the currently SUEPO if you have an app with several opened windows pened apes, rach nthe same view te Workspace Satcher To. youcan ao ant between the mance: Fo vamp cben health windows pessCo super andD.Tiseature'scaled multe Prefoxndows pres Ata ght Pefox and window Seren, Pause, er ae seconds yu abe ArT etwecn Pe indaatvindows Sonetmetetaucercnacintewarct EEREEIB seamen owe butenynucan ett Suary ‘opened windows. IF this is the case, you can opt to Suit ‘open multiple instances of an app. Click on the avtotie the Launcher lek on the Sytem Setingsiconfollowed Firefox onin the Launeer wth he left mouse bo, ten oe by Appearance and the Behaviout tab, Side the Auto-hide the the middle mouse button to open a new window with each clk Launcher buttanto On,B Getting to Know Linux Getting Online WIRED AND WIRELESS NETWORKS, Getting online is largely the same process in Linux as itis in macOS or Windows, only in Linux you can get much better Information about your network. Tiss one reason network administrators often use Linux computers. Comectingto 2 wired network shouldbe apiece SHEP i of cake in Linux, Use an Ethernet cable to connect, your Linux machin toa router and anton wl appear onthe screen displaying "Wied Connection, The empty WEI ion inthe Status Baris replaced wth two arts Ifyou don’thavea wired network, then youll need toconneet toa WHFi network You probably didthis a5 s00n a: you turned on Ubuntu but incase you're not online yet, dlickon the WiFTicon inthe Status Bar and choose your network. BOM Dette Gude Stes volume 30 For secuity reasons some networks dnt broadcast Sues {their SSID (Service Set identifier) IFthis is the case clckonthe Wiican nthe Status Bar and choose “Connect to hidden network’ Enter the SSD inthe Network name il and choose the type of WiFi secu uses Ener Ue key andl Conectto getonine [APN (Virtual Private Networks often used by enterprise and individuals who are very security conscious. f you wish togo online va a VPN, cick onthe WiFi symbolin the Status Bar and then choose VPN Connections and Configure VPN. Choose Add and chaose Poiatto-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) and dick Create Fill out the Gateway, User name and Password fields and click sav.Getting Online Cll PIM you have a wired connection it's possibleto create a wireless hotspot fram your Linux computes and share your online connection with other people. Open Oash and wen they were ast used, Highlight a connection and click Delete search for Network. Click on Use as Hotspot and Tum On. You'llbe to remove fom the lis this is good vay to get rid oF old Wi automatically given 3 Network Name and networks that you won't use again your other devices You can manage you wireless con SEP ‘choosing WiFi > Edit Connections. Connections window csplays the connections you a ity Key touse with VEU SelUay tesicyd The status of virus software on Linux is contentious. Like macOS, there are very few Pein ee eet a ee renee ane tere eee tae tea STEP 2 Seer engi ene ee enn en ctr eet antetee perme enraes Se aaa files For known problems. lick errant ees Cerra Sa Paes SoBe OMeB Getting to Know Linux Using Workspaces WORKING WITH WORKSPACES. ‘The key to better productivity and having a neater desktop to manage, comes from mastering workspaces. Once you've got the hang of using multiple, virtual desktops, you'll wonder how you managed with just one in the past. wenspesertacntedy cout ubaes, TARE he scton sated newton Sue To enable them, click on the System Settings icon in Size at the bottom of the currently installed icons and the Launcher o search for ‘system’ viathe Dash App or Home Lens. resembling desktop cut nto quarters. ls labelled Workspace Switcher From the Launcher Tr) aT ETT ie) vane sstenseurgspaelone, oareand ERB) ou ccc nevorsace sate ow vat Sieve lick on the Appearance icon within the Personal. Siz) any apps being launched. This will split the desktop. secon Fomthere clk onthe Behaviour tab andelcktatckthe info fou sections Each of theses oun estopyucan ck box to Enable Workeoaces cachand etn othe ew with the Workspace Swtchee BOM Dette Gude Stes volume 30‘Workspaces ae incredibly useful To emphasise theiruse, open up Firefox on the curren desktop, dlickthe Workspace Switcher con, choose a biank desktop and apen LibreOice Writer. Do the same Fortwo more apps, Files and the Terminal, For example, lic back to the Workspace Switcher view the desktops Navigating the Workspaces wthoutamaus can be sere achieved by pressing the *t Key and S, then by Using thearow keysto moveto the dedred workspace or desktop. he ccrent workspace wil be highlghedwhen dongs, Press Ener to chase the workspace Using Workspaces If youwant to move an pp from one works SHE another, you can do so by opening the Workspace Suiteher feck anahaldthe ap you wan to mave and agit the desired workspace, Let goof the mouse bttonto plat kinthe chosen wotspace, IF Four woxkspace desktops aren't enough, you can increase the number of rows by entering this ine intothe Terminal gsettings: set org.compiz.core:/org/ compiz/profiles/umity/plugins/core/ vsize 2.Change the number ac the endto the desired numberof rows. 5 eS ‘You can als navigate the workspaces by using Ci suey ALT and the arrow keys: up arrow will move to the wrrkspace above the current highlighted one, ight wil move to the wrrkepace tothe right and son, Finaly, you wantincease the number of Sue workspaces further, ct ‘the number of columns byentering gsettings set org.conpiz.core:/ org/compiz/profiles/unity/plugins/core/ hsize 3 Agan alter the number atthe endo crease or decrease te= Getting to Know Linux Accessibility Options Ubuntu is designed to work with as many people as possible. Regardless of age, Pier cea iets et ete atelier ect Petal tts UNIVERSAL ACCESS “There are a number of aids built nto Ubuntu to help those who fin They cover most acessblity needs, and they re lays improving Tpscewiatsaaiaentemsctscesbiy, — TRAE nereSeiogabyul te aietoaoate ation Sie ‘start by clicking on the System Settings icon in Size ‘contrast option for the User interface, larger text the Launcher Snes, screen coer (thi ea bck where you arein the UI) and the option em abeep when ether Num Lock or ops Lock ieysare pressed fFiculto read or interact with the operating system, each new release, seg | ue Yovreostrafrteunietsceson ‘ong ERA late ixirg ab vovcn se in Vas Siare at the bottom of the current System Settings panel Sue ‘Alerts, should the user have a hearing impairment. under the System section Single leclcktheicon and youlllae This willgive yauthe onion to either Rash the entre screen when @ presented with the accessibility options for Ubuntu, sound alert occurs, or flash the currently open and active app. — | Se, x g BED 22s ee cess ote( Accessibility Options Cll Tehengubeteseragesfomiowanor | RETR) rhensedscen adr orubnicies Sia5 ‘Screen Keyboard, Sticky Keys, Slow Keys, Bounce Keys Sia8 ‘Orca, it can be activated via the Seeing tab in the andthe ability to activate the accesibity features via the keyboard, Universal Acess settings; rif you prefer akeyboard sh pressing AlteSuperss, by Trerentngandccingisibenosevesion ETREARQ ora war vase to duly ade wth nae Bene of the previous keyboard accessibility options. SuEPo languages and regions, click on the System Settings Within this tab you can control Mouse Keys, by controlling the icon nthe Launcher Followed by Language Support in the Personal Pointer using the keypad, a Simulated Secondary Cick and aHover section. nhere youl be able to set the language fa menus and Click alloF these can be Further tuned according ta the user. windows, as well as regional Formats. The Profiestab wi allow yout enable he BED cocci: Siary Accessibility Profiles Indicator, located in t Suit accessibility options, click on the System Settings Notation area You cn quickly changebetween variousprofies icon Fellowedty Keyooardin the Haréinae section, henthe according to your preference Shorteuts tab and choose Universal Acces From the it.Managing Files @ and Folders §Managing Files and Folders Proper file and folder management is key to helping Linux work best for you. It’s not too dissimilar to that of Windows or macOS but there are key Features to look out for and better ways to manage the file system. We cover all you need to know, to get to grips with a new operating system. Files and Folders Using External Devices Formatting Dr Creating DocumentsFiles and Folders Gee er terete RETO e Dan eure any isan essential part of using Linux. In this tutorial we'll look at how to browse, manage and search for files. FILE MANAGER Files is an app included with Ubuntu For looking at, moving and copying files. I's a great app but there are other File managers available in Linux; one ofthe joys of using an open operating system. aay ciangineresconnelauct st ERED conned les satan ce Sue ‘below the Dash icon. The Files app opens displaying SiS Right-click on a file or folder and choose Copy. Use the Fesand fotdersthatreconmony eferredto as vectres”| the Flesapp oselect destination right clck an choose Paste to in Linux. On the lefe isthe Sidebar, which shows commonly used _createacapy ofthe fle. You can aso use the Copy To command to Places, Devcesand Networks, {quickly choose a Destination location and capy the Fle Novia essoundsoretustosiorvr Rok ERTERPB) To reunestie nahin les heck ans Siar2 lick and choose New Document = Empty Document Suz choose Rename. Alternatively press F2 on your tpareteablarktext documenta your Home older Now dceand keyboard Ener he new name for he fle andes etn You an «rag itto Documents to move it. Doubleclickthe Documents folder use ay character ina name excep "t's 2 good idea to avoid the toopenitand view the fle Following characters as well"N?*<">/" BED 22s ee ct sesameDoainersarediineinresnapinial — EEREMIM noel echioninte eee SIE order with Folders first, then files, Switch between Size ‘bar. Click this and enter the name of a file you are stand Grid mace using the two icons nthe Files menu bar. looking For to search fort. By default searches through the folder You can then use the column headers tosort by Name, Sze, Type you are curentiyin, click on All Fes to extend the search to the rest cor Modified Right-click the Fes column headersto view more ‘oF your computer. sorting options. WORKING WITH FILES Files isnt just For moving files around, i's also the place where you commonly open files and move your files into apps For editing, pening esi prety saighoruard Clete The le Properties window k wsedto determine Sie ‘on any file to open the corresponding app and view Sig's the default app that opens each file as well as many. he's contents AteratveyyoucanpressRetumorightcik her options. Rgheclk ale and choose Propet ndlect the and choose Open WthDecumene Vewer ore name fhe app Open With Tab Yo see Recommended Appesions cick View thatthe defo Aappleatlonto view more opton. Choose an app and clk Set asDefalto ene the les apen wth that app in ft or ITEECCoE Nyouvercocpenaflewtnanapptarsrthe RAAF) ou ost oftheoptonsn theres op Sia default, right-click and choose Open with. You'll be SIE ‘by choosing Eat > Preferences From Files’ Menu bar. presentedwith lst comoatbe apps oryoucan choose Other Here ou can change te deal views and change Dehaour such ‘Applicaton and try to open thefilein any appon yoursystem:itmay _assetting double-click to open tosingle-cick. Youllspend a at of not load, however. timein Files, so ts worth settingit upto reflec your persoral tates Files and Folders € _ wvebinpiatineon Theta9 Files and Folders Using External Devices Bree eee ae Ore eee cecl Nate cer tc Pee teers ca Acts era eee ne rere ta external drives to Linux but there are some things to be careful of. EXTERNAL DRIVES ‘When you attach an external drive to Linuxit is automatically mounted on the computer. Then you can copy files to and From it and use it as a backup solution for your hard drive. Comrctnganoderaldeveto tion spety — ERREREyoucantenie oy estan etal de Sue straightforward; just attach the device to your Size ‘by dragging-and-dropping them in the Files app; computer, typically using 8 USB connection. The Files app wil, ‘youcan also drag les tothe exteral device's ican in Launcher automatically open and youl see the drive under Devices in Copy files to external device. the tem doesn't copy orf you geta the Sidebar. warning message then the device is formatted tan Apple standard, If so youll need ta Format; see the next tutorial. Notice that an ico aso appears forthe external Fles are deleted rom external deicesinthe same Sure ‘device in the Launcher. Click this and you'll open SDE ‘way as your internal device. Drag them to the Trash Fle, paying the contents ofthe hard dive Fes canbe opened Binkonor ightclckand choose Move tothe Tash Bn. The fle by double-clicking them or copied the lcalhard ve by ‘emainsin he Tash inaslong asthe Eternal Drives attached but Format To end choose format 235 "/deysdb" but double check), Choose View > Device information (choose FAT32 fora compatible rive), Now clckthe green Apply Al tagetmoreinformation about the dive and double check that you Operations icant format the drive have selected the drive you want to eras, ww bdpuaionscom rrevowmnuat EJ9 Files and Folders Creating Documents Linuxis a powerful operating system with lots of programs for creating and editing Ce loat gaol Mel CsA cole Mole eR ATO An Relea eRe- Ta eC elCre) separately. You can also create documents directly from the Terminal. INSTALLED PROGRAMS Many documents are created using LibreOffice; or you can create documents using other installed software, You can also ‘make and edit documents from the Terminal. We look at all your options here, Teach acer andytse ree ane EREERE ae window open dyn coef Sue icons For LibreOffice: Writer, Calc and impress. Sle?) your Home folder; nate that it isnt linked to your These matchup with MirosoRapps Word, Excel andPowerPoit.Dacumetsfolde sa notthe Fes pp so you dont get exacly They are compatble with Microsofts offerings and canbe used tothe same windows, Unlike macOS and Windows, each phasis open and eit documents. ‘own Save dao, ie bo Po Ps Bi | Clon retreats osetia ogan t RTPB ooste cick onte dxumeeldeto den kad Sure will display a blank document by default. Enter some SDE enter a name for the document in the Name field. textsuchas"Thequickbronn foxjumped over the lazy dog" Now You danvtngedto add an extension forthe ie, apps wl ad by choese Fi > Save Astosavethe dacment. default ick Save to save the document BE) 22s ere cess ouneseCreating Documents vn the Files app and navig tothe Documents Notice that the ile nt. These files ae Lbreoffice and canbe STEP 1 STEP 3 ed Documents: STEP 2 STEP 4 nano cat sphinx. txt Sprint Sphinx of black quartz, Budge my von Bedg-open quickbromfox.odt TT Tey OT)LY indexEvery moder operating system needs to come with a basic web requirement, a group of programs to help you get the most from the online world. Linux is ahead of the game in this regard, with hundreds of Internet based packages ready to install and use. We look at setting up an email account, online searching within Ubuntu and becoming anonymous whilst online, 56 Browsing the Web ip Email with Thunderbird 60 Enable Online Search 2 8 64 Great Internet Apps for Ubuntu ous Online oT gi \my > Using the Internet) Browsing the Web Ne Moet Sen eum a Ee eet CORE Cy Pri Scere ele ead mate ees is great For FIREFOX Ubuntu comes with Firefox installed and it should be your fist step to getting online in Linux. Other web browsers are available but Firefoxis popular and powerful and particularly useful for web developers. Note the Fafoxican inte Launcher lk ta The anewe'e interested ins Sgn into Syne which Sie ‘open the Firefox browser displaying the default Size ‘you'll find down at the bottom. This will sync Firefox window, an Ubuntu page displaying 2 Google search box. Using2 on yourLnux computer with your Firefox account. Click Sign in to web browser ispretty straightforward and Firefox has the usual _Syncand choose either Create Accaunt or Sign Init you've already address and search box with aseparate search boxtt the ight. got an account Yorker eieurboknaisand | ERR exe youre nd onsen son nant Sure ‘other information synced over From your non-Linux SDE ‘be taken to the Sun preferences window. Here you machine. Clkonthe Open menuicononthefarighttorevealalof_canseeallthe options for you Sync. Notice theater Preference cetions avaiable. Hereyoulfindalotof commen options suchas. options on the let here youl findal the optonsfor Firefox. You New window, Find and History can get back here at any