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7.1 Answers: Remembering
7.1 Answers: Remembering
7.1 Answers
Remembering
1 Law of reflection: Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, i = r.
2 a A transparent substance allows light to pass through it without absorbing the light.
b Possible answers include glass, water, Perspex, cling wrap.
3 Refraction: When a light ray bends as it passes from a substance of one optical density into a
substance of a different optical density.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Understanding
7 a Refraction: When a light ray bends as it passes from a substance of one optical density into a
substance of a different optical density.
b Total internal reflection: When a light ray travelling in an optically dense substance attempts
to pass into a substance that is less optically dense but, instead, is reflected back into the
original substance.
c Critical angle: The angle of an incident light ray that will cause the light to refract exactly 90°
to the normal. Light incident at angles greater than the critical angle will undergo total
internal reflection. Light incident at angles less than the critical angle will pass through the
interface and undergo refraction.
8 Bike reflectors are shaped so that the angle of the incoming light is always greater than the
critical angle. This allows the light from the car behind to be reflected back, making the reflector
appear to be shining bright red. There is no need for a mirror (see Figure 7.1.8).
9 a The light will be refracted along the diamond and air boundary.
b The light will undergo total internal reflection, being reflected back into the diamond.
c The light will pass out of the diamond and into the air and be refracted away from the normal.
10 Refraction occurs in air when there are layers of air at different temperatures. Layers of air at
different temperatures have different optical densities.
11 any solar-powered device; e.g. solar-powered calculator, solar-powered lamps, emergency
telephones
Applying
12 a towards the normal
b towards the normal
c towards the normal
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
13
14
Analysing
15 Similarities:
• Reflection and refraction both change the direction of light.
• Neither refraction nor reflection absorb light.
Differences:
• Reflected light always travels in the same substance, whereas refracted light passes through
different substances.
• Reflected light always travels at the same speed, whereas refracted light changes speed.
• Reflected light is always at the same angle from the normal, whereas refracted light changes
its angle from the normal.
16 C
17 a The car is travelling fastest on the bitumen.
b Sand has the higher ‘refractive index’.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Evaluating
18 No, reflection must obey the law that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence,
whereas this is never true with refraction. Also, refraction requires that the light passes into a new
substance, whereas reflection implies that the light ray stays in the original substance.
19 a Scratches on optical fibres will cause the light travelling through the optical fibre to travel less
efficiently. This means that data sent through scratched optical fibres may be noisy, corrupted
or not transmitted at all.
b Optical fibres work by passing light along the fibre through totally internal reflection. This
requires that the surface of the fibre be very smooth. Scratches on the surface of the optical
fibre would prevent the light from being reflected. Instead, the light might be scattered or
escape from the fibre.
20 a Optical fibres have only a small diameter so can detect light only from a small area. As a
result, fibres need to be bundled in endoscopes with each fibre carrying a small part of the
image, together making up the whole image.
b In an endoscope, other optical fibres are used to shine light onto what the doctor needs to see;
e.g. the inside of the stomach. The light then reflects off the stomach and into the bundle of
optical fibres, which feeds the light out and forms an image.
21 a Optical fibres can be used in endoscopes to look inside the human body without the need for
surgery. They can also be used to shine high-powered laser light into parts of the body to
remove blockages in arteries, damaged cells, tumours etc.
b Optical fibres can replace some surgical techniques, such as investigative surgery to look
inside the stomach, intestines, lungs etc. They can also replace some open heart surgery
procedures by using lasers to remove damaged cells in the heart. They may even replace
cancer treatment by applying radiation directly to a tumour inside the body.
c Optical fibre technology means that many medical procedures can be done more quickly,
more cheaply, less invasively and with less discomfort and shorter recovery time for the
patient.
Creating
22 a
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Suggested answers
1 The greater the angle of the ruler, the more the ruler appears to bend.
2 The ruler appears to be larger under water because of the light rays bending as they pass
through one medium into another.
3 The more water that is in the bowl, the higher the coin appears to be, allowing a clearer image of
the coin.
7.2 Answers
Remembering
1 concave and convex.
2 a
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Understanding
4 a Focal length: The distance from the lens to the focus; i.e. the point through which all parallel
light rays pass or appear to pass in the case of a convex lens.
b Principal axis: The line that passes through the centre of a lens.
c Myopic: Short-sighted; i.e. when the focal length of the lens of the eye is too short and the
image forms in front of the retina.
d Hyperopic: Long-sighted; i.e. when the focal length of the lens of the eye is too long and the
image forms beyond the retina.
5 Unlike real images, a virtual image cannot be projected onto a screen and, therefore, cannot be
seen at the movies.
6 a Real images formed by convex lenses are always smaller than the original object.
b Virtual images formed by convex lenses are always bigger than the original object.
c Concave lenses can form only virtual images.
d Images in a concave lens are always the right way up.
e Virtual images in a convex lens are always the right way up.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
7 a When an object is further than the focal point of a convex lens, the image is real, diminished
and inverted and appears on the opposite side of the lens. When the object is brought closer,
the image blurs as the object passes through the focal point and then becomes virtual,
magnified, upright and is formed behind the object.
b For an object beyond the focal length of a concave lens, its image is virtual, diminished and
upright. As the object is brought closer, the image gets bigger but these properties remain the
same.
8 A lens or a mirror can focus sunlight on a specific spot. Therefore, by angling the lens towards
the Sun and focusing the light rays into a small area you can intensify the heat coming from the
Sun and start a fire.
9 a A myopic eye focuses the image in front of the retina, so concave glasses are used to diverge
the light rays before entering the eye so that they take longer to converge and are therefore
focused on the retina.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
b A hyperopic eye focuses the image beyond the retina, so convex glasses are used to converge
the light rays before entering the eye so that the image is focused on the retina.
