University of Basra

College of engineering
Petroleum department

Prepared by
Sajad Falah Radha

July 2, 2020
abstract

In order to obtain water influx in oil reservoirs, we have used three

different methods: Pot aquifer, Schilthuis steady state, and Van
Everdingen steady-state. All these methods can be used to calculate water
influx however, each has different parameters and they use different
relations. Indeed, it is important to measure the water influx in oil
reservoirs in order to investigate the behavior of oil reservoirs and control
its pressure and other issues that the variability of water influx may cause.
Pot aquifer method is used when the compressibility of water and rock are
known in the reservoir. From the first example, we can see that the
cumulative water influx is much lower than initial water in place due to
accounting compressibility and the angle of encroachment. From pot
aquifer method we can conclude that the angle, compressibility, pressure,
height, and the radius of both the reservoir and the aquifer affect the total
water in place. Schilthuis method basically depends on permeability,
viscosity, and the thickness of the aquifer with respect to the pressure
drop. Van Everdingen steady-state accounts for dimensionless variables
like dimensionless radius, time, and pressure. As a result, we will get a
dimensionless water influx. In all the examples, we obtained close results
because the known variables were close to each other. All these models are
helpful to predict the water influx, but each will work with different
known information about the reservoir. Even though, we can rely on these
models to investigate the water influx, they are not exact but fairly close
to the real amount of water in the reservoir.

1
 Content page number
Abstract 1
Table of content 11
Introduction 1
Classification of Aquifer Influx
2
Aquifer Models
3
Pot Aquifer Model
4
Schilthuis steady-state Model
7
Hurst Modified Steady-State Model
11
Van Everdingen & Hurst Model 16

Conclusion 19

Reference 20

11
Introduction
Formation of any hydrocarbon reservoir requires aquifers, porous rocks, or
soil which basically let the oil or gas flow through them and get accumulated in
a porous and permeable layer bounded by an impermeable soil. The formation
of hydrocarbons depends on the movement of gas and oil through the
permeable soil and rocks which are called aquifers. Before, oil and gas are
pumped out the pressure in the reservoir is high, but after continuous oil and
gas production reservoir pressure will decrease. If the reservoir is in hydraulic
communication, the volume of water expands and propagates with a certain
speed into the aquifer (Craft and Hawkins, 1959). The water will settle at the
bottom of the reservoir. The water replacement will make the reservoir has a
constant pressure if the rate of water influx is greater than reservoir volumetric
void-age rate. The water influx depends on the permeability, the dimension of
the aquifer, and the water viscosity. In the reservoirs that their peripheries are
not water bearing rocks, the pressure will keep on decreasing depending on the
production rate and the aquifer size. Moreover, no stabilized pressure will be
obtained in the reservoirs that have no water influx. Sometimes, water will be
injected to the reservoirs to reduce the pressure drop and achieve pressure
satiation. Too much of drop pressure will increase the gas amount in the
reservoir and the production will be stopped, because the cost of pumping will
be way greater than the benefit of the product. The point where production
stops is called abandonment pressure. Over time water will move upward and
invasion of water occur in the reservoirs.
Water influx can also be referred to as water encroachment or aquifer influx.
It can be defined as an underground layer of water-bearing porous rock which
flows out into any available space in the reservoir rock. In this context, an
aquifer is referred to as a large pool of water body underlying a hydrocarbon
accumulation in the reservoir structure that is made up of more than one fluid
arranged according to density differences. Prior to hydrocarbon accumulation,
the original system was occupied or filled with water and during the drainage
water out of the pore space in the reservoir. This means that majority of
hydrocarbon pools discovered globally have an associated aquifer which could
be a key source of energy (primary recovery) for the hydrocarbon production
once a well is drilled.