time by choosing Menu > Preferences. BEE) 22s ee cess otnee(_ Browsing the Web oll Clickon Preferences» General to open the main ifyouare looking to bul webpage in Ln, then SIE) settings, Here you'll see the options for what. SHEE click on Menu > Developer to view all the options, ta display when Firefox stares and where to save Downloads avaliable to web developers Frefox has ahuge range of tools for The default search engine Google but click Search to pick an ‘developers. The inspector canbe used to check out code from pages, alternative if you'd prefer. DuckOuckGo isthe search engine of ile tools ke Performance can help you optimise web pages. choice for privacy advocates. INSTALLING CHROMIUM We like Firefox but many users prefer to use Google's Chrome web browser instead, I's easy to install Chrome in Linux and use Google's browser instead. Thouvarecronebtey noun scconin. ETRE cvoneha ole stot tnsan tes at SLD rovcesintinxyoucanistalierom termina. Maal re sec cevlopes inte top righty vse (Open Terminal and enter sudo apt-get update && sudo ‘aMenu ion, clickitand choose More Toes» Developer toolsto ‘apt-get upgrade Now enter sudo apt-get install view the developer window. tl show you the sourcecode of apage cchroniun-browser co install the Chrome browser. bydefaut. Clckon the Dash ion ardserch for “cram Eventhough youve stale Chrome you may sit uae and click on Chromium Web Browser. The browser SUE ‘have Firefox as your default browser. When you ‘pens and displays the Google hame page. lckthe blue Signin _clckonUnks throughout the operating sytem i'l openthe default button on the top right and enter your Google account mal browser. Open Sytem Settings and click on Details» Default and password Applications and use the Web menu to pick which app you wantSetting Up Email with Thunderbird Ree en nS nite ae eure ae gee ac Ren at OMe tnt ce Cer Rune euei else Munna simple to use app that can connect to different email providers. THUNDERBIRDS ARE GO! ‘Thunderbird can be both easy and quite tricky to set up, it all depends on which email provider you currently use. Let's see how to set it up licking on Search wil present youth sever SUEDE! possible email address options and how much they'll cost based on your cation, You can of couse op forone ofthe reals played but ned and the eae ree, and youre more icon to launch it than likely already using them. lck'Skp ths and use my existing email to set up Gmal et. PPI R The first part of setting upyour existing emallisto enter your detalls your name, current emall address and the password you use to access your current emailadéress Dont forget to tick the Remember Password box to prevent you From having to enteri every time i's accessed; unless youhave specific security reasons en you Fst inch Thunderbird yu asked SEP by the app to create a new email address. The cefetemal proier ica ester your ame ancl SeurhtoveeFtheresanaccout ool mall adress: (davidhaywardi973@9mallcom ‘Wremember password(Setting Up Email with Thunderbird oll FRR wines youpressthe Continuebutton, Thunderbird RIMM Thunderbird should now be set up and actively will begin to automatically setup accessto the em working with your current email provider. With provider. Fyou use Gra for example, the relevant settings are luck youll see your ema inthe Inbox ection under your email Configured for you. your ema provider's details haverrtbeen set address in the left-hand pane. From there yau can click on Get up correctiy, youll need to do this marwall Messagesto check Fornew mal, Write to stata new email or check the address Book, Tomnilystioweurendinonissee IRAE Tantra taser te sere ‘settings, click on the Manual Config button. You'll sue ‘email clients do. From the Menu Bar, clicking Edit tres need toloakup the emallroviders unique incoming» Prafrences wl alow youto spect General ipa, Phy and outgoing server names, ports and ather options. These can__Securty and more options. ‘usualy be found by searching the providers FAQ Support or Forum, oeatinsarecrea tie drebuton TAREE sulk ee cont Seta on Suary Depending on the provider, you may need to enter Suit ‘the Menu Bar, you can set options such as the account detais in seporate window, suchathe Gmail example sigabe, seve stings older options and further secur nthe here userameemal ress and password You may aoe aed Synevonston & Storage option you can spec eng messes toallow Thunder acessto ew and manage the mai acount. onthe server and whether to delete older messages Youl aso Foreventhin to work cored click on Allow ratio new moliconappeoringin the Nekieation rea.FY using the internet Enable Online Search PRIVACY CONCERNS While good in theory, many users have privacy concerns. However, t's a Feature worth looking into to help you understand Ubuntu better onthe Launcher lekonthe sider butt ‘enter the Dash and Size rching in th searches you perfor nthe Locate the System St Dual it'snot there fc reasc to search For the ‘ype the CSCC ErE CCE CECE Fremuthnthe stem Seting pane athe Online pr ED city riacy con cha tand choose the Bem) ‘Searehtabinthe available choicesifyo'eln the Terminal you can ew athe SHEE currently system installed scopes and plugins by entering: find. /ust/share/unity/scopes/ =nane \*. scope Sprintf “HP “ised -es":/:-9" you con the Videos Lens and seaeh o sere ‘something, you should receive content From Daiymotion. whist good there canbe 3 lot of ming content, when compared tothe kes of YouTube: The Dash Pugh arewhatiter the resus toa Suary articular site or service. If you open up the Dash, dlckonthe App Lan sol dwn ite tothe Dash Pugs secon and expand jou wise the credited lig {you want to disable any, click the plugin and the Disable button next tot a 5 LJ LJ Ly Ly [a kd Ifthe shopping search results are beginning to sue ‘bog the Dash down, you can choose to eliminate them from any Future searching, The CU method ithe able button but sometimes that canbe re-enabled. Toremave once and for alas: gsettings. set. con. canonicat,Unity. Lenses disabled-scopes “[*more_suggestions-amazon. scope’, ‘more_suggestions-ulms. scope’, ‘more_suggestions- populartracks.scope’, ‘music-nusicstore.scope”, ‘more_suggestions-eboy.scope’, ‘nore.suggestions= Ubuntushop. scope”, ‘more_suagestions=skiml inks. scope’ system igoften hiv and miss ast has a habit of reappearing, Inshort, simply rightclick and choose ‘Unlock rom Launcher Hy a iS 8 8 Hy Ly a Gg (Enable Online Search oll5) Using the Internet Becoming Anonymous Online The digital age has introduced many great advances and communications; however, it’s Fed etna te er easiest eeu tm tices news stories of underground hackers breaking our privacy; but how can you combat this? ANONYMITY WITH UBUNTU ‘Whilst it’s virtually impossible to become totally anonymous online, you can take measures to ensure our priva After al, privacy isthe right Fr all online citizens. Staring with the basics, when browsing we TPS ‘though sng Googe may seem ke the obvious ua instead of the standard HTTP. This means that ue choice for a modern Internet search, the company “anything thats transmitted over HTTPS is secure hence the part doestrackall searches made by anincividual, Instead, conser an atthe end) and encrypted. alternative search engine, such as DuckDuckGo, a search engine that ‘doesnt store personal data or track you merjoure vowing. concerns econo, TRAP those reouaiventhe neenetne cose Sieve ‘or Private browsing mades available in a browser. Sia) installing some of the browser plug-ins that ‘This disables your web history and web cache allowing you to enhance your privacy For example, fo Firefox, use Ghostery, browse without the detals being stored For later serutiny by NoScript and Adblack Plus to block trackers, adverts and other someone es, ata mining techniques. BE) 20s eect sts ouneeVPNS AND TOR ‘The previous steps will aid your online privacy but to really become anonymous you'll need a Virtual Private Network and Tor. Don’t panic i's not as nefarious asit sounds, and it's certainly not illegal. (Becoming Anonymous Online oll AVPNisa remote server, ocsteroseners that Sia" establishes a connection with your computer. The end ests thatyour computers deny on he tee hidden Behind he VEN remote server Soyou coldWe nthe UX bthave ani adress the comostr online Went) belonging to len. How MEN works? ‘ybershostvpn.com who offer VEN connections for Windows, Mac, LUbunt fas well as other Linux estos), Android and iOS devices, iis for each OS can be found at httpssupport.cyberghostypn. comfhelen-us/articles/213190329-Read-me first: Another option sto use Tor. Tors an open network Sue? that you can attach to that'll hide your IP address. behind countess nodes around the word ks avaiable For Windows, 'Macand Linux computers and it's very easy t install and use. Stare bynavigating to hetpswwww.torproject.ora/download)/download- easy htmLen and clicking onthe Download Linux 68-8 button Tée ee — ae est good VEN charge a monthly annual But Suse it's worth the expense. We use CyberGhost, www. enthe do. Suds Terminal session and enter the Downloads folder, cd Downtoads/. Enters to check te tarxz Tor ls resent. 50 ster tar =xf tor-browser-Linux6s-6.0,8.en-US. tar. 2 Whenthefies re unpacked, ue €@ tor-browser €n-US/ Agus reveals couple of ents, foe cles Sigs Browser and a ile called start-tor-browser. desktop. Tostart the Toraetvp pe «/start-tor-bronser desktop this command wil ane the forse. were youl be offered two options Connector Conrgure. For most users, the Connect option il suffice Coane when oe ead ennecion established the Tr Browser SUG will launch, This is @ customised version of Firefox, from where you can securely browsethe internet vito ear oF 19 viewed or tracked. Mixing both a VEN and Tor makes for an textremely secure and private connection tothe online word 4 Welcome to Tor BrowserUsing the Internet _ ) | Great Internet Apps For Ubuntu Temes anna ce eee Cc ene ce chat clients, cloud service clients and torrent clients are all available either through the Software Centre or from a quick Terminal command. THE INTERNET OF THINGS ‘There are thousands of Internet related apps available for Ubuntu, more than we can hope to mention here. So here are ten of Cour most used and recommended For you to take a look Pret Firefoxisa great Internet browsing app but PWT hata e feo ‘mary users prefer the rather more sleek Chromium. There's alot on offer fram Chromium, sotoinstallit _GmalNotiyisahandy aman cop into a Terminal session and enter sudo-apt=get- install appthat will asthename ene Chromiun-browser. suggests, display a message ‘on your Unity desktop a whenever you receive 3 cor ewemallfromyourCmal Yeates 0 account. 'squickightweight | Herconatorse 0 andeasytosetup:andit—chekintevat 2000 means you dont have to have Asmat 12 your browser constantly open sepyptinespn: 5 a Inthe background, You't find im IkintheSoRware Centre, ANBb9® Elan 1 sare vera and pasword Pj Ute ly since they are the more common ail consider it a bit of a heavyweight app. Geary, on the ‘method For downloading illegal content. However, atorrentis also otherhand, ismore ightweight, simple and yet stil que effective perfectly legal way For companies to offer programs, operating You canirstall the latest version, and keep upto date witht, by systems and other content, Transmission is the bulein Ubuntu entering: sudo add-opt-repository ppa:yorba/ppa, ther: torrene manager, you cn Findit via the Dash. sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install geary. BIT) 22s ee css otnee( Great internet Apps for Ubuntu oll Yeroraipuiooureanonesaningine EXERTED ne butntorert cere Ubon DEBT through a headset is remarkably easy to set pines Transmission, isn't working for you, then Deluge, up these days, especialy in Windowsand on the consoles, Ubuntu available From the Software Centre or with: sudo apt=get gaming used to be more complex but now wehaveMumble, This insta deluge, should do the trick I's aquick torrent manager isa VoIP (Voice over) encrypted voice chat app, ideally suited for with plenty of options available. gaming, Instalit via the Software Centre. Bul. on tap ofthe Tr network, Torchat sa Wevelooked at using the Tor AD Si isitveiahtand anonyracsinternet— MANAMANAMIIEID Bron pacage previous inthe chatclent, With, you can converse with other users and friends Becoming Anonymous Online section but t's warth mentioning without Fear of being tracked ar leaking any pcvate deta. ts Ie again a onineprvacyis the ight of every user nsal tby available from within the Software Centre visting hetps:wwwitorproject.org/download/download-easy. hemnen, downloading the Linux 64-bit Te, then: ed Downloads?” 8K tar xf tor-browser-Linux64-6.0.8en-US. tar. xz 88 cd tor-bronser_en-US/. Then un «/start-tor= browser. desktop, quesnastRstecrece te ibve IRIE Keurraiot ewan etrdanty renin AU MERE It quick, easy to use and has loads of Features: Ese and even conducting business, all around the globe azallable.Youcan easly add news feeds from avariety ofsources has never been easier thanks tothe Internet. Skype sone of the and managing the feedsissimpe to. install iether From the ‘more popular video chat clients andis easily installed by enabling Software Centre or with: sudo opt=get install quiterss. the CananicalPartners repos in Software & Updates, then cunning: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install skype(Using Media om Linux makes for an excellent media machine. With it, and the right selection of programs, you're able to view any video format, edit images and listen to your music collection; also podcasts, Internet radio and pretty much every other form of musical entertainment available are covered too. 68 Watching Videos 7 Using GIMP to Edit mages 72 _Lstening to Music att Pee eee hent8 Using Media Watching Videos THAT'S ENTERTAINMENT Inorder for Ubuntu to play certain video files, such as MP4, AVI and so on you'll need a set of codecs installed. Don't worry, t's ‘nothing too complicated and before long you'll be able to watch and listen to anything fist thingyou' need todo thoughis open up the Terminal and sequence, providing the previous command executed without an heck the systems uptodate (t's agcodhabit to forr).Open up errors. Enter y te accept any updates or uparades and to continue system checked and updated, you can ‘sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted- and uparades extras: Entery to.accept the instalation ofthe new sof et upgrade. tocontinue oe eee jolene ‘minal For example, toWatching Videos the instalation progresses youllbe presented ite the default video player for Ubuntu, Totem SEP with a package license agreement confirmation, SHE Movie Player, is perfectly acceptable, most users Youwort be able touse yourmouse to cickonthe' atthe have found thetkes of VLC Media P bottom ofthe page, butif you press the Teb key unilthe"is i's dawn to personal taste, inthe highlighted red, then press Enter, you can continue both playersinstalled and avaiable ‘or SMPlayer Far superior «butt does harm to have Te nee sreen wil asyuyou want cok Tonstal Vic Medi Player open upthe Terminal Suse the EULA license terms for the installation of SuEPo and enter the following: Sudo" opt=get install Mlrouot fonts apart the Resticted Extra package) Usethe YUE you patanordand pet yt accept theta and In VU. oF From searching inthe Dash hen the instalation complete, youl be taken To instal sMPaye, enter sudo" apt-get suey ‘back to the Terminal command line prompt From Sue ‘install smplayer and again, enter your hereyoucan lose the Terminal and este ideo paybackon an__passordasked an toaceet the sta and catnue "MP4 or Au file by double-clicking ‘Player ean now be launched From the Terminal with smplayer ‘or froma searchin the Das 88 Using Media_) Using GIMP to Edit Images BRING OUT THE GIMP. Gimp may seem a little overwhelming at First, as it looks quite complex when you load it up. But these tips and tricks will help ‘youto see how versatile the app realy i. The fist thing you need to dosinstall GIMP, a5'snot installed by default. Drop into a Terminal session, check for any updates and upgrades, then type: sudo"apt=get install gimp. when the installation has Finished, cose the Terminal To open an image, move the mouse up tothe Men ar areaand click File > Open. You'll now have an (Open image window, simply locate the image you want to open, Pietutes For example. ECE SCLLEDL whave countless than image ope, you SD ccs ond eatery ‘apply to edit and ‘manipulate with. Far example from the Menu Bar click on Colours > Levels ith thistool youll be ableto fine tune the available ‘colours, lightening or darkening