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7.1 Answers: Remembering
7.1 Answers: Remembering
7.1 Answers
Remembering
1 Break, change shape, change speed, change direction
2 Spring
3 Newton (N), Sir Isaac Newton
4 Accelerate—go faster, speed up, quicken.
Decelerate—go slower, slow down, slow.
5 Forces are shown by arrows called vectors, where the size of the arrow indicates the size of the
force and the direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the force.
Understanding
6 a Force is needed to change the direction of an object.
b A force is needed to slow down an object.
c A force is required to change the shape of an object.
d Objects speed up when they fall because there is a force involved.
e Twisting is caused by a force.
Applying
7 Push, pull, friction, air resistance, buoyancy
8 Gravitational force, magnetic force, electrostatic force
9 a Rugby players in a scrum, pushing a door open, typing
b Reeling in a fish, towing a car, stretching your muscles
c Turning your head, opening a bottle of soft drink, wringing the water out of a sponge
10 a Object falling, sprinter starting the race, rocket taking off.
b Car braking, plane landing, ball rolling along the grass.
c Ball is struck by a bat, diver hits the springboard, child falls off a swing.
d Can is crushed, car is dented, a bone is broken.
e A sponge is squashed, a tennis ball is hit, a balloon is compressed.
f A beanbag hits the ground, a cyclist brakes to a stop, you catch a ball.
11 a C
b D
c A
d B
12 a A, B, F, G
b D, E
c C
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Analysing
13 a Elastic
b Inelastic
c Inelastic
d Inelastic
e Inelastic
f Elastic
g Inelastic
14 a D
b B and C
c A and D
15 The force required to stop a truck is much greater because the truck carries more mass.
Creating
16 Creative task.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
7.2 Answers
Remembering
1 Skateboard, a ball rolling along the ground, a paper plane, a coin sliding along a table top, bullet
shot into water.
2 Friction reduces the efficiency of machines by converting energy to heat. Friction causes wear
and tear on moving parts. Friction causes things to slow down. Friction may produce so much
heat that special cooling systems are required.
3 Ball bearings in a skateboard wheel, hovercraft going over water, oiled machine parts, bullet
travelling through air, the puck in ice hockey.
4 Driving a car, rock climbing, riding a bike, walking, roller blading, ice skating, rubbing your
hands for warmth, nail filing, licking an ice-cream, scratching your nose.
5 Skateboard, rollerblades, trains
Understanding
6 a Friction is caused by bumps and hollows of the surfaces catching on each other.
b Even smooth surfaces have small bumps and hollows.
c Friction causes moving objects to slow down.
d Friction is a contact force.
e Drag slows a moving object.
f ‘Streamlined’ is a word used to describe objects that cut through the air easily.
7 Traction is the strength with which two surfaces grip each other as a result of the frictional force
between them.
8 Door hinges squeak because the weight of the door forces the surfaces in the hinges together
tightly. Friction causes small vibrations that we hear as a high pitched squeak
Friction between the pencil lead and the paper cause small amounts of the lead to be deposited
where you’ve written.
Friction between the nail and emery board cause the jagged ends of the nail to wear away.
9 A, C, B
10 Grip is more important in wet conditions. In dry conditions, the weight of the car keeps the tyres
in contact with the road. However, wet conditions form a thin layer between the car and the road
that allow it to slide across the surface of the road.
11 a The object would slip out of your hand.
b The nail would slide out.
c The screw could come loose easily and the pieces of wood could rotate about freely.
d They would slide off the bed.
e They would come untied.
f You could not walk, you would slide.
g You could only stop by hitting something or pulling on something.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Applying
12 Car tyre, file, screw-top lid
13 a To improve the traction between their feet and the board in wet conditions.
b Skiing, snowboarding, windsurfing
Evaluating
14 a A snowboarder wants to reduce friction to go faster down the mountain, whereas a cyclist
needs the friction between the road and his tires in order to get more speed.
b Chalk increases the friction between the weightlifter’s hands and the bar, helping to lift the
weight.
c The chains help cut through the snow and ice to the surface of the road to get traction and
prevent it sliding.
Creating
15
Method Description
Lubrication A slippery material (the lubricant) is placed in between two surfaces to allow
them to pass over each other more easily.
Polishing Bumps and hollows are smoothed so that the surfaces can pass over each other
more easily.
Wheels and bearings Spherical or cylindrical objects placed in between two surfaces allow the
surfaces to roll over each other rather than slide.
Hovering A layer of air separates the two surfaces to reduce friction.
Streamlining The shape of the object is designed to make air or water flow more easily around
it.
16 Most likely the Egyptian used logs to roll the blocks of stone into place.
17 Creative writing task.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
7.3 Answers
Remembering
1 a Kilograms, grams, milligrams
b Newtons
2 a Pulling
b Non-contact
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
3 The mass of the planet (or Moon etc.), the mass of the object, the distance the two are apart.
Understanding
4 a Weight is measured in Newtons
b Kilogram is a unit of mass
c Weight is a force
d The Moon has gravity
5 It means the mass is much less and the size is likely to be smaller
6 In space, an astronaut has less weight because the gravitational force in space is weaker.
However, the astronaut’s mass is the same regardless of the strength of gravity.
