OSI model: Open System interconnection

protocol: set of rule

Layer: (think of it as a department) that follows certain protocol
IP: Internet Protocol its provided by the internet provider and can be changed
MAC: Media Access control(every physical device has a unique mac address which
cannot be changed) provided by the manufacturer
Port Address:A port number is the logical address of each application or process
that uses a network or the Internet to communicate

In summary:-

eg. (whatsapp) (Blue/double tick)

(Letter is packet) (envelope is
frame)
Sender-> Application layer-> Presentation layer----> Session Layer
-------------------> Transport layer ---------------------------> Network layer
----------------------> Data Link Layer--------------------------------------------
>Physical layer
protocol: (https) (Encryption/decryption) (Establish/Restart
(Divides encrypted data (Discovers differet route (provides
framing and flow control (Since Internet is
saved in pc file) session/login/logout) into
smaller segments and reroutes packer in the best and provides
mac address Ensures frames no loss of data just a very long wire its passes

note:every message is passed to and

add source and destination routes to routers and adds
header and trailer) data to the wire in bits.)
when connection is established
port address) also provide ip address) Packet
in Data Link layer is referred as Frame

Segment here is referred as Packet.

For details of above layers: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/layers-of-osi-model/

References for the above article:

Simplex, half duplex and full duplex: https://teachcomputerscience.com/simplex-
half-duplex-full-duplex/#:~:text=In%20simplex%20mode%2C%20the%20signal,but%20one
%20at%20a%20time.&text=In%20half%20duplex%20mode%2C%20both,signal%20at%20the%20same
%20time.