the image ta bring outC Using GIMP to Edit Images om ‘Close the Colour Level window and then open BED ‘A favourite Feature among mary GIMP users isthe SUED Fiers>cnnance sharpen Asthetile svgcests Maddala Explore. Thisisofartstc tool for creating thiswil sharpen the mage; there's @handy Preview avaiable for unique desktop wallpapers. you navigate to Filters > Render > close-up sections. The tricks a5 with most mage eding apps, not to Fractal Explorer, youl have various options avaliable n which to ‘verde any iter oredt. Take GIMP insmallstepsfor the bert results. create Fractal, Move the sliges around o change the effec Using the percent scale at the bottom ofthe image wo seea close-up Image > Mode > Greyscale. oftheefet. lemay not bea Fendy a Photoshop but GMP “Ther are countless utr onthe Features suey can be just as effective, By introducing various Sue ‘within GIMP available from the main GIMP layers Gaasan Blur fiers anedrecolourng alacd ares youcan| webpage gery. We'd ecormand ou ran hugh hubs accomplish some really great effects, including crating Lightsaber and from there begin to expand into more advanced teitries. No effect on sword ‘oubt, youllbe pleasantly surprised at how good GIMP iLY sing media ) Listening to Music KEEP ON ROCKIN’ ‘There's more to playing music than simply listening to your Iran Maiden CD collection. These days we can stream music From a variety of sources and listen to Internet radio stations. The first step isto ensure that youve stale the Fyou minimise Ryehmbox you canstiaccesthe sui ‘Ubuntu Restricted Extras, 3s we did in the video suas ‘basic media controls and see what's playing by section Fyoutavent already, dropintothe Terminal and ype: __clking onthe Volume ican nthe Notation Area, Yo. Sido apt-oet update 8% sudo ort=0et upgrade alowed Pays top rate, ecenty added and recent payed oo tysudo apt-get install ubuntucrestricted-extras Follow the tacions fom the prevous ofthe nal on For the remainder 1 copying must the Musk fodernyour Home Ifyou clckon the Radi otion inthe Library section Sse area and opening Rythmbox via the Dash, the Suse ‘of Rythmbox, located on the left-hand pane, you can contents ofthe alder willbe automaticaly added Fromthere you tune toa selection of nteret rac stations. Just doubled the Gan select individual tacks andabums and playthem by using the radistationtstartthe team fythmbox medaba 1) ECR ESC EDTo adda custom internet radio stream, lick on SEED hc option ocsted uncer the meds controls You then need to enter the URL ofthe station. You can Find listings ‘on the internet speci to your county, o fom around the worl, For example, Absolute Radio Classic Rock’s URLs: httpe//network absoluteradio.co.uk/core/audio/ogg/ive.pls?service=a6bb, Enter the adeees into the box provided hte aes added clk onthe Abo, sere then double-click the new channel to start streaming Fr those who have» Spot acount, you can ital the Spt cnt by ping inthe Temina sudo apk=add= repository -y “deb httpi//reposi tory. spotify. Cam stable non-free”. Fslowed by: sudo opt-Key adv sheyserver hkp://keyserver ubunt-con:80 ~-recy= keys, BSEBDCB318A050C6865090613800F1F02C19885 “The previous commands have added the repo and suey tthe key to access and authenticate the packages, Spt inthiscase. You now ned to update te inormation wth Sido apt-get update and when thats done instal Spoiy with sudo apt-get install spotify-cLient. You cannon search Focand onthe Spotiy dent va the Des You can ao attach ad transfer museto end SHE from an MP3 player. Hook the MP3 player up to the computers USB port, open ythmboxandcickon the Import button located under the media controls From the Select aacation Grop down box choose the MP3 player to begin the import If For some eason the MP3 layer st being SuEPo recognised in Rythmbox you can force it to be by pening the MP3 player elder n ies, aghtclcing nthe man folder vew and selecting Open Termin Once inte Terminal enver: ouch ts. aUdtozplayer Unpli andreatahthe MP3 player and should appear in ythmbox as music deve. Remember, once you'veimpotted the musicinto Su Rythmbox you'll be able to play it From within the Dash. dust ckon the Music en, rl the track or album you wan tolistanto and ter dik Payor the pla media button nextto the wack tte eter(Office andProductivity @ Many Linux distributions come with a productivity suite preinstalled. Ubuntu comes with LibreOffice, a collection of productivity programs : that are compatible with Microsoft i Office, and extremely powerful. Plus, they're completely Free of charge! We show you how to use them, and even install your printer. Exploring LibreOffice Writer Exploring LibreOffice Cale Exploring LibreOffice Impress Exploring LibreOffice Draw ‘Adding a Printer How to Back Up Linux: Where to Get Help BRERSRSExploring LibreOffice Writer erate ee MR Perea Ao aNd Cetera cml eget aur ee a emetic Ch etn teen ete Weer WORD ALTERNATIVE Its entirely possible to have LibreOFFice Writer work with Word documents, and to customise it to behave more like rosoft's offering. It's an excellent day-to-day word processor, in Fac, this entire book was written using LibreOffice Wr Tretiatogooenup bectcewier RMI in cero pesos. akon Sie ‘By default, you'l Find it in the Launcher, the Fourth SUEDE! customise is the default text language. Both English ieneoun UkandUSAare instal bur to chaos ncn you prefer orto install anew language, click on Tools > Language >For al Text via the Mena Bar. Game) Beer [3 TeIB FU O IR ALL ied syoucmaetstexblossieysinitoan EER Yount ct ntl sori anew Sieve earlier version of MS Word. The ribbon bar along SE4) language, click More... Followed by the drop-down the top houses numerous option for formating, saving, speling, boxes under the Default Languages for Documents section inserting objects and so on CC forme Ys Blimrerer Wels 1-814 Alzim-a-ls BET) 22s ee cate sts oneExploring LibreOffice Writer om Tofumercatonie wrecker Toonton EEREAR sc waco wee niremater Clipe fens STEP 5 Til ‘the Menu Bar again, Followed by Options. This will See _as used in Word 2007 and above, you can copy them bring ahuge isto ossble customsaionontons, Youcanbeanby ect froma Windows stem, Locate the fontsin Windows fom entering your User Data iF you wish, the folder \Windows\Fonts. Copy them to 3 USB flash crive then into any folder in your Home area oF Ubuntu. nurevevoninyoranaterdenas terion TAME vowatetertsouvatto nse Bene bar icons are displayed. There are Four options sue Calibri for example, and double left-click. With the | avaiable: Breze Tang, Elementary and an. elect one and Fontwindow ope, cckon the instal ution. Ext fom Wier and dick oKto see joupreter over the default Breeze setting, _reopenitvathe Launcher. (Calibri Regular ack brown fox lumpy over the ay dog. fhe quick brown fox jumps over the lazy he quick brown fox jumps B Tealowrwtonsonataly smears ioe) RARE wenwiernn sucker ote eB Suary ‘compatible document, so that any document you Siero ick Teols > Options and select LibreOffice produce andsaveinwite canbe openedin Wordcickonthe_ Wlter> Basic Fonts (Wester) rom the asiabe option From General option under Load/Save. Now clk the Always Save As drop- the dropdown menus choose Cali asthe Default and cick OK. down menuand choose the MS Ward version that you prefer.BED oFcesnaProaciviy Exploring LibreOffice Calc Rea CNet see see te Mest Cetin Mumm eselgir hough does just as good a job and it requires very little tweaking to make it ‘feel’ more like Excel SPREADSHEET SUPERPOWERS Whilst some complex macros nd VB coding used in Excel spreadsheets may not translate wellinto Cae, just as they would with different versions of Excl there's plenty this Free ap can accomplish, Youll find UbeOffice Cale unde the wer app in The options alana the Menu Bar wil be amir to sui ‘the Launcher, the fifth icon down. Suase most Excel users. Here: sn import, define and sort data;andinduce objets, create graphs and define thes of the apolcaton andthe spreadsheet ue working on ao Bele Pe Pay Le sTEP2 Ve with Wier youl find an aray of FETED 10 further customise Calc andto see what ontions Features along the ribbon bar atthe top ofthe Calc are available totweak the app, go to the Menu Bs ‘window. These cover formatting saving rovs and columnsformatiing, and Filters andthe tools necessary to create a perfect spreadsheet Toole > Options. Or Bk) 1Hyounmertatesseventiineenatctin, ETRAR seve vrkrsenesrnseehotwe SIE User Data, Siae previously created with MS Excel and there are numerous forme inherent to might be worth checking ot the Forma option nde the bree Cac section. In here yov'have the pon to eclate ay previous formulae on loacing te spreadsheet, BARR vowcnnnnicieotcudouterookense [EROS octet eraractotes otc Lbreofice Cac uses various measurement uns = Finaly to keep the fshed sprescshest Suary default, For example, instead of using centimetres Suit ‘compatible with Excel, click on File > Save As and youcouldueinches, Toslterthe default settings con General inthe All Formats drop-downbox choose the appropriate Excel Underthe LibreOe Caleseconin Optons nachos the Metrics. version ie Frmat Exploring LibreOffice Calc ommy Office and Productivi Exploring LibreOffice Impress See CAN eee oie Teed e elena ele its impact in business. LibreOffice Impress is the PowerPoint of Ubuntu and it's just as ee eriet arcu DEATH BY POWERPOINT PowerPoint may be the butt of many jokes but i's a powerful piece of software. Impress as capable and there's plenty to get yyour teeth into. Yavtmavoorieinesintenee EERE Tver cpsornas tne cer Leos Sie" under LibreOffice Calc, the sixth icon down from SUEDE! apps we've looked at, offer a wealth of options, theton. rmastof which wl aead be aia vith PowerPoint urs. Tis Histgoestoshow how capable mpress for reesatvare. \ aa | | Chek at ex Trertboniraorotetpofteines inn RAI yeu onc wtnanye eotonce foes Sieve «will allow you to save, print, import images and Sia) «within impress, as with the other LibreOffice apps, video pla the presentation, open daw finctons and aedshapes, yoUCaNpress 1 andsearehor reas troughthe help manual Flowchart 3nd 300n —) Click to add Tite 4 BT) 22s ee ct ses ounee( Exploring LibreOffice Impress om teens der Fle> Wades TREE wero seetourneetenoucn Siery ‘some presentation options. The Presentation Suit rehearse the timings and alter the slideshow Wizard willwakyou hough the ceston cfasiperlockng _paranetersvia the Menu Bar's SlideShow > Side Show Settings Impress presentation. Inhere youl find options to change the range of slides used, presentation made and multiple displays.BED oFcesnaProaciviy Exploring LibreOFFice Draw Mee eee gaitn MOEA a Peat eecan et aca ee ee age Iu ere eet Pe tenen eM eiul celts EYE-POPPING GRAPHICS ‘The LibreOffice Draw slogan is ‘eye-popping graphics’ and it’s easy to see why. Despite being Free, Draw offers the user @ wealth of options and Features. LbreOffice raw nit nthe Launcher by deFut 0 The Draw window spi Sue?) you'll need to open the Dash and type in ‘draw’ to. SUEDE! Page Pane, Workspace anc con, Remember, once launched, yu canavays igh Draviconinthe Launcher and set Lock to Launcher = a ee main sections: mateo hed wnconyovings ETERS Tele eof ep inow te oe Sud slim ribbon bar, housing load, save and export Sus Pane, where you can spread drawings over several cptions along vith acing fc, textboxes and cawing pages ond havea preview of each one of them You beable to Functions, There are also numerous drawing and graphical functions Srag and drop pages to new positions from within te Page Pane. down the lefthand sie,(Exploring LibreOffice Draw om [9| @| F The Sidebar the ighthand pane, gives you access There ae pln sere to the Workspace and page properties and various SuEPo ‘that cover Drawing, Arrows, 3D Objects and ceptions suchas Styles and Formatting, a Gallery and a page Navigator ‘Select View> Toolbars from the Menu Baro see what's avaliable To place anymages on your age simply cckthe Clicking on Fle> Export As wl alow youto save suey Image icon along the ribbon ber, locate the image Suit your work in a number of different file Formats, nthe system (raw doesnt defaulttoPitues soyou'need io evenPOF. tse les to move around the Folders) and click the Open button.my Office and Productivity ) Adding a Printer Pte ohne ene Ee cri os Cun a te ee cl the big names didn’t bother with proper driver support. That, thankfully, isn't the case eter emcee Rerum ane intima cn Kc es FILL YOUR CUPS {Ubuntu uses the Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS) to handle allits printing, covering both locally attached and network printers Make sure the system's ode is, this wil Toad anew printer, dckon the Add bution. The LGD csreyouseruningtve lates version curs ale ‘ext window wil detail the location ofthe printer, and that any newer printer are supported, We're sure youre clickon the arrow next to Network Printer to expand the selatin, Familiar with thisby now but justin case, op into a Terminal and enter: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade. PETISEDD cen sistem settings fromthe Launcher the ninth ERIM niess you specticallyknow whether the printer down. Locate the Printers icon under the is shared vis @ Windows computer, JetDirecto it to begin adding anew printer some other network protocol, yout Printer option, lop forthe Find Network(Adding a Printer om Ifyou know the adress of your printer onthe SIE network, something that can be Found by having the printer prints test page, then enter it into the Network Printer Host box. Our example printer i at 192.168.1.70 bunt wl scan the Pads forthe printer sere and the protocol it's using, and come back with take and model numbers Usual thers avalable opto, inthis case the ‘pz /net/DesKjt. instance, isthe best Click the Forward button to continue Desite improved suport for rine there are Siary ‘some models that Ubuntu can't pick up straight ‘ay. When this happens yb giver te option ka choose a Grver From the current database. Pick your printer manufacturer, n cour case, HP wu bampabiatonscam You nwreedtoscrol trough the avalable SHEE ‘models until you fing the one that either matches, your modelo one that’ sce a pone Depencingon the manufectre there canbe qute aneshastve st scan hough. When youve found your printer made click onthe uae) Forward button. This will apply the driver and ask if theres any extra hardware or spec features that cequre suppor, suchas Duplo After lckng the Forward button again, you can Suit now enter a description for the printer, such 35. Office, Whenyou're ead clon the Apply button, aly, yu be asked you wantto prints est page and when done youl have access tothe pers propertiesCre Rg at toe aut neue cee ROMs NS Reset eM aU MMe enous te cet) tool to help you save your work and other documents from disaster. BACKED UP. Ubuntu uses an app called Déja Dup to back up the Files and settings. It's easy to use and can be configured for backup schedules to different locations. Seioesatratheoraeave sourestocheck — ERTEREB inthe Fons: voumeviniowsou ant SHEP i where you're going to back up to. The destination Sues ‘ive the USB drive a name, ‘Ubuntu Backups’ For cf the backup willneedto be big enough to store the data being example, but’s not necessary. The other options can be lft 35 backed up several times over, asyou can make monthly, weekly or the default, to ensure great compatibility across other operating leven daly backups. We're using a 32GB USB chive inthis instance. systems and platforms. Clik the Format button wien you're ready tocontiue, PEPPER wextemalcriveisanexcelent backupmedum. tts BAVAB you are offered anal waming before the actual ‘external from the system, incase of damage, and can Formatting takes place; tis aso lists the ations be securely lacked away necessary, Plug your USB drveinanccheck about te happen. If you te happy with the action then click on the for any previous content; curshasthe Ubuntu setup fileson i Fyou Format button once moreto start the Formatting of the USB drive. dort need the content, rightclckthe dive and select Format from Ubuntu wil unmount the drive and Format t tthe option chosen, the men 2S BT) 22s ee ce sts ote(How to Back Up Linux om Sia5 USB drive, Open the Dash and search for ‘backup’, Siey backed-up files will be copied to, the USB drive in application, DEj8 Dup i fairly simple app to negotiate. Yousimply ie tothe USB drive, Enter a Folder to create onthe USB Drive tellit what to save, where to saveit and when and it wil start the back up process. Thesearonnsaifaerstoseetisty EERE seeding ilotonatatyceate basup tothe Bia" ‘default will contain your Home area and thus STEELE, location specified in the Storage Options depending everthing wihin To add another locaton cckthepussymbol_onhowyouset up. You ea choose day or wee ndheep atthe bottom ofthe app. FolderstoignoreisaselFexplanatory the backup files for an oational period o time. Click backto the ‘option. By default it wilignare the -/Downloads Folder and Rubbish Overview option and select the Install under No Backup Scheduled, Bin inyour Home area, then ck the Back Up Now button. BACKUP TO ANAS /ANetwork Attached Storage (NAS) device isa group of hard drives configured ina single device For mass network storage.’ anideal backup medium usedby home and business users alike cickonswrge tection bencusem ation ERR exe helcstona nb sates rrame Sed From within Dé Dup. In the URL box you need to Size ‘Sharename. Replace the IP address and Sharename_ enter the Padres rdSamba share location Samba isa callection vith your NAS acres and shared folders Cikbackto Overview of services and protacols that allow communications between and click the Back Up Now button, Youare asked forthe connection Windows and Linux computers. n this case, the Windows shares on authentication You can opt for anonymous orf youhave a NAS. the NAS and Ubuntu, Username and password enter ithereWhere to Get Help Although Ubuntu is designed to be as simple as possible, there will undoubtedly come a time when you're a little stuck. Thankfully there are plenty of places to go and look For Ree seca et ah ees cer ieee nt eel irs HELP! Even experienced users require help sometimes. Making the switch from Windows or Macto Ubuntu can be difficult but here are some tips that can offer you support. Ciel Reto ae at EER vnc hn hea Bue places you'll check for a particular problem. There SUP 2 Documentation, currently viewable as a webpage. arehundresof ites desta taffeta suppertfr burbs so You inal areas of he operating ster coeredhere elo tiand bes spect ss posse For enople sear for Ubunta Some tipsand ikstoty oat 16.10 Dashtakes up the whole screen to find a solution that changes the Dash izing, D So —— a a EBEEE BETIS) crest placetolook forhelpis inthe actual Ubuntu REIFF) You can view the Ubuntu Desktop Guide by ether Forums. Found at htt: vbuntuorumsorglindex, ‘opening the Dash a searching For help, or by 1 while inthe desktop. The builtin help covers rest system, fom beginner questions to advanced and expert. ‘common tasks, as wellas Frequently asked questions tips and tricks. ‘Php, the Ubuntu Forums cover nearly everyaspectof the operating pres1 userswilkely require 12 command to output the The Terminals SEP help to begin with, alwaysstraight forward and getting Tight result canbe futatng To get some bask the extension help For example eat ==helip. Where to Get Help evening orthat SHE ‘command may be quite long and very technical IF you simply want 3 breaksown of the command you can an {cat ead, Using our example ofthe: eat command stl this vill ply the header ofthe Man Page for cat hough notte as in-dpth a shel, he SMD nansniatis cot, dossier some sth e command in question. The apropos can ofte help those who can recall the name ofthe command, such as: ‘propos cat. Jes and what extensions iecan se, then youll ned to consult the Man Pages. Despiteits rather dubious rhame, the Man Pages are simaly a user manual for commands, To continue our example, enter wan cat. FRPEID For abe introduction to some ofthe core ‘commands in Ubuntu, and Linux, you can use the command: man inte. Ac with any Man Page, ean be quite long: winded. you prefer to ead the contents ina text editor such as Ged, pipe the commands such: Nan’ cat > mmeatsgedit meat ED cs tosrewrraltnenicsie comments thousand) wth a bre explanation of each, Youan deplayathe Man Pagesin the sitem ate: kos Less. For amore readable version ty: man =k. > attnan;gedit aman, 8Installing and Removing SoftwareInstalling and Removing Software Linux has thousands of free and paid-for software titles available to choose from, but how do you install them? We walk you through the process using the graphical software management system, as well as how to install programs directly from a command line prompt. are to Get New Programs How to Install Apps From the Terminal 20008 and Sl ddd dadatatad= Installing and Removing Software) Using Software to Get New Programs Poet eet ene etn nee ceva Ice Comune uel tatiana tee ence east sath Aon Nore concer sire ears ADDING APPS. ‘Apps For Ubuntu, and indeed Linux in general, are Found across the Internet in various guises. Some are a simple one-click Install solution, others require alittle more work. FR rconrsairgnagronitesnt try EREBBR cso emg yee o=- oe Youcneeterscntorsectespinte | ERA termes ting nape Ut by Sieve ‘Ubuntu Software portal or you can browse through Sis downloading the installer itself. Ubuntu installation the Categories section Forexamole Fyou want toile game fle come DEB pacages, conning evenghing the ystem needs 'Neverball you can search ar find iin the Games section, tonstall the app successfully. DEB packagesindicate Debain, the LUnux branch that Ubuntu isbult on, kage never (604) [universe BED 20s ee ct Stes one(_ Using Software to Get New Programs cll Torsalebeopadageyucndiadktone EERE ore ates vite isha SIE trusted source, such as the Ubuntu Apps Directory BEA enter your password. Accept and OK any messages ‘wuewaposubuntcomet Find the apo youwentendcickonthe _andthenwhenyoure nthe app ee cikon the Reload conn the ‘down arrowin the orange Software button, followed bythe Open top left ofthe app window. This willefresh the apps within Link button. the databace. lol playecrestine sategy game with tampunk ‘You are then asked tonsa Addtional Software, Yous cannowsench vite categories nthe left sere lick on the install button followed by entering your sue ‘pane or click on the Search (magnifying glass icon) password to start the saltion function inthe tobe. Tonal package rom within Synapl, locate the app you want, then clikin the ck box nxt to the apps tle nthe top halFo the lghshand pane. This wl open up amen where you can ck on Mark or instalation ed —— sgl rote ite oh : footrest iaatnatbevanprs ERR re ee mara ndutheneetocie Sup through the Synaptic Package Manager, Synaptic Suit ‘the Mark button to return you to the main screen, isrinstalled by defaultasi’s an older method of ebtaring apps; Clickon the Apply iconin the toolbar and you have a summary of Ubuntu now uses the Ubuntu Software portalinstead buti'sstil what's going to beinstalled. Click Applyin thisboxtoinstallthe auallable athe Apps Directory or Ubuntu Software pata chosen ppsBY installing and Removing Software How to Install Apps From the Terminal—Part 1 COMMAND LINE INSTALLS Installing an app with the Terminal may require some nifty keyboard work but you get a finer degree of control over what's being installed and where, Instaling apps from the Terminals often relatively Sudo apt-get upgrade wilcok fr any Sue) simple. First though, you need to make sure that sue): ypgrades to the currently installed system and n todate Todathsopen nthe Terminal and eter: Fo uparade them, press ¥ when asked to conte. TO 3p For example GIMP, the picture editor, youll need to enter the Following commanc: sude-apt-get install gimp, the syste sudo apt-get update, The sudo command used to mean Super User Do Sometimes when instaling software youtinedto Sud these days it's more acceptable as Substitute User Sus ‘start by adding the app's Repository. The repository, ylemeane the administrative ure (Super User uses APT. orrepo.s empl the remot oation where te cohvare shed (hevanced Packaging Too to Cat ny Updates Now nth sud" _sleng thal Rs dependences thea Uraies and such tne apt-get upgrade tofuneton tar by typing nti sudo ed-opt=repository Ppaipeterievi/ppaHow to Install Apps from the Terminal- Part 1 This wll add the repo For the app Variety Walloapes BED ‘Now to install Variety, enter: Sudo Tapt=get SEP ‘Changer, an Ubuntu app that changes the wallpaper SHEP ‘install variety, Press 'y' to confirm and accept auomaticaly. Now thet te repos aed enter sudo apt-get the instalation andtocontiwue with tensa. Once stale, yu Update, to update the new information and add the contents of _cantype warety into the Terminal to run the app, the repa tothe package database. REMOVING APPS. Aswellas installing apps, the apt command can also be used to remove any apps and help keep the system tidy by emoving any Unnecessary clutter From leftover package installs, Sie following. sudo apt-get remove variety. Sig's bbe informed that some packages, that wer Enter to continue wth the uintalof te appiyoullazo note _automataly instal, aren longer require, Tis problem you're informed of how much space youre freeing up an the hard and asthe message indicates, you can tidy things up with the tive as aresutof removing the ay jolowing command: sudo. apt=get autorenove. whe the apt-get remove command unis a Finaly to tidy walt non-sed DEB pachages Sua app, it doesn’t get rid of the extra clutter that comes SUE inthe system you can enter: sudo apt=get: vith an app, sucha configuration andibrany les Tocompetelyautaclean, These few sens are vial to keping your Ubuntu cles enter Sudo apt-get purge variety. setupingood working order endtotrm off the unex ABY installing and Removing Software How to Install Apps From the Terminal—Part 2 FROM THE SOURCE “The commands you'll need to become Familiar with here are Configure, Make and install. You'l find alot of apps use installing From source, soit's certainly a skill worth investing time i. SUED orn nthe formof TaRG2 or TAR 22. Both ave Intemet, inthis case the B22 le for Vim To maresse filesholcing allthe core Files needed to Tmate'the ap. d successfully, enter: I. According to ‘off by creating anew folder in Home: maim: Vim, pressed fle shoul be displayed in ed mand retrieves content From the Perera on Vim, bythe way, san advancedtext et You needto uncompress the contents ofthe file Suave you'll ‘example to i Enter the new Suds now, so enter: tar =xf vim=7.4.taribz2 into foldered Vin, then romithnthe new Vinfolderenterthe the Terminal Note youcan pein tar =xF wand press Tb to Fallowing command into the Terminak ngetFep://Fktp.vias auto‘ the remaining filename. org/pub/vin/unix/vin-7.4, tar. b22Howto Install Apps from the Terminal-Part2 @@W your ISagan setae haronewiace RTE) ou mares hep rttn new dependences SEP thas been created: vim74, It’s always handy to create SHE depending on the app. After each new dependency root folders forthe main pp, then at ou upgrade apps through ised, rerun «/€anfigureandwen &coesn repo back this method, the individual versions wil each have their own Folder. with an error you can continue to the next stage ofthe installation Note need to search onine for some errr messages ha successfuls/configure the sytem wil Makefile. This needs tobe ‘made’ by Tetminal. This may take awhile, depending “ype n i VM74 to enter the ote ard Tagan Suse to view its contents. There could well be quite a numberof les present most are the pesca hie entering make int th ers wilbe labeled README or NSTALLItsalwys wise toread onthe sze ofthe app these files fst as they provide valuable information regarding the installation “The Fist part ofthe instalation requires you Finly, you ned to enter: sudoTnakerins tal as to enter s/EOMAIUIE into the Terminal. The Sue into the Terminal. This will install the app and configure command wil check your system for any missing ‘make’ ready for use in the system. When complete you can execute lependencies associated with the app. In ourease, the third party the app, n ths case by entering Vim nt the Terminal ar searching app Neurses was missing and needed to be installed with: sudo” for lathe Dash. apt-get install LibncursesS-dev LibncurseswS-dev.Know the is | Command Liney baaGetting to Know the Command Line @F¥ The Linux command line is an extremely powerful interface. Linux itself is simply the command line with all the individual modules loaded on top, such as the Desktop Environment and accompanying programs. Therefore it's vital to get to g} with the command line and Terminal. Don't worry, we'll show you how to master it and make it work for you.fy Getting to Know the Command Line Using the Linux Filesystem GETTING AROUND For people raised on desktop computers, the idea of viewing and moving files and directories ina text environment can be daunting. Don't worry, i's easy to view and move files and directories and navigate the Filesystem, Here we'll show you how. PRR F:s- we're coinatolookat crectories and the ESTEE 2ier 1s toview the contents ofthe current rectory path. A drectoryis the same thing a 3 lcectory. You should see Desktop, Documents, fal loads, and other directories in blue. Yournay aso see other placed inside each other using 2 character. Enter PA. Tis stands. items depending ov how much you have used your compute For Print Working Directory and displays"/home/[user" (where The colour code is worth knowing: les are white, executable files serie your account name’) (program) are green archived ies are red in Linux al diectory. Directories are comthe [user] directory iectory. Enter cd Documents sensitive which mer =n youlogin toyour computer you don't st BED ove 3 the base of the hard rive, know 00 into the diectory’. Instead you begin inside capital joriesareindicated by the symbol So:/_toenter te ex you that inthe root adectory called ‘home| at inside home’ isa directory with your name. user de user! se inciing correct capitalization. The command stands for ‘change directory". Now enter pid again to ew the directory path. Il be /home/[user/Dacuments Enter toview the es inside the Documents diectoy.Using the Linux Filesystem @@¥ ckuptotheLinuxdrecton? — BPM iv'stimeto learn the single mostimportant = two dots in Unix ‘command ine tp. You press the Tab key to expand nsthe directory above also known asthe ‘parent directors, what you are wring and et Lng ill out the rest. Wee going to Incidentally a single dots isused forthe same directory. You'tnever _ suitchto the Downloads Folder but this time enter ed DOWand tse ed. to suitch to the same directory butit’s worth knowing tess Tab. The command is expanded to “cd Downloads. You can because some commands needyou to speciy the current directory, tse Tab whenever youre having to write out along Fiename, os ee ES 5 ABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE PATHS Itisimportant to know the difference between the working directory, root directory and home. There are also two types of path: Absolute and Relative. These are easier to understand than they sound, Let's take a look. PIB 6 cerautt commands ike use the working ERED te second command, Usi/Docunents, attempts rectory Tat isthe current diectory chat youre tolst the content of Documents inside the root looking at and ise to yourhome directory by default (users rectory because the path started with , which soot. There [name). Using pu (rine Warking Directory) lets yauknow what the is typialy no Documents directory in root, co you willget a "No working director sand using cd changes the working dct hil or directory’ error, Starting a path wth 's known asan ‘absolute path’ while starting without the is known asa relative * because it relative to your working directo a es) 5 The oot rectory salva renin US Thee ao an absolute path shortcut your se Suge the contents of root and entering Eqi7 switches to SE) directory and that is the tilde characte, Entering the root directory This isimportant because there isa difference UIs = always ists the contents oF your home drectory while ed = between Is Documents and Is: /Docunents. The frst command mavesstraight to you home directory no matter what your working lists the contents ofthe Documents inside the working directory rectory. You can also use this shortcut wherever you are:enter vith, i you aren home, wil work 1s ~/Documents to display the contents ofthe Documents Folder,fy Getting to Know the Command Line Listing and Viewing Files LOOKING AT FILES While you might be used to seeing your own files, most modern OS's keep ather Files out of site. n the command line you get access to every file on your system. So learn how to manage files wisely PID vice sready looked at's, which sts the fles PRED afte: the permission letters come a single number inthe working directory, but you are more tkely This isthe numberof filesin the er. is file mand ite LS =1, The bitafeerthe commandithe then tllbe 1 but it's directoy itll be at last 2, Tis is because lal is know as the argument. Thisisan option that medifes the each directory contains two hidden files, one witha single dt () behaviour of the commands and one with two dot (.)