Applying
10
11
12 a Convex lenses are converging; i.e. the light rays passing through them converge to a single
point.
b Concave lenses are diverging; i.e. the light rays passing through them diverge.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
2 cm 6 cm 3
5 cm 20 cm 4
25 mm 5 mm 0.2
16 mm 4 mm 0.25
8 mm 160 mm 20
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Analysing
20 A convex lens produces enlarged images only when the object is within one focal length. A lens
will never produce an enlarged image of the Moon because the Moon is so far away. It will
always be further than one focal length away from the lens.
Evaluating
21 The objective lens should be thin because the rays coming from a distant object are almost
parallel, so only need to be converged slightly in order to produce an image. However, the
eyepiece should be thick in order to converge the light rays rapidly from the image to the eye.
Creating
22
23 a concave mirror
b The image is real, diminished and inverted.
c
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Suggested answers
1 convex
2 Smaller drops are more curved.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
4 As the object gets closer to the lens, the real image on the opposite side of the lens gets further
away from the lens and becomes larger. When the object is at the focal point, the image is at an
infinite distance away and is infinitely large. With a concave lens, the image is always virtual
and becomes larger as the object approaches the lens.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
7.3 Answers
Remembering
1 Sun or light globe
2 triangular prism
3 dispersion
4 red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet
5 scattering
6 a red, green and blue
b cyan, magenta and yellow
7 a magenta
b red
8 a red, green and blue
b cyan, magenta, yellow and black
9 magenta and yellow
Understanding
10 Sunsets and sunrises are caused by scattering in which molecules of gas and dust particles in the
atmosphere alter the direction of light rays. The dust and gas is better at scattering blue light than
red light, which is why the sky usually appears blue. The red light escapes into space. At sunrise
and sunset, when sunlight travels further through the atmosphere, almost all of the blue rays are
scattered and the light that reaches us is mainly red or orange.
11 A primary rainbow has red at the top and blue at the bottom. A secondary rainbow has the reverse
effect on the colours, so that the bottom band is red.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
12 A colour television screen can simulate all colours by using the three primary colours red, blue
and green. The screen is coated in patterns of dots called pixels and each pixel contains cells of
each of the primary colours. When an electron strikes each cell they become excited and glow.
Your eyes then combine the colours from each of the glowing cells in each pixel to construct the
different colours.
Applying
13 C
14
15 a blue
b green
c black
16 Black will heat up the quickest because it absorbs all the colours of light unlike white, which
reflects all the colours of light, or the green car, which only absorbs blue and red light.
Evaluating
17 The light energy absorbed by the filter is converted to heat energy.
18 Water droplets behave like tiny prisms in the sky and as each drop catches the Sun’s rays, light
refracts (bends), breaking it up into its various wavelengths, creating a rainbow.
19 Rainbows are formed by light entering a water droplet and undergoing total internal reflection re-
emerging from the droplet. Therefore, rainbows can be seen only when the Sun is behind you and
only from light rays that strike the back of the water droplet at angles greater than the critical
angle of 42°.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Creating
20 a
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Suggested answers
1 green and magenta, red and cyan, blue and yellow. These combinations are called
complementary colours.
2 the difference in the intensity of colours in the filters
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Possible results
Students will achieve various colour combinations depending on which pigments they mix.
Suggested answers
1 Different combinations of pigments will produce different combinations of colours. Answers will
vary.
2 There are no more colours left to reflect, as all colours have been absorbed.
Chapter answers
Remembering
1 When a light ray travelling in air strikes a glass boundary, it is refracted towards the normal. The
speed of the ray in the glass is slower than it is in air.
2 a False, not if it strikes the boundary at 90°.
b True
c True, but only if the substance has different optical densities, such as warm and cold air.
d False
e True
3 transmission of data, endoscopes
4 a cyan
b green
5 a magnified virtual image
b diminished virtual image
6 a movie projector
b magnifying glass
7 a one
b two
Understanding
8 a Two uses for optical fibres are data transfer and medical applications, such as endoscopy.
b Data transfer: Optical fibres may be used to replace copper wires for the transmission of
information. Optical fibres use light that is transmitted along the fibre. Optical fibres are
cheaper, lighter, faster and more secure than copper wires.
Medical applications: Optical fibres can be used to replace some surgical procedures. In
endoscopes, optical fibres allow doctors to look at organs inside the body without surgery.
Doctors can also use optical fibres to perform laser surgery on blockages in blood vessels or
tumours.
9 a black
b black
c green
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
10 Planar mirrors are used in bathrooms so people can see what they look like without any
distortion.
Concave mirrors are used in shaving mirrors to magnify the image.
Convex mirrors are used on sharp, dangerous street corners so drivers can see what is coming
around the corner.
11 a Security mirrors in a shop are convex mirrors that allow the entire room to be viewed from
any angle.
b A slide projector uses lenses to form a magnified real image of the picture that’s on the slide.
This real image can be projected onto a screen for everyone to see.
12 a orange
b blue
c violet
Applying
13
14
Analysing
15 With more dust or pollution in the air, more blue light is scattered, making sunsets red.
16 a real, inverted and diminished
b real, inverted and diminished
c virtual, upright and magnified
d virtual, upright and diminished
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
Evaluating
17 Yellow dots absorb blue light but reflect red and green. Cyan dots absorb red light but reflect
blue and green. Therefore, the patch should appear green.
18 The lemons are yellow, so reflect green and red light. Therefore, the lemons should appear red.
Creating
19 a Concave lenses do not produce real images.
b
20
21
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4
Answers to Science Focus 3 second edition Student Book questions
22
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1531 4