1
Classification of Aquifer Influx
Aquifer influx can be classified based on pressure maintenance, outer
boundary conditions, flow regime, flow geometry as shown in Fig. 4.1. The
classification of aquifer system as shown in Fig. 1 , is key to understanding
and evaluation of hydrocarbon reservoirs performance. As hydrocarbon
is produced from the reservoir, the pressure of the reservoir declines
(changes) and the aquifer responds to offset the pressure decline due to
fluids production, which is dependent on the strength of the aquifer.
Besides, if there is a strong support from the aquifer,

Fig. 1 Classification of aquifer influx

2
Aquifer Models
Water influx models are mathematical models that simulate and predict
cumulative water influx into the reservoir. Various researchers have
proposed models that estimates cumulative water influx into the reservoir.
To mention some of them: (Schilthuis, 1936; van Everdingen & Hurst,
1949; Cater & Tracy, 1960; Fetkovich, 1971; Allard & Chen, 1988). Out
of them three models are considered more realistic to date: the van
Everdingen-Hurst model, Carter-Tracy model and Fetkovich model
(Petrowiki, 2015). The following are some of models applied in estimating
water influx into the reservoir listed based on authors.
The aquifer analytical models make use of simplified assumptions that do
not consider the heterogeneous nature of the reservoir but a relatively
homogeneous reservoir which has deterred the ideal comparison that is
adopted in the analytical solutions. But when the equations are accurately
discretization, they are relatively easy to program in computer
spreadsheets with the exception of the Van Everdingen & Hurst, whose
model does not demand much computer
 Pot Aquifer model
 Schilthuis’ steady-state model
 Hurst’s modified steady-state model
 van Everdingen and Hurst unsteady-state model

3
Pot Aquifer Model
This model explains and assumes the pressure to be balanced with the
boundary’s pressure. When the fluid ability to move between the reservoir
and the aquifer is too high, then the equation of the model pot aquifer
becomes legit and valid. The compressibility can predict the easiest model
to predict the water influx inside of a reservoir. When the production of
oil is conducted, a drop in the pressure of the reservoir results in making
the water in the aquifer to expand and to run inside of the reservoir.
The compressibility is defined mathematically as:
∆𝑽 = 𝑪 𝑽 ∆𝑷
That mean: -
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 = (𝒂𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚) ×
(𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓) × (𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒓𝒑𝒑)

𝑾𝒆 = (𝒄𝒘 + 𝒄𝒇 )𝑾𝒊 (𝑷𝒊 − 𝑷)

Where
𝑾𝒆 = 𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱, 𝐛𝐛𝐥.
𝒄𝒘 = 𝐚𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐩𝐬𝐢−𝟏
𝒄𝒇 = 𝒂𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒌 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝐩𝐬𝐢−𝟏
𝑷𝒊 = 𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞, 𝐩𝐬𝐢
𝑷 = 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞
𝒇 = 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞

Calculating the initial volume of water in the aquifer requires the

knowledge of aquifer dimension and properties.

4
 𝝅(𝒓𝟐𝒂 − 𝒓𝟐𝒆 )𝒉∅
𝑾𝒊 =
𝟓. 𝟔𝟓𝟏
𝑾𝒊 = 𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐫, 𝐛𝐛𝐥.
𝐫 𝒂 = 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐫, 𝐟𝐭.
𝐫𝒆 = 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫, 𝐟𝐭.
𝐡 = 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐫, 𝐟𝐭.
∅ = 𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑶𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒇𝒆𝒓
❖ Water does not encroach on all sides of the reservoir, or the reservoir
is not circular in natural
❖ To account of these cases, a modification must be made in order to
properly describe the flow mechanism.
❖ One of the simplest modifications is to include the fractional
encroachment angle f in the equation, to give
𝑾𝒆 = (𝒄𝒘 + 𝒄𝒇 )𝒇 𝑾𝒊 (𝑷𝒊 − 𝑷)
Where
(𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 )° 𝜽
𝒇= =
𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟑𝟔𝟎°

Example 1
The data of a reservoir whose encroachment angle is 𝟏𝟐𝟎° is given below.
Calculate
the volume of water initially in the aquifer and the cumulative water
influx; the aquifer can deliver to the reservoir at 3750 psi.