- Directories containing files or other Crectoriee wil havea higher number you'l see your username sted twice on each Thisreersto the user rather than ‘The ists the owner of the Fle ment lists files and direc sch le and directory is now intro EIB vex asinale lin lots letters line and before each leis alot of text. st youl v and dashes, ike ‘rwearx. Don’t worry about these For now, they the OU, Typically these wile the same andy those later Username ar ro0t’ Enter LS =I. /to view th inthe root directory that belong tothe The see ether your lesand direc count. ‘own 3s 'permssions and we'l comeListing and Viewing Files @@¥ PETER the next numberrelatesto thesizeofthefie,in — BREMEMPMM Finally you should be aware that there are many bytes in Unix each textiles made up of eter hidden ies in Unix. These arelisted using the a and each letter takes up a byte So our"sphink txt fle has 37 bytes argument Hiden Files and directories begin witha Got (5. and has 37 charactersin the document, Files nd directoriescan should never start fle or directory with 2 dot, unless you want to be extremelylarge andhardto determines use 1s =Uh.Theh dei. Typically youll combine all three arguments together into argument “humanizesthe number making easier to reed the command 1S Lah, | ass a in] 5 SOME COMMON DIRECTORIES "Now that you know how to view the contents of your hard drive youl start to notice a lot o directories with names like bin, sbin, var and dev. These are the files and directories that you are kept away from on a Mac and won't encounter on a Windows PC. PED enter 1s:=1ah 17 toviewallof the ies and PER cncoring 1s\Zhome displays the contents of your rectores, including the hidden tems, nthe root home directory, which contains your user directory Ia Getting to Know the Command Line Using the Man Pages WHAT'S UP, MAN? You've learnt some pretty cool stuff about commands, options and arguments so now isa great time to start looking at the built in help tool known as man, short for manual. With man you can get information about the Unix commands. Sie Nith the man command you can get information Sie ‘to use, so what you spend most of the time in the | naltheUnicommands weve led about JisterteWafond manpages looking under he Oxeription. ee yu wile al he thename ofthe command youwantto ee more about Startby plone andthe eters ved toate them, Most manpage ae single page, so press any key (uch a the space bar) to ‘mave tothe next page of content CET ED) FED tre man paces more detailed than you PEPE Pressthe key age to view right be used to. First you have ename, which tells the commancs: the view you what the command is called, in this case “lst direc Tiss called the Summary of Les and then the Smopsis shows you how it works, nthis cae: s Issomething we'llcome to when we look at editing text. For now [OPTION]. [FLE.|, So you enter Ls Followed by options (auch as-a) realise that you can move back and Forward with z and w. Press. to and the File or dieetory to lit. {uit this help screen and etuin tothe man pageUsingthe man ages STEP 1 STEP 3 iran -F fran -k directory fon -k directory | tessfy Getting to Know the Command Line Editing Text Files TEXT EDITING Files in Unix are all constructed with text and code, which is text as well. Often you'll be asked to open a file and insert or adjust the text inside. As you get more advanced you'll be creating and editing configuration Files and your own programs. Sie environment using a text program, such as Text Sie Eto Clckon Oathand serch forest tor” Weve ten ‘ut a Haiku poem and saved it using File> Save As, Haiku and choose th and Us =1 Documents to view the Files in you Documents directory. Youwl see the H uuFleyou createdin text ferthename edt. Note the numberto the right of your username. Fyou entered ents dcectory, then click Save. the document with the same text asus should read 84, This isthe ‘exact amount of characters in our poem: ere going to back auto the desktop environment SD ote co BE) The cat command canbe use to view the ontents of text fle in Una. Enter eat: Documents/Haiku in Text Eli contain just text v the textiside the Haku fle, Catis short fos concatenate senfiles inthe desktop and and was designed to list the text from various Fes together You can command ne. Open Terminal and return tothe command line. Use several ies s arguments For cat but mest people let the contents oF single i and show you the relationship betEditing Text Files @&Y ESTEE Wrecif youwantto ect afl? Forthatwetumto — MMPM texcisedcedin Nanoin much the same way as ‘text editor that works from the command line. other word processors although tis Fer more here ae two main text editors available: Vim and Nano, We believe limited in scope, Use the arrow keys to move tothe end ofthe text "Nano s bes to start wth, so enter nano Docunents/Haiku.The and press return to add @ couple of ins. Now enter some more text command tne vanishes to reveal the GNU nano text editor. and t willbe acded to the document. SAVING EDITED FILES "Nano is such an old program that many ofits conventions are odd. You might Find saving and closing the app tricky at First. Don't worry follow these steps to get the hang oft. You drtsave te toxt sing the tration sus?) Controt-S Function found in programs worldw instendyou Witeout le winga Control shrtat Press uments decry. Conta. anda bar appears athe bottom ofthe screen wth Fle andyeusee thas cease by the sare amount oF lets Namo wie andthe document path inclying etn atte end ones, you entered nthe Haku document. Remember tha: one byte equa oneleterins document BETTER ©: cerautcthe fle name shouldbe SE voushouts at you als use Nanoto File Name To Write section andl you create empty text documents. Type nano Haiku ischeckitand press return, We ound his strangely challenging at inthe home directory and you'll create a bank document called Fist and often reached forthe y key to confirm the ave, Once it instead of opening your document. Iyouever try to open has saved you quitNano by pressing ControkX and notthe sval document and get blank tex, chances are you got the directory Contral.Q command, path wrongGetting to Know the Command Line Ez ‘When you start using Linux Fulltime, you wil quickly realise that the graphical interfaces of Ubuntu, Mint, etc. are great for ‘many tasks but not great For all tasks. Understanding how to use the command line not only builds your understanding of Linux but also improves your knowled tohelp you master Linux quicker. TOP 10 COMMANDS ‘oF coding and programming in general. Our command line quick reference is designed “These may not be the most common commands used by everyone but they will certainly Feature frequently for many user of Linuxand the command line. ‘The.ed command's one of the commands you walluse the mest at the command ie in Linx I allows you to change your working directory. You Use tte move around within the hierarchy of your Filesystem, You can also use chai. The US command shows youthefllesin your current directory, Used with certain options, ets yousee file szes, when files where created and fle permissions. For exemple, Is! shows youthe les, thatare in your home directory. ‘The @p command is usedto make copies offles and directories. For example, ep fiL@” Su rakes {an exact copy ofthe Fle whase name you entered and namesthe copy sub but the First ile wil stil, exist with ts original name. ‘The pd command prints the Ful pathname of the cutent working directory (pwd stands for int working directory"). Note that the GNOME terminal also displays this information inthe tile bar ofits window. BOM Dette Gude Stes volume 30 ‘The ELear command clears your screen ifthis ispossible. looks in the environment fr the terminal type and then inthe terminfo database to Figure out how toclear the screen. Thisis equivalent to typing Control when using the bash shell ‘Them command movesa file toa different location or renames aie Fr example mv file ‘sub renames the orginal il to Sub mv sub =/Besktop movesthe file'sub' to your desktop directory but does not renameit. You must specify anew filename to rename ale, ‘The Ehown command changes the user and lor group ownership ofeach given fe. Fenly an ‘owner fa user name or numeric user I) is ven, thatuseris made the owner of each given fle, and thefiles’groupisnot changed. ‘The hata command changes the permissions on the files listed. Permissions ae based ona faly simple model. You can set permissions for use, ‘group and world and you can set whether each can read, write and or execute the ie. ‘The command removes (deletes) ies or directories. The removal process unlinks a filename ina lesystem from data on the storage device and marks that space as usable by Future writes. In ‘other words removing files increases the amount of avalable space on your disk. Short for “make directory’, kms used to create directories on alle system, ifthe specified dliectory doesnot already exist. For example, Inkdite work creates a work diectary. More than ‘one directory may be speaied wen caling maltnd Line Quick Reference a sed free free -n d ie ladduser df a adduser top) Kdeluser} deluser Lule uunanes c , del group B: rran_nan P larep blan flUbuntu Tips and Tricks Utes ak oa ar en Tene Neu ce coe ee certainly easier than using Linux with a non-graphical interface. However, there are still many tips and tricks you can use to make the whole process of using the OS easier. Here are afew of our Favourite Ubuntu tips and tricks. KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS avers coroner Ciosetrecunentvindow —_Uaincher Terminal Wingo ature Tap alt Popp command window for OpensuptheUbntu HUD. cuicyrumngconmard. ata te aterab Reveasth Aplation Men uy ten een window Hold own ese ‘Shift For reverse order. ——_—_ ae Hiwtotnere ‘Switch between windows veto tener tes From the same application (when the Dash s open}. crfromthesltted cereshioTob dppleatonateraTob, ——_ovetotheprevustens superes (when tne dash ope. Dehatethewerapacesaitcher Superca Zoomoxtonalwerspacs. Opens the Apicatons Les Supers oF ER RRC OGRE 2", Achatetepo rode showat Oper the les and Folders Lens view thousands of characters rom most ofthe worlds writing WNcQWsFOMGATETENOTSESE Synergy systems, even those not Found on yout keyboard. Ctrlealtearrow keys Opens the MusicLens. Switeh betwen workspaces, nv THE CHARACTER MAP SORCnGEaea CtrleAlteshifteArrow keys Opens the Video Lens character map application Mave the curent window that alows youto browse llthe characters inUnicode.Usethe __toa different workspace. epee Opes thereon dara mop toed he chia yo vant bn coy erst putettowereyouneechYoccnfndchaace: apn ceeateDelta train tthe Dash. =e Alt+F10 etsupes0 Opes the tte inte NERETSSETISOSD, oucoseneronyuncode ‘'3eealndowsandshowtbe Notfcaton area sete Sasneuherv ar sktop.Pressthe keys again arrow keys tonavgate torestore your windows. keyboard with the numeric code point of the character. Every PressEsc character isidentifed by afourcharacter cade point. Tafind the CrloAlte. Toclose the menus without cade point fra character, Find the character inthe character map _Lockthe screen, choosing anything ‘application and lok nthe statusbar or the Character Detals tab. ‘The cede point isthe four characters after Us. “Toentera character by its code pont, press Cr¥Shif+U, type the fourcharacter cade pointand pres Enter. Fyou often use characters that you can't easily access with other methods, you might Findit useful to memorise the code point for those characters soyoucan enter them quick EIED so¥rsDetnine ude sre volume 30(ubuntu Tipsand Tricks QF MIDDLE MOUSE-BUTTON CLICK Many mice and some touchpads have a middle mouse button. On a mouse with a scroll wheel, you can usvally press directly down on the scroll wheel to middle-cick. you don't have a middle mouse button, you can press the left and right ‘mouse buttons at the same time to middle-lick.IFyou Find ‘you are unable to middle-click this way you can try Following these instructions, On touchpads that support multfinger taps, Fingers at once to midle-lick licking nthe touchpad settings for this riddle-clik For advanced cick you can tap with three ‘You have to enable tap work Many application ected text Thisis sometimes the text you want to paste, 3 to paste it and mide cick, The thengo to where you e selected text is pasted at the mouse poston. Pasting text with your middle mouse bution s completely separate from th clipboard. xt does not copy eto your ci quick metho only wavs with the mide by ~~ SEEELCELE ELL a al 7) THE SUPER KE’ LL Gs LAE, LILLE YLULLE YfMY yy Cn scrollbars and siers, a regular clckin the empty space moves bya set am clicked, You can aso mide cexactithe location You can quickly pen anew window for an application with Imidalecick, Simply middle-lik onthe application’ ican, either Inthe Launcher on the left or inthe Dash "Most web browsers allow youto open links in tabs quickly with the middle mouse button, Jus jour middle Imiddle-cck anywhere except on a ink, ewil try to loa selected text asa URL, asf you used middleclcktopasteit to the location bar and pressed Enter. Inthe fle manager, middleclck serves two roles. you middle click a foider, itil open ina new tab. This rims the behaviour ‘oF popular web browsers. Fyou middle cicka file, wil open the Fle, jst as Fyou had daube-cicked. ye LSC i eee Mey La ye yy yl Lyle aii Cider ity OIIIIIQ000660606 TAKING SCREENSHOTS Jijieihas 7 merece Lie iy Y Zs hy YihBD) cetting to know the Command Line Using the Bash Shell UNDERSTANDING BASH Bash s largely compatible with sh and incorporates useful features from the Korn shell ksh and the C shell csh. ais ‘when the shell reads an input, itproceeds nrough a sequence of operations. the inut indicates the beginning a a comment, the shellignoresthe comment smbol'# and the resto that ine. The shell then parses these tokens inta commands and other constructs, removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands others, redirects input and output as needed,( Usingthe Bashshel QF Cetera ary BASH SHELL PARAMETERS J Poteau LD+ Intermediate Linux: = Getting More. — From LinuxIntermediate Linux: Getting More from Linux Gl As your Linux skills are growing, this 7 section of the book looks to stretch those skills and dig deeper into the Linux system. We look at how to install and jure a new Desktop Environment, connect to Windows-based shared resources, fine tuning Linux, gaming, basic Bash scripting and some crazy but remarkable things you can do in the Terminal. Using a Different Desktop Environment 124 Installing GNOME Shell 126 Installing Xfce 128 Installing KDE Plasma 130 Installing LxDE 132 _ Installing Cinnamon 134 Installing MATE 136 _ Fun Things to do in the Terminal 138 More Fun Things to do in the Terminal 140 Fine Tune Ubuntu 142 Con 144 Creating Bash Scri ‘Automating Tasks, sting to Windows Shares 154 Gaming on Ubuntu 156 Where to Get Games for Linux Retro Gaming in Linux ww bdpuaionscom rretnumanst QEUsing a Different Desktop Environment PAINT) SET ROMO STORIE AZoUks La] CONIC Collet (oa con elt) specifications, theme and feel; and you can completely change the way a distro looks From its initial set up. Ubuntu’s DE is Unity but there are others that are worth trying out. A CHANGE OF ENVIRONMENT Desktop Environments can be installed and used remarkably easily but before we get to that, here are ten DES worth Investigating. A different DE can instantly change the way you work, and personalise Ubuntu. PROGR TSn co! : ‘fee's lightweight Desktop Environment. t's ast or roject. t was onc {and superb on computers with low resources. Despite gotta Deskton i for mast ofthe Linux distros available, roach, xFce looks great with crisp tines and a including Ubuntu. has since moved away From its Foundation desktop view and Feel themes and now uses an ultra modem look and feel. Obioyanundsesvesinct ntytoine RETR) waa FooFte pesos wetion one cNOvE GRIN ‘one that's installed by default. Unity 8 offers MATE Project, version 2. t's clean and quite @ clas the user new look with some interesting additions to ald Desktop Environment that works exceedingly well under Ubuntu productivity, Is stil developmental and ae such won't work aswell Linux Mint, another excellent distro, s probably the most Famous ason some computers, For using MATE eens BRED sorts oetitne cue series volume 30inamon i another Desktop Environment Pantheonis aelatvely new GEOL that uses GNOME influence, often Gane) Environment. It's got 3 clean, sharp look to talngcare of those who dont want GNOME'sfangaasseffects twithadstinct macOs feel, However, snot very