Applying
7 It would be the greatest at sea level and lowest at the highest point i.e. Mount Everest.
8 Throw something to a friend on the 5th floor of a building, jump over a car, rock climbing on a
very steep cliff face.
9 The force of weight pulls two objects together. There is an equal and opposite force on both
objects acting towards
each other.
10 1 kg of lead weighs the same as 1 kg of feathers because the mass of the two is the same. The
student is confusing mass with density.
11 a If you simultaneously drop two smooth, round objects from a tall building they will hit the
ground at the same time.
b Obvious exceptions to this are things like feathers, which have a very large air resistance.
However, in the absence of air these too would fall at the same rate.
12 a All planets
b Venus, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
c Mercury
d Jupiter
Analysing
13 Mass is a measure of how much matter an object contains, it is not a force and it does not depend
on the strength of the gravitational field. Weight is a measure of how much gravitational force is
being applied to an object. It is a force and it varies depending on the strength of the gravitational
field.
14 a 140 kg, 1372 N
b 140 kg, 1371 N
c 140 kg, 1148 N
d 140 kg, 1.6 N
15 They will always drop at the same rate.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Evaluating
16 The force of gravity attracts it to Earth
17 While lying in bed your spine and the cushioning between your vertebrae have a chance to relax
and expand. During the day they are compressed by the weight of your body, so you become
slightly shorter.
18 Because no weight is being placed on the spine it is able to expand making them taller. However,
they are also weaker because they do not have to apply the same sort of forces on their body
every day just to get around. As a result the muscles deteriorate.
Creating
19 Student design.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Suggested answers
1 Student response.
2 Student response.
3 The weight of an object was about 10 (9.8 is also acceptable) times the mass of the object.
7.4 Answers
Remembering
1 a An object is not moving or it is moving but not changing speed or direction.
b An object is changing speed, shape or direction.
2 a The car travels in a straight line at a constant speed.
b The car accelerates or decelerates and/or changes direction.
3 The weight pushing down, the force of the chair pushing up.
Understanding
4 They are balanced if the are equal and acting in exactly opposite directions.
5 a Forces are balanced when there is no overall change in motion.
b Forces are balanced when the forces are the same size and acting in opposite directions.
c If I am sitting in a chair, the two forces acting on me are my weight pulling me down and the
force of the chair pushing upwards.
d A car travels at a constant speed when the force from the driving wheels balance the push
backwards from the air (we call this air resistance) as well as the friction between the road and
the wheels.
e An unbalanced force is needed if an object is to accelerate.
6 The motion of the bike is changing, therefore the forces must be unbalanced.
7 It is not moving so the forces are perfectly balanced. The size is 500 N and it is pushing towards
Tom.
8 Thrust from the engines, drag from wind resistance, the weight of the plane pulling it down, lift
caused by higher air pressure under the wings.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
9 The air foil is curved on top and flat underneath. As it passes rapidly through the air, the air
passing over the top spreads out, causing a region of low pressure above the wing. The higher air
pressure below the wing tries to rush up and around the wing to equalise the pressure differences
giving the wing lift as it does so.
10 a Air moving over an air foil causes lift.
b The top part of a wing is longer than the bottom part.
c The faster-moving air has a lower pressure than the slower-moving air.
d An aircraft will take off only if the lift is greater than its weight.
e There is no overall force on an aircraft when it is cruising at altitude.
11 Lift and drag are both caused when the plane passes through the air. If it is not moving there can
be no lift or drag.
Analysing
12 The shape of helicopter blades will be similar to the shape of a plane’s wing, as they work on
similar principles. It may be tilted however to push the air down as it turns and give lift.
13
14 The faster a blade is moving through the air the more lift. If a helicopter is moving then the blade
moving in the direction of the helicopter will experience more lift, as its total speed is the speed
of the blade plus the speed of the helicopter. On the other hand, the blade moving in the opposite
direction will experience less lift, as its total speed through the air is the speed of the blade minus
the speed of the helicopter.
15 a Cannot say.
b The team of 4 students assuming the students are of equal strength.
c Cannot say.
d The team of 10 students assuming the students are of equal strength.
16 a The teams are balanced.
b The teams are balanced.
c The team of 6—although the two other teams have a total of 6 they are not applying a force in
exactly the same direction.
d The team of 5—the other two teams exactly balance each other.
e The bottom team of 3—the other 2 exactly cancel each other.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Evaluating
17 a The speed creates more lift under the air foil, as the air passes over it more rapidly.
b The wind provides extra lift in addition to that caused by the moving plane.
c Heavy aircraft need to attain greater speeds in order to achieve the lift necessary to overcome
their larger force of weight.
d The air is less dense on a hot day, so lift is reduced.
Creating
18
19
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
20
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
7.5 Answers
Remembering
1 a It floats.
b It sinks.