5
 Aquifer permeability, Kw 280 mD
Initial reservoir pressure, 𝑷𝒊 4000 psi
Current reservoir pressure, P 3750 psi
Reservoir thickness, h 31 f
Aquifer radius, 𝒓𝒂 12,000 ft
Reservoir radius, 𝒓𝒆 2800 f

Reservoir compressibility, 𝑪𝒇 𝟑. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐩𝐬𝐢−𝟏

Aquifer compressibility, 𝑪𝒘 𝟒. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊−𝟏

Porosity, ∅ 16%

Solution//
𝜽 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝒇= °
= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑°
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐫 ∶ −

𝝅(𝒓𝟐𝒂 − 𝒓𝟐𝒆 )𝒉∅ 𝝅 × (𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟐 )
𝑾𝒊 = = = 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟏. 𝟑 𝒃𝒃𝒍
𝟓. 𝟔𝟓𝟏 𝟓. 𝟔𝟓𝟏
𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱

𝑾𝒆 = (𝒄𝒘 + 𝒄𝒇 )𝒇 𝑾𝒊 (𝑷𝒊 − 𝑷)

𝐖𝐞 = (𝟑. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 + 𝟒. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ) × 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟏. 𝟑

× (𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟎)
𝐖𝐞 = 𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟑𝟔 𝐛𝐛𝐥

6
Schilthuis steady-state Model
This model takes the condition of the steady-state which means that the
pressure rate of change is constant, zero. We suppose that the volume of
the aquifer is bigger than the volume of the reservoir and the water influx
rate that is inside of the reservoir is the same as the pressure drop (𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑)
and can be found using the below equations:

𝒅𝒘𝒆 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖 × 𝒌 × 𝒉
= 𝒆𝒘 = { 𝒓𝒂 } (𝒑 𝒊 − 𝒑 )
𝒅𝒕 𝝁𝒘 × 𝐥𝐧 ( )
𝒓𝒆

𝒅𝒘𝒆
= 𝒆 𝒘 = 𝑪 (𝒑 𝒊 − 𝒑 )
𝒅𝒕
Where
𝐛𝐛𝐥
𝐞𝐰 = 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱, .
𝐝𝐚𝐲
𝐤 = 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐫, 𝐦𝐝.
𝐡 = 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐫, 𝐟𝐭.
𝐂 = 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 (𝐛𝐛𝐥/𝐝𝐚𝐲/𝐩𝐬𝐢)
𝐫 𝒂 = 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐫, 𝐟𝐭.
𝐫𝒆 = 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫, 𝐟𝐭.
𝑷𝒊 = 𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞, 𝐩𝐬𝐢
𝑷 = 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞, 𝒑𝒔𝒊
Example 2
Given the following information calculate the rate of water influx:
𝐂 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 (𝐛𝐛𝐥/𝐝𝐚𝐲/𝐩𝐬𝐢)
𝑷𝒊 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝐩𝐬𝐢

7
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝒑𝒔𝒊
Solution//
𝐞𝐰 = 𝐂(𝐩𝐢 − 𝐩) = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝟔(𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝐛𝐛𝐥/𝐝𝐚𝐲

Schilthuis steady-state expression is given by:

𝒘𝒆 𝒕
∫ 𝒅𝒘𝒆 = ∫ 𝑪(𝐩𝐢 − 𝐩)𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟎

𝒕
𝒕
𝑾𝒆 = 𝑪 ∫ (𝐩𝐢 − 𝐩)𝒅𝒕 𝑾𝒆 = 𝑪 ∑ ∆𝒑 ∆𝒕
𝟎 𝟎

the steps to calculate the cumulative water influx with Schilthuis steady
state model:
Step 1: Calculate the pressure drop at each time, t
Step 2: Calculate the water influx at each time, t
Step 3: Calculate the cumulative water influx at each time, t
Example 3
An oil reservoir whose predominant drive mechanism is powered by water
drive, has an estimated aquifer constant of 148 bbl/year/psi. Table 4.2
shows the pressure history. Calculate the cumulative steady state water
influx at each time step.
Time (years) Pressure (psi)
0 5200
0.5 5210
1 5040
1.5 5005
2 4950
2.5 4910