stable unde and such, Cinnamonisa gorgeous looking DE, k's quick and works Ubuntu sobe careful Fyou decide to giveit try. Fantastically on Ubuntu LO) FUSES Environment. Itlooks amazing but can be (Ntesseh ie for a Desktop Environment, is extraordinarily en oe crfulifyou'e going totiyiten a ightvelght es dsnedto work onc rth low speciation. in of memory ane ts Ngh astombabie too quite heay mauters with asi computer LEED occetceeeesornen sone EINER tere ntti es wellon older computers orthowewithlmtedsyem resources. butathough torts wh Ubunts thereat afew big tat i ‘eed to be ironed out, Otherwise, its a good Desktop Environment totest ww bdpuaionscom rretnucmanst QE> Intermediate Linux: Getting More from Linux Installing GNOME Shell The latest version of the GNOME Desktop Environment has plenty to offer, and looks ame ee ea eee Re Te eee of the most cutting edge Linux developments. KNOW THE GNOME GNOME 3.2 isthe latest version we'll be installing here. While it will work perfectly well within Ubuntu, i's not an officially supported upgrade path. The recommended method s to use Ubuntu GNOME distro. (Open up Terminal session and run through the ‘The second repo to addis Sudo "add-apt= SED 23 crdste and rade recs: sudo: apt-get ALM repository ppa:gnone3-temn/onone3. Assn, Update BE sudo apt-get upgrade. This willmake ure the press enterand confirm the adction ofthe repo into the Ubuntu system is patched correctly and ready forthe extra software you're software sources. Once its added, update the software database about te install. with sudo apt-get update. You' need to add the reposthat contain the \with everything added and upto date, install. SUED Sorvore tor cuOMe. There ate twa tem to UD cscs externa sudo apt install gnone 14d, the Fst can be acded with: sudo add-apt=repository’ _ghome=sheLL. Youllbe asked to confirm the instalation ofan pa:gnone3=tean/enone3=staging, Press Enter andaccept extra B40MB, o: thereabouts, of software For GNOME to work the edded repository, correctly, When you're ready press to.car fewith the instal(installing GNOME Shell Gl erthe cor software hasbeen downloaded, and You cnsimply logout forthe changes tt SEP ‘once the installation process has started, you'll be Sey effect but we recommend you run through a proper asked which default play manegeryou want tose. Thechoces system reboot. This way youre guerneee tat hesofoware sre COM and LightOM. Basal, they bth Dspay Manogers. You bars cers end so omare being sed propery. Sree you'e stil Cansutth bebween the two but or now vse UghtOM, inthe Termin enter sudo reboot to restart tem. The softwar willow continue to unpackand ‘nce youre backup, and you hve the atotean EMEP install. it may take a little while as there's quite a lot Sue ‘option enabled For you unt, you'll need to click toget throug; 380 the length afte takes wil depend reaty inthe sesdon option ardlegovtThswiltxng you tothe Ubunty lagin screen You shouldsee your username anc en Ubunt loge iconoppeste your username clkthe ton and choese GNOME from te option svat Now, loging CHANGING THE DISPLAY MANAGER You'l now be in @ GNOME DE. Click Activities and the nine-dots forthe apps list. To change the DM from LightDM to GDM, enter terminal’ into the search box at the top ofthe screen, (lick on the Terminalicon and when atthe Enter your password to authenticate the command, SUED rnnancpromot enter sudo dpkg ED 1 need to press enter agaito Intermediate Linux: Getting More From Linux 126 Installing XFce eee un et esc NM a etn the memory and graphical capabilities are low, and because of that it's lightening Fast Cea tcars GETTING HOLD OF XFCE Ifyou've already tried the GNOME DE in the previous tutorial, you can easly swap back to Unity by selecting it from the login Icons (where you found GNOME) FIR 0020 up 2 Terminal session, ether within Unity or Enter our password fasted and when prompted GNOME, whichever you have installed and running SUE? atthetime make surest systems to cate wh do apt det update 88 sudo’ apt-get Upgrade press ¥ to acept the instalation of the extra 100MB or so of coftvare that make up the Xfce DE package. When It’s done, reboot the system ether va the session options or with ‘sudo reboot, ‘Tere are two ways in which you can install the Xfce Asbeforifyou have Desktop Environment. It doesn’t matter which you Suse both se, 3 bath lea tothe sare display Often though, one works better than the other. W he autologin option turned ‘on For your account you'll need to use Log Out in the session options to get you to the Ubuntu login screen, lickon start with the method that works better, the Ubuntu icon opposite your username, then the xfe Session Simply enter sudo apt-get install xFce4 option. Enter your password, ther ise Default Config'from the intial noiieatio oe reedINSTALL XFCE - OPTION 2 “The Xfce Desktop Environment should now be up and running, and looking good too. IF the previous option was unsuccessful, try this one instead. cst uerswilbehaooy withthe previous ice RINBIFM In adstion tothe fee DE you can ai stallation option. As with most software, however 5 ‘Goodies package. The Xfce Goodies Project includes things can go awry there are problems, drop back to Unity and additional oftware and artwork i's certainly worth an extrainstall ‘open a Terminal session. CheckFor updates, justin case, then enter: on top oF Xfce and it doesnt impact the lightweight aspect or sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop performance ofthe DE, Open Terminal lickin the top left and enter terminal, Click Terminal Emulator Enter your password and accept the extra 260MB of From within the Terminal enter: Sudo apt=get BED siscdsotonarefortnextce pacages Ther’s Medal instot1 xfce4-goodtes.cnteryourpassword ‘more data needed because inthis instance you're using the Xubuntu and confirm the extra software tobe installed. There shouldn't desktop packages as oppased tothe raw, you wil, X¥ce pa be any need to reboot but some users have experienced better Xubuntu, by the way, sts oun astro bul around xe, Integration by doing so, PIR wien the installation s complete reboot the FIR vou can rightclick the desktop and choose Desktop computer again either from the session options Settings for new walpaper rightcick the panel at with sudo" Peboot from the Terminal After rebooting, nd logging the verytop of the screen then: Panel > Add New Items to 20d cut for autelogin users, choose Xubune he avalable new pluginstothe top panel. in shor. ‘options; notice how differen the login manager looks now. candowithit around and see what> Intermediate Linux: Getting More from Linux Installing KDE Plasma Pola ue Dasara nee et hele keg ee te Naa eee Caa Ge ce erate nite cnis aati Melee treelicet ti oe Rel REE RLU Re Reon a La O-KDETO GO To install KDE Plasma on Ubuntu, we'll be using the Kubuntu spin. Kubuntu is, as the name suggests, Ubuntu built with KDE. Its generally recommended to use Kubuntu exclusively but this install will work well enough. ‘As youive done before, start the process by making EED ‘As with the GNOME DE installation, mid-way SED othe sicmisuptodoteweh sudo apt-get’ MLE touch the KOePasma sal yell esked which Update && sudo apt-get upgrade. Display Manager you want to use. In mast cases the LightDM aption isthe most compatible with Ubuntu, mult-Des, set ups You can get KDE Plasma, or rather the Fle needed After you've picked the DM you wantto use ress ED 2st sour, by ercering sudo apt-get SMD ic arth instalation wl concnve ema ake ‘install kubuntu-desktop. You'l need to enter your password alittle while, depencing onthe speed of your system but when it’s toauthentcate the action and you'll need to press toacceptthe done they recommend that you reboot the computer visthe session somewhat heftysized1,300MB of packagesto be installed options or with sudo. reboot. BED sorts oetitne cute series volume 30Installing KDE Plasma Gl USING KDE KDE isa very different look and Feel to that of GNOME, Xfce or Unity, due to its cutting edge design. To that end, it's worth sharing a Few steps looking at how it all works. hen the compute has rebooted, as withthe other ERIM the avaiable widgets area great addition to stalled DEs weve looked a, those uses who KDE. They cover everything from clocks to auto-ogin will need to choose Log Out fromthe session options In launchers, media controls and calendars. widget canbe dragged the main Ubuntulogin page, click on the Unity icon (opaosite your from the available collection and onto the desktop, You can then username) and choose Plasma From the avalable options Enter _clck within the widget to configure asettng, suchas location For @ your password and KDE wll oad up weather widget sennDE may sorte doing Te ERREMER Te pon thy erm Suse anatomy of the desktop is made up of a bottom Sigs what you're used to in Unity. The file manager, for ‘panel, where you'll find your apps, file manager, last used ‘example, is called Dolphin in KDE and offers the user a selection commands/apps and lagaut/shutdowin options. of different views. tis essentially the same, ooking atthe same system layout but the aptions within are differen Tenerdenetttiecestoite vee | ERT) yoo aboot afew enn KOON Sia zontal bar menu located in the top left of the SUG ‘have in GNOME or Unity, For example, in Desktop screen Thesecton shons the desktop stings and alousyouto _Setingsyou can open the Pasa olin portato get new lock the curent session and og out lapers. Asa note, KDE doesn't behave wel within a VirtualBox setup IFyou want to test it's best to use onan actual compute add widget eo Bicone> Intermediate Linux: Getting More from Linux Installing LXDE ered ied t ea enamored ey ee Meee Mc nC meget Ne ei ie Ny pec erent cout cL LXDE OR LXQT? LXDE is the default desktop for Lubuntu and many other distros. However, LXQt isthe latest version (Lightweight QT Desktop Environment). So we have two options available to test this DE with Letsaeyraatnate ronal loconten, TERE we theiattn as rateyovbe back sui using the Lubuntu spin as the main packages. AS suas the command prompt; and again, whilst you can befor, tare with ssyterupdate check wth sudo apt-get smplylogouttoure the new DE rs recommended o reboot te syst Ether ue the sesion pons o Log Ost or enter Sudo ‘eboot into the Terminal, update && sudo apt-get upgrade. Since er going tobe usa Lubunt's packages. Those who auto oan wll ned to Log Ot rom eu? as you may have already guessed, Lubuntu is Suse the session options. When at the Ubuntu login ‘Ubuntu bul with the LXDE ar the OM, you need to enter the screen choose LXDE from the avaliable DES located atthe ty following nto the Terminal sudo“apt=get install Lubuntus ofthe screen, 2s Ubuntu'snow usin the Lubuntu DM LXOE is 8 esktop. Cick'y to accept the 370M of extra packages needed minimalist desktop, you can access your apps Fram the panel atthe For the instalation, bottom together with afile anager(installing LXDE Gl INSTALLING LXQT ‘The second option you have isto install and use the latest version of LXDE, LXQt. Youll notice a big difference with LX, with the way it looks and Feels ED ericcretercitaionsoutoicey ERI vedo nrwiayoxetoeonah toinsl Operox svandow managethtXQt__ youn apps song th thee manage anda the ether end uses. Check or any system updates, then enter: Sudo apt-get’ ofthe panelyou'l find the volume controls and any notification install openbox obconf. RRR nent station complete run sudo FEED retin tomatoe paclagesuith ¥ after the nal, reboot the ptem fromthe Widgets opto from the menu, Then, you can add appstos Quick Session options: fom the Terminal wit) Sudo reboot Launeharea, where there are four Workspaces valable by deft If you'te using an autodogin option for you The default ile manager for LXQes PCManF M.'s 2 BED 52 ccount,you'l nee to Lop Out from the LD is: uc very simple to se Fle manager thot wil Session options Since youre not using the Lubuntu packages the give you acessto allhe necessary les and Folder locations. may ‘Ubuntu login screen hasnt changed in appearance. Clickonthe _looksimple but 'sextremety fas. ‘Ubuntu icon opposite your username and choose LXQt Desktop From the options Cesar rey> Intermediate Linux: Getting More from Linux Installing Cinnamon EU ae eens eee Eee ic GNOME Shell. It's mostly used as the default DE for the popular Linux Mint (Cinnamon Edition) and has, since its release, been greatly improved by the community. A TOUCH OF CINNAMON Cinnamon 32s the latest edition and with it comes a wealth of new and updated Features. It really isa superb Desktop Environment, one that looks especially good on a modern system. Asyouareareac no doubt aware, he fishing we wth the repo added, en Sudo apt=get update sui ‘need to do is check that the core system is up to date Bugs torefresh the sources, then enter: Sudo" apt= wit sudo apt-get update 8B sudo apt-get Upgrade. get Install” einnanon There wil be around 20088 of aa {download and sta, ops whence ready everthing istaled reboot the ster vite eon vith sudo reboot. lay the deskto. ERED sorts oetitne cute series volume 30(_ Installing Cinnamon Gl USING CINNAMON DE Cinnamon looks different and behaves differently to Unity. There are @ number of Features worth looking into with this great DE, and once you've got the hang of them youl Find Cinnamon works a charm, Tretmvprosirotcenatotaeiton | EERE crranen aso us tots tes anbe sed Sia" «wallpaper, It's plain black background but we can Sua% from the Menu button. Applets are added to the change that by adding anew wallpaper. The sue appearstobe __panelatthe bottom ofthe desktop and, ke the Deskets, can vith adging Cinnamon to an Ubuntu setup i's nota big problem splay a variety of information, More ae availabe from online and the rest ofthe deskton works fine, sources va the Applets apo. Yewanacesatyorapsandsnensetogs IRI) evolve nape Cnnon aden Suse fram the panel at the bottom of the screen. The Sigs and easy to use file manager where you can get enubuttoninthe comer waksinthesame ways theWingows toate relevant ocaton thn the tem, a wel a enteral Startbutton. With open, you can search For apps andflles logout, network resources. You can add mare tbs (called Extra Panes in shutdown and access the system, Nemo) and alter the view ofthe main window and sidebar FER ch inocccuanntaonarccene. ERERPR, ‘ne snenseang wn acesciTon'evnns lke quote ofthe day. Within the app, there is scope to adé more DDesiets From various nln sources> Intermediate Linux: Getting More from Linux Installing MATE WEIN OMENS CN Mee aoe Ae feel of the previous GNOME 2. As a result MATE became a fork of the GNOME 2 project, trying to keep to the original look and Feel while still of fering the latest developments. 