2 Water tension. It forms a film or skin.
Understanding
3 a Buoyancy is the force that keeps a ship afloat.
b An iceberg stays afloat because its buoyancy balances its weight force
c A ship will sink if its weight is greater than its buoyancy
d Small objects will often float because of surface tension.
4 The less dense something is the more buoyant it is.
5 As the ship is loaded the water level rises. The weight of the ship increases and becomes less
buoyant.
6 When there is a hole in a ship, the air in the hull is replaced with water making the total density of
the ship more than the density of the water.
7 A steel submarine can change its total density using ballast tanks. When the ballast tanks are
filled with air, the total density of the submarine is less than water and it floats. When the tanks
are filled with water, the total density is greater than that of water and it sinks.
8 The crew must fill the ballast tanks with water to make it more dense than water.
Applying
9 a Buoyancy
b Surface tension
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
c Surface tension
d Buoyancy
e Surface tension
10 a LWNA-W
b LTF
c LW
Analysing
11 a Sink
b Sink
c Float
d Float
e Car oil—sink, cooking oil—float
f Sink
g Book—sink, sheet of paper—float
h Float
i Float
j Inflated balloon—float, deflated—sink if all the air is removed
Evaluating
12 The paper contains small pockets of air that make it less dense than water. As it becomes water-
logged these pockets become filled with water, making the total density greater than water and
the paper sinks.
13 Because ice is less dense than liquid water. They may also contain pockets of air that make them
even less dense.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
3 As the detergent attaches to the fat molecules in the milk it reduces the surface tension of the
water. The food dyes bind to the milk fat molecules that are still not affected by the detergent.
They therefore migrate with them as the detergent spreads across the milk. Hence, the colours in
the food dyes are moved around.
4 Low-fat milk does not work as well because the detergent relies on the fat in the milk to reduce
the surface tension. If very little fat is present, the detergent has limited molecules to which it can
attach.
7.6 Answers
Remembering
1 Non-contact
2 Iron, nickel, cobalt
3 Iron
4 Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
5
Understanding
6 a The north pole of a magnet will repel other north poles.
b Compasses are actually small magnets.
c The ends of a magnet are called its poles.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Applying
12 It is strongest at the poles and weakest at the centre.
13 Global positioning system.
14 a
b The field lines touch close to but not exactly at the North and South Poles. You might expect
to see an aurora close to the North or South Pole.
Evaluating
15 Ferromagnetic means that a substance is magnetic in the same way the iron is magnetic i.e. Ferro-
coming from the Latin word for iron Ferrum.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Possible results
Magnetic materials are attracted to a magnet and contain iron.
Suggested answers
1 Paperclip, nail
2 Zinc, aluminium, tin, copper, magnesium, rubber, cotton wool, plastic
3 They contain iron, cobalt or nickel.
4 Alloys of iron, cobalt or nickel.
Prac 4: Sheilding
Common mistakes
Magnets are best stored in trays with divisions and keepers on the ends. This method will help keep
the magnets magnetised.
Possible results
Students determine what blocks or shields a magnetic field.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Suggested answers
1 The paperclip moved either away from or towards the other magnet. This causes the paperclip to
‘wobble’ on its string.
2 The further the paperclip moved from the magnet, the weaker the magnetic field acting on it.
Hence, there was less attractive force. Eventually, the weight of the paperclip is greater than the
attraction. This is when the clip falls.
3 Metals (particularly iron and steel) will tend to block the magnetic field. Paper and plastic
should have limited effect.
4 The magnetic field still existed, but was not strong enough to hold the pin, or the pin was
shielded from it.
Chapter answers
Remembering
1 Push, pull or twist
2 Changes it shape, speed and/or direction
3 Add a lubricant, polish the surface, use wheels or ball bearings.
4 a True
b False
c False
d True
e False
f True
g True
h False
i False
Understanding
5 a Force—push or pull
b Spring balance—measures weight
c Friction—caused by rough surfaces sliding
d Newton—a unit of force
e Lubricant—reduces friction
f Heat—produced by friction
g Sandpaper—causes large friction
h Kilogram—unit of mass
i Balanced forces—forces that add up to zero
j Balance—Measures mass
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
7 Much of the energy in machinery is lost in the way of heat caused by friction. If this energy was
not lost, it could be used by the machinery to do more work.
8 Saliva and mucus lubricate the path from the mouth to the stomach.
9 Stroking a piece of iron repeatedly with a magnet. Aligning the iron with the Earth’s magnetic
field and tapping it gently. Placing it at the centre of a strong electromagnet.
10 For a piece of iron to be magnetic, its domains must be aligned. A magnet can be destroyed by
disrupting this alignment either by hitting it or heating it.
11 In between moving parts of a machine, to go faster when skiing, on a waterslide.
Applying
12 a Pull
b Magnetic
c Push
d Lift
e Surface tension
13 a Rugby scrum
b Repelling north poles of two magnets
c Towing a car
d Air resistance for cyclists
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6
Answers to Science Focus 1 second edition Student Book questions
Analysing
15 a Advantage
b Disadvantage
c Disadvantage
d Advantage
e Advantage
16 a 1372 N
b 140 kg
c 0N
Creating
17
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4425 1537 6