8
Solution//
Calculation of pressure drops
∆𝑷𝟏 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟎 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
∆𝑷𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟎 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
∆𝑷𝟑 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
∆𝑷𝟒 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
∆𝑷𝟓 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
At the end of 0.5 years (6 months), the cumulative water influx is
(∆𝐏𝟏 + 𝟎) (𝟖𝟎 + 𝟎)
𝐖𝐞 = 𝐂 { (𝐭 𝟏 − 𝟎)} = 𝟏𝟒𝟖 { (𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟎)} = 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝐛𝐛𝐥
𝟐 𝟐
At the end of 1 year, the cumulative water influx is
(∆𝐏𝟏 + 𝟎) (∆𝑷𝟏 + ∆𝑷𝟐 )
𝐖𝐞 = 𝑾𝒆𝟏 + 𝑾𝒆𝟐 = 𝑪 { (𝐭 𝟏 − 𝟎 ) + (𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐭 𝟏 )}
𝟐 𝟐
(𝟖𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎)
𝐖𝐞 = 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟎 + 𝟏𝟒𝟖 { (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓)} = 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟎 + 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟎
𝟐
= 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝒃𝒃𝒍

At the end of 1.5 year, the cumulative water influx is

𝐖𝐞 = 𝑾𝒆𝟏 + 𝑾𝒆𝟐 + 𝑾𝒆𝟑
(∆𝐏𝟏 + 𝟎) (∆𝑷𝟏 + ∆𝑷𝟐 )
𝐖𝐞 = 𝑪 { (𝐭 𝟏 − 𝟎 ) + (𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐭 𝟏 )
𝟐 𝟐
(∆𝑷𝟐 + ∆𝑷𝟑 )
+[ (𝐭 𝟑 − 𝐭 𝟐 )]}
𝟐
(𝟏𝟔𝟎 + 𝟏𝟗𝟓)
𝑾𝒆 = 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟎 + 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟎 + 𝟏𝟒𝟖 { (𝟏. 𝟓 − 𝟏)} + 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟎 + 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟎
𝟐
+ 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟓

9
𝑾𝒆 = 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟓 𝒃𝒃𝒍

The cumulative water influx at the end of 2 and 2.5 years are given in the
table below

Time Pressure Pressure drop Water influx Cumulative water influx

(day) (psi) (psi) (bbl) (bbl)

0 5200 0 0 0

0.5 5210 80 2960 2960

1 5040 160 8880 11840

1.5 5005 190 13135 24975

2 4950 250 16465 41440

2.5 4910 290 19980 61420

10
Hurst Modified Steady-State Model
It was proposed by Hurst’s that the apparent radius of the aquifer (𝐫𝐚 ) will
go higher with respect to time and for this reason the radius fractional
ratio (𝒓𝒂 /𝒓𝒆 ) can be replaced with a function that is a dependent of time
as stated below:
𝐫𝐚
= 𝐚𝐭
𝐫𝐞

𝒅𝒘𝒆 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖 × 𝒌 × 𝒉
𝒆𝒘 = ={ 𝒓𝒂 } (𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑) … . … . … . (𝟏)
𝒅𝒕 𝝁𝒘 × 𝐥𝐧 ( )
𝒓𝒆
The Hurst modified steady-state equation can be written in a more
simplified form as:
𝒅𝒘𝒆 𝑪(𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑)
𝒆𝒘 = = … . … . … . … (𝟐)
𝒅𝒕 𝐥𝐧(𝒂𝒕)
Where
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖 𝐤𝐡
𝐂=
𝛍𝐰
The parameter C is a group of variables which represent an overall driver
for water influx into the reservoir. For example, when the parameter C is
large the rate of water influx into the reservoir will increase and vice versa
hold.
𝒕
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝒉 (𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑)
𝑾𝒆 = ∫ [ ] 𝒅𝒕 … … . . … . … (𝟑)
𝟎 𝝁𝒘 × 𝐥𝐧(𝒂𝒕)
Equation (3) can be re-arranged as shown in Equation (4) – (5) and a plot
𝒑 −𝒑
of ( 𝒊 ) versus 𝐥𝐧(𝒕) in log-log scale can be constructed provided that
𝒆𝒘
historical water influx rates, 𝑒𝑤 are available, for example determined
separately using another technique such as material balance method. The

11
 𝟏 𝐥𝐧(𝒂𝒕)
trendline will give a slope of and y-intercept a value of estimated
𝑪 𝑪
when time t = 1 as shown in Figure 4.

𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑 𝐥𝐧(𝒂𝒕)
( )= … . . … . . … . . (𝟒)
𝒆𝒘 𝑪

𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑 𝐥𝐧(𝒂) 𝐥𝐧(𝒕)
( )= + … . … . … . (𝟓)
𝒆𝒘 𝑪 𝑪

Fig 2. Slope in Hurst Modified Steady-State Model

12
Example 4
Time Pressure 𝑾𝒆 𝒆𝒘 𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑
day psi M bbl Bbl/day psi
0 3793 0 0 0

182.5 3774 24.8 389 19

365 3709 172 1279 84

547.5 3643 480 2158 150

730 3547 978 3187 246

912 3485 1616 3844 308

1095 3416 2388 4458 377

Assuming that the boundary pressure would drop to 3379 psi after
1186.25 days of production, calculation cumulative water influx at that
time.
time 𝐥𝐧(𝒕) 𝐩𝐢 − 𝐩 𝒆𝒘 (𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑)/𝒆𝒘
day psi Bbl/day
0 - 0 0 -

182.5 5.207 19 389 0.049

365 5.900 84 1279 0.066

547.5 6.305 150 2158 0.070

730 6.593 246 3187 0.077

912 6.816 308 3844 0.080

1095 6.999 377 4458 0.085

13
 0.14

0.12
slope= 0.02
0.1
(𝑝_𝑖−𝑝)/𝑒_𝑤

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
LN(T)

𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = 𝑪= = 𝟓𝟎
𝑪 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
Using any point at the straight line to find the constant a
𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑 𝐥𝐧(𝒂) 𝐥𝐧(𝒕)
( )= +
𝒆𝒘 𝑪 𝑪
𝐚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒
So,
𝒕 (𝒑 𝒊 − 𝒑 )
𝑾𝒆 = 𝑪 ∫ [ ] 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝐥𝐧(𝒂𝒕)
𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟔.𝟐𝟓 (𝒑 𝒊 − 𝒑 )
𝑾𝒆 = 𝟓𝟎 ∫ [ ] 𝒅𝒕
𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓 𝐥𝐧(𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝒕)

14
 𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟗 𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟑 − 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟔
+
𝐥𝐧(𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟐𝟓) 𝐥𝐧(𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟔)
𝑾𝒆 = 𝟓𝟎 [ ]
𝟐

× (𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓)
𝑾𝒆 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒃𝒃𝒍
Then
𝑾𝒆 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟗 𝑴𝒃𝒃𝒍

15
Van Everdingen & Hurst Model
The van Everdigen and Hurst model represents a mathematical model that estimate
the cumulative water influx into the reservoir by using superposition principle. Using
the superposition principle, the models of Hust and Van Everdingen exhibit th=e
total water influx. This model is used for edge water drive, bottom water drive, and
linear water drive. Equation (1) is used for constant rate of the terminal and constant
pressure at the terminal condition of the boundary. (Fetkovich et al., 1971). In the
constant rate of the terminal at the conditions of the boundary, the rate change in
water influx at the boundary of the aquifer is supposed to be the same with no change
while the drop in the pressure of the reservoir system of the aquifer at the interface
is found with respect to time. For the pressure boundary condition constant at the
terminal, the continuous decline in the pressure is proposed to be finite with period
and the water influx is found. The calculation of pressure is not recommended
compared to the calculation of water influx, this is for the reason of the water influx
being with respect to time.
𝒅𝟐 𝑷𝑫 𝟏 𝒅𝑷𝑫 𝒅𝑷𝑫
+ = … … … … … … (𝟏)
𝒅𝒓𝟐𝑫 𝒓𝑫 𝒅𝒓𝑫 𝒅𝒕𝑫
𝐫𝐚
𝐝𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐫𝐃 =
𝐫𝐞
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑪𝒕 = 𝑪𝒘 + 𝑪𝒇
𝒌𝒕
𝐝𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝒕𝑫 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
∅𝝁𝒘 𝑪𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆
𝐝𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬:
𝐖𝐞 = 𝐁 ∆𝐏 𝐖𝐞𝐃
Where
𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟗 ∅𝑪𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒉
Assuming that the water is encroaching in a radial from then we introduce the
encroachment angle to the water influx constant B as:
𝜽
𝒇=
𝟑𝟔𝟎°