134 BEST MATE The easiest way to install MATE is by using the Ubuntu MATE spin build. There's an ISO available but for you with an Ubuntu build already set up it can be installed witha single command. PRP te officiel Ubuntu MATE releases abeadyin the Ubuntu soPtware sources. As always when adding ake sure you're loa anewelement, Fist check thatthe system is uptodate with: SUdO MATE From the a apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade. lable DEs and ente Pid the system up to date, enter: Sudo ape= Ubuntu MATE shoul BALE) Ger instott uiuntu-note-core uountue — aba ese cert waloapereanset ender ta fnate=desktop note te space between the Ubuntu mate-core es the system, fe and app8 slong the and ubuntu mate-deskeop options). Therelbe around 850MB.oF the screen: and logout, restart or shutdown From ether the System extra packages to download and install so be prepared incase your menuor te nobcation areain the top right corner system ia ittle slower than average. ubuntu MATEiseinewne COE HELLO, MATE MATEis a great Desktop Environment, I's quick and easy to use, while stil looking modern and quite sleek. Here are some highlights to look out For. used documents, TEED Se ciencnge eset icons EAB rou cnso tsonmetsto bus tarckground tolondup selection of walpapers You cane Apples Right clk the top panel olonedbyadd tone! change the Themes Ponts andthe ook of theintefaceromere. choose from he sof aatale esto nde Mepinatdedatonarnescensunceay EEA Faty.yousotosaten> wake tw Sia ‘opened, are displayed; they'll remain there until SUG bea presentation detailing the Features of Ubuntu ‘ecomer js the Workspace Switcher: four MATE. From here you can vist te Ubuntu MATE community, chat closed, Tothe right, in boxes representing the avalable tual desktops raomsand lookat the Software Boutique, as well as view othe areas ofthe project.Fun Things to do in the Terminal Despite the seriousness of an operating system, the Linux community, and therefore AVOUT UN oLo ME Kat TWD Nee CORD el UN ClO) ON AM NR OCR eK Cle) EDS OU U mem UeRerslCuu acon a MULE ey TERMINAL FUN You'll be working exclusively inthe Terminal For these next two sections, so open the Terminal up and start warming your Fingers. After all, all work and no play... asthe saying goes. ing the computer ead The Fist command we're going to uses. Iryouve ever fancies Sue? ‘not installed by default so enter: Sudo lapt=get SUEDE! a random fortune out to ven you're in luck, {install sl. thecommandcnberunwithslandunenexesteo Enter sudo apt-get install. Fortune when's istaled wil display a Steam Locomotive traveling across the screen (hence the command: Fortune. Every time you enter the command, youll get a Fortune, quate or usta thought fer the day Fansof str The Fev commandicertainy interesting. and at Sud the Terminal. By linking toa ren Suds First quite a useless addition to the OS. However tenet command, you can watch Episode V reste omereay unbreakable pasword Ee Played out, in ASC To view this spectacle, enter: telnet: RONeL ev, nowtype some text, when you press Enter next, everything blinkentights.nl Press ClsCto exityou're sticking to work utah possible SEP actors for a particular number, simply enter Factor folowed bythe number For example, Factore7 does oer whereas Factor 68 cisolys more FPP D Enver:sudo apt-get install consay. When the irstallation has Finished type in €OWSAy followed by ary text you want, such as comsay Ubuntu is_an face OSI. infact, fen output the ls command ty com, by entering! IS 1 comsay. Fun Things to do in the Terminal ry Ifyou realy want to expand the whole cow thing, SIERE) ‘then pipe the Fortune command through it, fortune icoHSay ond forthe graphicalcow equate Fortune: | xcowsay. Pls, there's avays cowthink. Ty: conthink ...This book is awesome, SCoCCCEOr “The command, BL, doesnt inspire much ERD ericence towever, Usnotasbadasitfist sounds, Start by naling tith- sudo apt-get instal tottet Th toilet Dovid en installed, type something along the lines of: Tofurtherthe cow element theres even 3 suey ‘graphical, i.e, nor-Terminal, cow available. install it with sudo apt-get install xconsay, heen enter something simi oconsay suchas Keowsay Ubuntu is an ace 0S! fee] sintaled PEPER) vending the toilet command, you can ‘generate some decent locking graphics through i For example, ty this totLet =F monol2. =F imetal David. You can enter toilet =-helbp, fora list ofthe command line arguments caMore Fun Things to do in the Terminal teeta tac SC Cu aly luck, We've put together another batch of some useful, some not so useful, commands for you to try out. MORE FUN, YAY Since the Terminal session is already open and your keyboard digits are nicely warmed up, here are another two pages of Terminal nonsense Remember the ld Spectrum days of computing Havinga itl rie cat chase yo Sue) shen you could type in 10 print "Helio", 20 goto 10 SUEDE! around the desktop may sound like stall oneko, th 1 mouse pointer erie AS ace. el keep going unt y type oneko to screen andthe fethe cat appear. M chase Use Ctrl+C fexiethe action, The Maric was one othe most grepicaly copied Ths entyisalitie more serous than the previous Sud films ever released; there's even a version of the Sus It’s called the Fork Bomb and what it does basically in Ubuntu install with: sudo apt-get install iowally replicate itself untlithas used up all the avaiable ‘onatrix When t'scone enter ematrix and Folow the white system resources, thus causing your computer to crash, You don rabbit, Neo, Unke the real Matrix though you can press Ctr} have to try it butt’ interesting nonetheless. Simply enter 2 toext 1:8 Fs andbe prepared toreboot BED sorts oetitne cute series volume 30PID seringing several commands end piping them through other commands is what makesscrgting such a powerful element to an OS, Using the while command) for example, together wit toilet, can yeld some impressive resuts Entorwhile true; do echo “S(date ‘+XD XT” | toilet -f term -F border --metal sleep 1; done Tang computers were the craze ofthe 0, eter Suse ‘sudo apt-get install espeak anc make sure your volume is turned up, When the installation is Fished use: espeak *Hello,, this is’ Ubuntu” tohave the compute Fepeat the txt inside the quotes to you ‘Aroaring ASC re tthe most useful command suey to have at your disposal, but it’s Fun, install it with: sudo"apt=get install. Libaa-bin, then when installed use: fafire. t's not exactly warming but you get the idea More Fun Things to do in the Terminal Gl sed a music demo from the old Aga and SHE ‘DOS days, the bb command reminds us of getting tld of three and half inch lopies crammed wth al maner of ‘demoscene goodies. Use: sudo apt=get install bb, tien run Bb. Follow the on-screen instruction an turn up your volume. suo to get hold of the right packages: Sudo" apt= get install Libcurses-pert. When thts donete 4 Dovnloads/ 8a nget_hetp:search.cpan.org/CPAN/ authors/(a/K/KB/KBAUCOM/Tert-Anination-2.4 tar.gz E tor “xf Term-Anination-2,4.tor.g2 88 c@ Term Anination-2.4/ Ther perl MakefLe.PL B& noke BE moke test 88 sudo make instal hat ite ot done onothe nest. Ener: SUP ‘88 wget http: ww. robobunny..com/ projects/asctiquariun/asel quart. tar.ge 8& tar Sif ascliquarium.tar.gz 8& cd ascliquariun1.1/ Eb cod 4x. aseliquaetin Provdng al went wel eter «Z ascl.quarium sen cbse aqua rretnucmanst QE> Intermediate Linux: Getting More from Linux Fine Tune Ubuntu Ubuntu is a trim and quick operating system compared to Windows but it too can be tweaked to eke a little more performance from it. Like most operating systems, Ubuntu Pe ee ee mem coe atau lial tiene ccs ma TWEAKING UBUNTU There are numerous tweaks you can apply to Ubuntu to help speed it up. Some will work a treat, others won't. It depends on your system and how it performs to begin with. Ubuntu uses partion called Swap that iwites Athoush Unity loks creat, an takets ol ona sui virtual memory data to. IF your computer has less. Suase ‘system that's not quite up to scratch. That being the than 4G oF RAM, then this step will work: Opena Terminaland cas, the 3D visual effects can be eliminated simply by using another enter: sudo’ gedit. /etc/syScEL..conf: thi willaunch Gedit. _Desttop Environment, such a5 LXDE o¢ Xfce, Consider using these Scrol down to the bottom ofthe page adding: # Decrease DES orinstaling Xubuntu or Lubunt ‘Swapiness, then under that: mn, swappiness=10. Save, exit and reboot. Changing he swappiness to Oreduces the swap Windows uses know that imine star up euler partition writing overhead, Another tip involving SUPA) applications impacts the computer start times. I's the RAMIsto reduce the inode cache. Doing so will free up memary the same fer Ubuntu too. Youcattimitthe startup apps by default, for other applications. before, eter: Sudo gedit Zetc/ soenter: ed: /et¢/xdg/autostart/ folowed by: sudo sed sysctl. conf. Then atthe bottom add: # Improve cache =-in-place *s/NoDisplay=true/NoDisplay=false/a” ‘management and under thet: vm.vFS_cache_pressure=50. _*.desktop. Save, ext and eboot eon, UntickiFyourcomputerhas more tan 468 RAM, you can SEP move the /tmp (temporary files) to a virtual RAM area Start byenteng sudo cD -v /ush/share/systend/ tmp.nount /etc/systend/systen/, hen enter sudo systenctl enable” tap.ftount Reboot the system ad see iElmproves the overaliperfrmance remember though, ony you have moe than 4GB of RAM memory. IF forsome reason mouing the temporary flesto virtual RAM area has anegative impact on your Ubuntu set ov /etc/systend/systen/ tmp .nount and there ace times when itean despite having ample RAM installed, you can easly undo averything by entering: Sudo" rm There are times when an app in Ubuntu can fal SHE crash and hang up the system, or at least 4.000 hunkf, Youve lead looked a the kl om Terminal 1 rom the identifyed the rouge app and used the PID tok it However, there's also the XKELL command. Type XKGTL and click ‘onthe app that's crashed (pen the Das searching fr ‘ak’, Clk onthe SuEPo Disks icon (the one with the hard drive and sp then ickthe thre horizontal barsinthe upper rit Goto rive igs then te wt Cache tab Side the tab to On for Enable te ache Dolng sofas advantages uta los n power ca loseanta “The app cal preload isa read-ahead too tha suey will run in the background and intelligently cache the most used application, making them tar faster Tointall enter sudo apt-get install. preload advhen the app instal exec twit: Sudo reload, To see hats acing, Feboot Ubuntu and use: sudo Less /var/Lib/preload/ preload. state ULEAD ro onic cerromoneot uur Using anSSD stead of a wadonal hard ive peed up the ete Sistem sigan. Lites naling ore memory sa postive enhancement ei sing 2 dedicated ofp cata st remembet to visit the Additional Divers section in Software and Updates For any new hardware drivers.~ > Intermediate Linux: Getting More from Linux) Connecting to Windows Shares One of the often misjudged remarks about Linux in generals its inability to communicate WRI ee Riri eNom aren ie etnE en Te Tem simply wrong. You can happily use Ubuntu and access any Windows-based shared resources. ACCESSING SHARES ‘Accessing Windows Shares and even shared network devices such as NAS are easy to set up and use with Ubuntu, You can even make the share permanently accessible, Tocomect Yovve jst crested Windows share, 50 you Sie" toa . Sia need to get on the Ubuntu computer to connect to vindowsstare Ubuntu Set So> ar Fai Gms The ast methadone vp Flee manage hen rom Wsesthesombesetch tenant the seebarcickonthe's Otter orn Ine networking protocols, a tiytomate ecomection, | Sea Let's start with a quick -_ beer ax = example. Ona Windows water om ZB bow ew PC, create a share, either = eet, ee tee net ee tear Pe Détearfaerand oy —e enable it as shared by =~ + Dewnionds raheclcing then nite laa Properties > Sharing > Sano! Petes ‘vanced Shatin, Soememneeientattencen || [Stace Inthe Sieve ‘Advanced Sharing window tick the Share ThisFolderbox and enter aname for the shared resource. Youcan also add any comments tahelptoidentify the resource onthe network, Cleckonthe Ok button ‘when you're done, then Close for the resource Propertis window, Cnce that nk hasbeen lke Ubuntu beginto Si) auto-scan the local network For advertised, shared resources Youan opto go hough te Windows Network nk tha'sinthe min section of Fes, but thats often tan ms especialy youhavesecuredthe resources behind areal Instead, ook othe Connect ta Server area sows ee ae Stes une0There re two methods you can use to connect tos With uckyou should now be connected ote SUE? indows share: by the server and share name or by BEG share, From here you can drag and drop content the Padres, Frstyou needthe connecting protocol sm Inthe orcreate content rom both computers I Forsome e850 ConnecttoSererboxenter SHB, thismeansyoUreshngsmbto connection coucit be exablsed, check the permission rom the Connect toa nonocal esoree indo, hath connecting oer haul Can oer he shored olde. Next, ad the server name, whichis the name Yous can aso connect athe share by using the PCs sere the Windows computer as seen on the network, SuEPo IP address, smb:ipaddress/Ubuntu. In your example, followed bya forward ash, thenthe nome ofthe share that the Padres ofthe Windows es 192168561, ste connection Youjustcreted Sothe endresit,inyouresamse, woudbe: would ea s192, 168,56, 4/Ubunt Ths sls mos often $nibiwindows/Ubuntu, You'ineedto change theserverandshare Used when conecing to NAS uns and ather network shares hat names cording are non crosat crested Clckenthe Connectbuton or pres Ener. You Teconnecto shares the Terminal ta by Sule? now be asked to authenticate yourself for the Su installing cifs (another protocol), Sudo apt= stare-voullneedtoenteryourusername andpaswordthat you geRVHRSEAUELS. Then crest amount poh n bunt ioginto Windows withhere not Ubuntu Youcanalsocickonthe Sudo mkdir: ¢media/naneoFshare, replacing nameoshare Remember Forever adobiitonto add theuserrame andpassword with you own sare name Now mount shared resource sudo tothe Ubuts Reng passwords andy database noun ~t cis windons/Ubuntu /media/Windows -0 Usernaneedavid elacng eveything with you" dtl The share vnlbeloested st fmedia/naneof share ww bdpuaionscom rretnucmanst QE> Intermediate Linux: Getting More from Linux Creating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks — Part 1 ‘Asyou advance with Linux you'll eventually want to start creating your own automated Lec cee cele a een MCS Eset aco clea ACL ay the same way as a DOS Batch file does. GET SCRIPTING A Bash script is simply a series of commands that Ubuntu willrun through to complete a certain task. They can be simple or remarkably complex, it all depends on the situation. You'll working within the Terminal and wth 2 Tobegin wth and before you start wie any Sue?) text editor throughout the coming pages, There are SUEDE! scripts, you'll need to create a Folder where you ateratvestothe text ector hich wellioakatinamomert but’ canputallthe srpts to Star with maim SeripES and enter forthe sie oF eas, you'lbedoingthe examplesin Ged Before te flder ed script/. Tew be your werking older and youbegin however, run through the customary update check sudo) From here you can creste sub Folders if you want ofeach script ‘apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade, that's created There are severaltext corse canuse to create indows veri be aware thatinorde fora Sieve a Bash script: Gedit, Vi, Nano, Vim, GNU Emacs and Sus batch file to work, as in be executed and follow the soon the ental comes dovn:opersond preference Ouruse programming within t need tohaveaBaT Fe extenson, Linux of Gets purely due tomaking it easerto read the script inthe _isanextensioness operating system, however, the convention isto screenshots you see below. ‘ie scriptsa sh extension. BLCreating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks ~ Part 1 Gl Letsstat wth osinple sci to outut somethin Wen joven aah, youl ate ta the SUED tre terminal enter-gedtt hetlowortd. SULEEED cworiash script has now turned from being Sh ThswillauncnCedtansrete afte caledhelawordsh in. white togree, rearing Ut stow enexecabe Ton edit, enter the folowing: #E/Bin/Zbash, then on anew line: @cho| the script in ather words make it do the things yau ve typed inti Hello World! enter ./heLloworld. sh ‘The HY/DUnVbash ne teste system what Sel Although Ws not tery exci, the suse you're going to be using, in this case Bash. The hash SuePo rid" should now be displayed in the ‘ denctesa comment ine one thats gnoredbythe yer; the The cho command i respnable or outputting the words afer 8 asoHiehbang ds "Hello ‘You can sve tis, cing he Save button in Think echo asthe old BASIC Print command. suey the corner of Gedit and exit back to the Terminal, Sue will display either text, number or any variables Entering US wilrevealthe scrptin the older. To make any script _thatarestored nthe system, suchas the current system date.Try executable, and able to run, youl need to modify its permissions. ths example: echo Hello World! Today is $Cdate 4XA). Do this wth chmod 4x heLloworLd.sh, You needtodo this with The S{date +34) calling the system variable that stares the every script created current day ofthe weekBD) :erreciate Linux Getting More from Linux Creating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks — Part 2 Inthe last section we looked at creating your first Bash script, Hello World and adding a system variable. What we'll do nowis expand the use of variables, and see what you can OMe Senn Mere ne Nee ann tence 146 VARIABLES ust asin every other programming language a Bash script can store and call certain variables From the system, either generic or user created, a bgetnsanenscipcalesteo:h geste) ETRE The os Sierd i€LLO.SH. In it enter: #1/bin/bash, then, echo: ED snc HELIO" SL Save thetic andext Gea Back nthe Termingimake thats the script executable with: chmod +x helLo.sh holds Dave Cferent:./hello.sh Ubuntu, snow executable uni ih You an even rename variables Mody the hel Sui ‘sh script with the following: firstnames$1 wever fyounow ksve the surmane+S2, echo Hello Sfirstnane Ssurnane (uth tochstatement on the spt and entbackint tyr Zell. sh David the TeminalCreating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks Part 2 Gl then you run the script now there are two custom You can expand things Further. Create anew SURED 3 :scic: /retlo.sh David Hayward BMD icc greetings. sh enerthe scripting es Naturally changing the two variables with your own name; unless below inthe screenshot, save tand make't executable with the you'e aso caled David Hayward, At the moment you're jst ‘mod command, Youl notice there are a few new adeltions to the printing the contents, so now expand the two-variable use itl, Create anewscipt cle adatX0n:sh ve aded ant the eco command here Suse using the same Format as the hello sh script but sig? which will leave the cursor on the same line as the changing thevarble names Here youcanadSFStnUbeR and question intend ofa new tn. The Read command storesthe ets drthmetc by pacing aninteger expression: echo: The sums’ later inthe st echo, the Clear command cers the screen ScCSfestrunbersSsecondnuber)), Sve test ond make ‘executable Cehinod x oda tion, sh) fee When you now rn heaton sh script you can ‘Asa final addon, include the dat vale tha suey enter two numbers; s/addition.sh 2, The Sue ‘you used in the last section, Amend the last line result will hopefully be 3, ith the Terminaldsolayng'Thesumis _ofthescripttaread- ech Hello Sfirstname Ssurnane, how 3.Tryitwithafewdfferent numbersandsee what happens. See are you on this fine $(date +#A)?. The output should also you can alter the script and rename it'd multiplication splay the current day ofthe week calling it from a system variable and subtraction! ww bdpuaionscom rretnucmanst @ZyBD) :erreciate Linux Getting More from Linux Creating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks — Part 3 SMe ara Creu Ma eee ce ere [armel esses otc Erte ee eee RO ea a eae ogee Role Looe ee are yyy ret on Now let's combine what you've done so far and introduce Loops. 