16
𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟗 ∅𝑪𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒉 𝒇
Where
𝐖𝐞 = 𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙, 𝒃𝒃𝒍.
𝒃𝒃𝒍
𝑩 = 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕, .
𝒑𝒔𝒊
∆𝐏 = 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐩 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐲, 𝐩𝐬𝐢.
Example 5
Given the following information below, calculate the cumulative water influx at
the end of 6, 12 months.
Properties values month Pressures
radius 2000 ft psi.
h 25 ft 0 2500
k 100 md
∅ 20 % 6 2490
𝛍𝐰 0.8 cp
𝐂𝐰 𝟎. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐩𝐬𝐢−𝟏 12 2472
𝐂𝐟 𝟎. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐩𝐬𝐢−𝟏

Solution//
For 6 months
𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟗 ∅𝑪𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟗 × 𝟎. 𝟐 × (𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ) × (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟐 × 𝟐𝟓
𝑩 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒 𝒃𝒃𝒍/𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝒌𝒕
𝒕𝑫 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
∅𝝁𝒘 𝑪𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆
𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝒕
= 𝟔. 𝟑𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ×
𝟎. 𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟐 × (𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟐
𝒕𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟓

17
𝑾𝒆𝑫 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝑫 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟓 𝒊𝒔 𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟔
(𝑷𝒊 − 𝑷) (𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟎)
∆𝐏𝟏 = ∆𝐏𝟏 = = 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
Then
𝐖𝐞 = 𝐁 ∆𝐏 𝐖𝐞𝐃 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟓 × 𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟔 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟗. 𝟓𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝒍
For 12 months
(𝑷𝒊 − 𝑷) (𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟐)
∆𝐏𝟐 = ∆𝐏𝟐 = = 𝟏𝟒 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
𝒕𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟑𝟔𝟓 = 𝟑𝟔𝟏
𝑾𝒆𝑫 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝑫 = 𝟑𝟔𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟓
𝐖𝐞𝟏 = 𝐁 ∆𝐏 𝐖𝐞𝐃 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝒍
𝐖𝐞𝟐 = 𝐁 ∆𝐏 𝐖𝐞𝐃 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟔 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 𝒃𝒃𝒍
𝐖𝐞 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟐 + 𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 = 𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟓 𝒃𝒃𝒍

18
Conclusion
Water influx is very helpful in finding oil in place and it is crucial for us
to estimate the amount of water influx in the reservoir. The simulation can
be used for estimating the amount of oil in place or the production of oil
at the time interval with a specific water influx rate that depends on the
permeability of the aquifers. There are 4 types of methods used to estimate
the amount of water influx which are pot aquifer, SchiltHuis’s steady
state, Hurst’s modified steady state, and the van Everdingen steady state.
It is important to measure the water influx in oil reservoirs in order to
investigate the behavior of oil reservoirs and control its pressure and other
issues that the variability of water influx may cause. In all the examples,
we obtained close results because the known variables were close to each
other. All these models are helpful to predict the water influx, but each
will work with different known information about the reservoir. Even
though, we can rely on these models to investigate the water influx, they
are not exact but fairly close to the real amount of water in the reservoir.

19
Reference
[1] L. P. Dake, Fundamentals fo Reservoir Engineering. 2015.
[2] S. O. · B. Ikporo, Reservoir Engineering - Fundamentals and
Applications. 2007.
[3] A. Satter and G. M. Iqbal, Reservoir Engineering: The
Fundamentals, Simulation, and Management of Conventional and
Unconventional Recoveries. 2015.
[4] S. Maganga, “Aquifer characterization and modelling, a case study
of Norne Field,” no. August 2017.
[5] petrowiki and SPE paper