148 IF, THEN, ELSE ‘As with most programming structures there will come a time when you'll ned to loop through the commands you've entered to create better Functionality, and ultimately a better program. ; ormaybe Greeting2.shsa copy of aneeting.sh but SAGE si cirerence. rere weve aed soon atthe Fetatemen David the next tne cave ellutputto Risa)MORE LOOPING Creating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks — Part 3 Gl ‘You can loop over data using the FOR, WHILE and UNTIL statements. These can be handy if you're batch naming, copying or running a script where a counter is needed, Create anew script called countess. Enter the tet inthe screershat below, save ft and make it executable, This creates the variable count, that atthe beginning ofthe script equals zero. Then start the WHILE loop, which WHILE countis ess than the LT part) 100 il pin the current value of count nthe echo command, e1/ete/bash white £ scount Lt 106 FPIB The UNTIL loop works much the same wayas the WHILE oop only, more often than not, in reverse, So our counting to @ hundred, using UNTIL, would be: unt. Scount =gt: 100 15. do. The difference being, UNTIL count, ‘greater than (the at part ane hundred, keep on looping xen the counts sept west the Suse numbers 0 to 99 listing down the Terminal screen; when eeaches 100 the cot wil end Medying the cpt wth he FORtatement works inmuchthesame way. Touseleh youre enue the text rom he screenshot the counts sep. The on youhae heels: for out tn GUE?) {0:910}5) do. Which means: FOR the variable count Nth nymbestromzovo to one unde tense lop herestothesertistesame inthis end he same cath soul appeernte Termin eer count (8380): You're not limited to numbers zero to one hundred thine loop, you can have whatever set of commands youlike and execute them as many times as you want the laop ta run Fr: renaming a million Files, creating fifty Folders et. For example, tis script wil create ten folders named folder? through to Foider10 using the FOR loon. (00300 de Using the FOR statement once more, you can execute the counting sequence by manipulating the {0.100} part. This section of the code actually means (START. END. INCREMENN, if there's no increment then 'ust a single digi upto the END, For example, you could ge the loops to count up to 1000 intwo'swith: For count in {0..100..2}; do.> Intermediate Linux: Getting More From Linux Creating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks — Part 4 We've already encountered some user interaction with our scripts, asking what the user's name is and so on; and we've looked at creating loops within the script to either count or STUPOR Moc Tere k Melee eel coe CHOICES AND LOOPS Here is another command, CHOICE, along with some nested IF and ELSE statements. Start by creating a new script called scheme too, Hyotfolawehesiternyarticonoe REA Yoana aroukog nde themes Sieve the hang of what's going on, based an what we've Su ‘set up in the script. Each choice is an extemal adready covered, WHILE, IF, and ELSE, with the Fi closing loop ‘command that'll feedback various informatio, Play around withthe statement will-un through the options and bring you Back othe commands and choices and see what you can come up with,’ bit star ifyou pickthe wrong option, beyond what youve looked at butt aves a good idea of what can be achieved. BEET 22s ee ct sts ouneeCREATING A BACKUP TASK SCRIPT (_ Creating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks ~ Part 4 Gl One of the most well used examples of Bash scripting i the creation of a backup routine, one that will automate the task as well as adding some customisations along the way. Avery baba cit would ook something Sia along the lines of: #/bin/bash. then, tar evfz' “/oackss/ny-backip. toe ~/Daconents/ Tha lleste 2 compressed fle backup ofthe Documents Fler uth everyting nt and put alae cled backs withthe name myc f/atn/oseh far cvfz"/bachaps/ny-backup.t9e -/Docunen Conc the backs folders created, you cn Sua% now create a new subfolder within it based on the Time Stamp variables you setup a the begining. Addmkt==p Sdest/"Sday $month $year”. t's in here that youll put the backup file relevant to thet davimonth/vear. he perfec fine youcan mate the simplest Suse alot more interactive. Begin with defining some variables. Enter the text in the screenshot inzoa new backupsh Script. You notice that we've misspelt source as sauce’ thsis because there's already a builtin command calles source‘hence the ferent spelling on our part oo [oocunents “The previous script entries allowed youto create Sue? a Time Stamp, so you know when the backup was taken Youabocrested ces verb whieh the folder where the back ele crested /beckns) Youcan now aca section of cade to ist check the~Pbckups folder ents, Fro thenitl rate one ith eventhngin place, you can now ener the Sigs actual backup routine, based on the Tar command from Step. Combined ith te varibles you have: kan ev Sdest/*Sday Seonth Syear*/OocinentsBackip.tg2 Ssauce ithe sreestot, weve added shan "Now backing Up.” ech command finaly, youcan aa rendy message: eh Sine “Backup complete. All done..." The completed script isn too overcompieyandcan Dees customised to include any folder within your Home area, as wellas the entire Home area iseBD) :erreciate Linux Getting More from Linux Creating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks — Part 5 The backup script can be Further amended to incorporate choices and user-interaction MEA Me ret ia tele nr cr tatotty main benefits of Bash scripting; simple scripts can help in many ways. EASY AUTOMATION AND HANDY SCRIPTS A script sa better answer than entering line after line of commands to retrieve system information, Find a file or rename batch of Files. fay the Ubuntu achof Terminal rove, al der the led: Sysinfo.sh and enter theallowing ‘ate heading, You can include a the current ditor of your choice being used in the sytem, the ime and date and so information into a handy HTML fn, Plus, you cou! ve included a couple of extra commands in th The firstisthe-e extension for echo, ths 31;43m element enable For othe lourforforegraund and background. ent putes thad 5 a pasa pace he ton govguts 15 thenCreating Bash Scripts and Automating Tasks~ Part 5 Gl then executed the script walt forinput From the user, in this case the Fe extension, such 3¢ Jpg, mp4 and so on ts not very Friend, though, Make ta ttle friendlier by Adding an echo, with: echo’ =n “Please enter the extension of the file you're looking for: before the read command, st Here'san interesting fun inf scit sng the bud app espeak. Install espeak with: Sudo" apt=get! {installs espeak then ecerthetex below nt anew seit Caled speak sh As you can sees rehash the est greeting Supe thatyou ran. Only tstine, ses the vates nthe espeak output. /otn/bash The output From ‘of course, be mixed together, bringing diferent effects ‘cepending on what you want to the output tosay. For example, hie text in aed background Flashing (rbiinking). Sadly the blinking effect doesn’t work on all Terminals so you may needto change toa different Terminal hist we're on making ancy serps how abu SuEPo using Zenity to output a graphical interface? Enter belo to new cp, ams Male executable an then tint You sud have a copl of dalgue boxes ppea ol byafina message colours inthe output for scripts. Whilst twauld take toolong to gate deeper into the colo options here's scrip that will output whats available, Create anew script called colours.sh and enter the below tex ito it ile garngina Bosh scripts something Sue that’s often touched upon, itis entirely possible, albetaitle basic you Fancy playing a game, enter Wget hnetp:bruxy. regnet .c2/Timx/housenko/nousenka. sh take the sept executable and unit sin Plsh wen by Marin Bruchanoy but wee sure youcan mod inthe le screen inbacees 153Gaming on Ubuntu ete eo ecu ee eae Pee ea Ee clait a cen ec to Linux gaming. But what kind of system do you need for decent Ubuntu gaming? GAME ON! Building an Ubuntu gaming system can be Frustrating. Afterall it depends on what kind of games you want to play and what drivers are available for the hardware. mponents, for obvious il determine how Fst the system works, including gaming. A. good entry level modelis an AMD Athion X4 860K priced at around €64. Whereas anexcelent mid-range CPU would be re i-6100, at around £110. cout what kind oF games anintel you plan to play ent. here are thousands of tiles avaiable, that cover everthing fro third person st hefty memory cost at times. 8B is noun in terms of performance and leis Cuca Balls Sport GB kit,‘Monitor: The monitors often averiooked when it comes ta gaming, as most any monitor will ouput the game's ‘raph. Some monitors, though are better than athe. gaming specie monitor tamost aspects ofthe overall asa low system; but a5 youstart to refresh rate, look for higher capaci, maltipteinpats the price soon ies A and agjstable geod midlevel choice ergonom would bea 42068 SSO, Ben RLZ460HT such asa Sandisk 2610, 24inch m mens, at £145 isa good rmid-evel gamers. wilgreatly depend on he ype af CPU yougo Fr. ideally you want one that has aPcre 20 x16siotavalable, a isis where youll lace a dedicated ‘graphics card. A good example is an ASRock HBIM HDS 20 (for intel CPUs) that costs around £50, Bp coxnecsewet RB recterc Agnrinaheband arouse may ser aitie BED) ccesaryburagood par wad eanre programmable, Ina kes andbuters cD gig eect ena drab anon trgonomc dei The Cole Nase Se Dever eoardand muse at a0 sane anole (PU:Graphies Cards are the ving Force behind gaming tha dedicated GPU, youllbe able to outputHD and even 4K gaming resolutions. Obviously, itsperformance comesat a price ‘Anexcellent modein chalce ican Nvidia GTX-1050, priced at around €110.I¢'s generally agreed that Nvidia cardshave better Linux ckivers than AMD, resulting in etter performance. ww bdpuaionscom rretnumanst @ER4 » Intermediate Linux: Getting More from Linux) Where to Get Games for Linux Tee ns nes es re eet circa hg Reet cue Ute hicem ee Cote eric] titles. From these locations and repositories, you can Find some great gaming. 156 LOADING GAME... We've tied down @ Few ofthe good, working repos and sites that Feature a number of genres forthe Ubuntu installation we're Using. Whatever type of game you're into, you can find it among these. coorecamesnepatcnsctecionctaic, ERIE Pisce 2ioreotelasezrentireot Sed desktop-type games. First check For any system SUEDE! ‘Ubuntu games available. You need to add the updates: Sudovopt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade, — PlayDeb repositories by opening Software & Updates via a Dash thensun sudo apt-get install gnone-games. Openthe search, then Other Software > Add and enter: deb htED:// Dash > Applications Lens, ond change the iter to Games, archive.getdebnet/ubuntu yakkety-getdeb games Click Add Source, nd enter your password. Then: wget =@) == http://archive.getdeb.net/getdeb-archive.key | ‘sudo apt=key_ add with the Terminal EPEC CELE Tewbanunetnaeretveansntnes iter ERA Nw nits owner) Sieve natively available games for the scent version Sus ubuntu/16.10/ and click on the Install This Now of Ubuntu. Vistwuvehelp.ubunts.com/communty/Games/ button der the game you ant to nstal nly. Thal open NativeFreeUbuntucamesandyounaeachoce ofthityone the Lune Applian window elk onthe Open Lnkutton ciferee games Just folow the Inks prowdedandthe onscreen contive. Next, oUTeaseato tal he atonal sofware chk instructonstoinstal tem Ina when eody ardent our assur DM Dative Gude Series Volume 30The Ubuntu ps Directory hasa hse lit of games SEP available, 834 at the time of writing to be exact. Allyou need todos navigate to wwwapps.ubunt Intermediate Linux: Getting More From Linux 158 Retro Gaming in Linux Meee er cle emne ce eeEAoy Pie eM Oat eran reheat aoa) the latest, greatest games. Linux, also makes Fora marvellous retro gaming platform. RETRO REVIVAL ‘There are emulators available For Linux that cover almost all ofthe classic home computers and consoles, including some old os games. (D0SBoxis an emulato forokg D055 cas The ZX Spectrum was a much loved Bish home sui that’s remarkably accurate and supports hundreds: suas puter From the’80s. thas a huge international cf class. Toinstalit Fist check For ary sytem updates Sudo ing, despite its quirkiness and thousands oF games are apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade Then, simply avaliable to download and pay. Start by entering: Sudo’ apt=get: run-sudo apt=get install dosbox When tsinstaled,open instal U fuse-emulator=gtk. This wl instal the base Fuse Up the Dash and search For DOS, clk he icon and Fellow the on emulator but you need a vald ROM First, which ithe actual OS of screeninstuctions. the Spectrum. To gethold of a valid ROM, enter the Following ‘The SEGA Mega Drive (or Genesis) was one ofthe ED 3 domicads/ se wget http://w. ED cco 16btconses Toemulotel cop shadowmagic.org.uk/spectrum/rons/48.rom.zip 88 o Terminal and enter: ed BownLoads/- 88 wget https:// Unzip 48.ron.2ip. Drop beckto Home, cd ~andcresteanew sourceforge. net/projects/dgen/files/dgen/1.33/dgen= folder mkdir .spectrum-roms. Copy the downloaded 48.om _sd1.=1,33.tar.ge/dowriload, then: tar =xF downoad. intothe new folder ep =/Downloads/48.rom =/.spectrum= You need another package Fst, nstal twit: sude apt-get ‘oms. Open Fuse fom the Dash. To find gamesand 8OMsmanualy, install Libsdl1.2-dev. Now enter: cd dgen=sdl=1.33/. theyre found at www.shadewmagicorg.uk/spectrumy/roms.htmlThe paclage needs tobe but from source, so SEP use: ./configure && make && sudo make {install Onc the pacagehas been bu you canvun the emulator from within the dgensd'.33 folder, with ge Fllowed bythe name of tre Megs Ore gpme ROM. Flintuctone canbe Found ot hetp/ldgen sourceforge nt) S126 predecessor, was a great 8-bit console with SECC CED a ‘The Commodore 61 was the rvalto the 2x SD cimintne Ue Athoroushiyexclen machine, ou can emulate itusing VICE First enter: Sudo! apt= get install vice into the Terminal. Yuneed a valid C64 ROM, Soentered /usr/Lib/vice && sudo mkdir temp && cd ‘temp. Now use: sudo wget hEtp://ww,zimmers.net/ anon ftp/pub/cbn/crossplatform/emulators/VICE/vice= 2.4.tar.92. Retro Gaming in Linux Qa What youve just downloaded isthe sourcecode SHE for VICE, that contains the valid ROM, Enter: SUd6! tan vaxF vice-2.4.tar.gz 88 cd /ust/Lib/vice/tero/ lce=2,4/data/G647, You now need to coy the system ROMS sudo cp basic chargen kernal. /usr/Lib/vice/C64/ Ek cd /use/lib/vice/teno/vice-2.4/da¢a/DRIVES/. Bk sudo cp diS4IT d157icr dos* /usr/lib/vice/DRIVES/ 88 cd /usr/Lib/vice/tenp/vice-2.4/dato/PRINTER/ 8k sudo cp cbai526 mpsB01 mps803 n110-cbm /usr/lib/ \ice/PRINTER/ Drop back a: cA 7USP/IAB/VLER/ ad dle the SuEPo temp folder: Sudo nm =n ‘temp. First you can saree emutor to reste asetng le uth X64, then goto Settings > Save Settings, lick OK and ex VIC. Ifyou have a game, can simply use: x64SC nameof game toloadit “The NES sls avaiable as an emulated console Su in Ubuntu, In a Terminal enter: sudo apt=get" instalLrzsnes, Open the Desh and seach for Zanes, then follow the onscreen instruction to load up a game.