How do scientists use electric

fields to accelerate particles?

Done by : Huma Tu Zahra

DEFINITION:
A particle accelerator is a device that uses
electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to high
speeds and to contain them in well-defined beams
They are built for different purpose such as radiotherapy,
ion implantation, industrial and biomedical researching
All accelerators are based on the same
principle, A charged particle accelerates between
a gap between two electrodes when there is a
potential difference between them.
WORKING OF THE
PARTICLE
ACCELERARTOR
Particle accelerators use electric fields to speed up
and increase the energy of a beam of particles, which
are steered and focused by magnetic fields. ... Electric
fields spaced around the accelerator switch from
positive to negative at a given frequency, creating
radio waves that accelerate particles in bunches.
THERMIONIC EMISSION
Thermionic emission is the heat-induced flow of charge carriers from a
surface or over a potential-energy barrier. This occurs because the
thermal energy given to the carrier overcomes the binding potential, also
known as work function of the metal. The charge carriers can be
electrons or ions, and in older literature are sometimes referred to as
"thermions".After emission, a charge will initially be left behind in the
emitting region that is equal in magnitude and opposite insign to the
total charge emitted. But if the emitter is connected to a battery, then
this charge left behind will be neutralized by charge supplied by the
battery, as the emitted charge carriers move away from the emitter, and
finally the emitter will be in the same state as it was before
emission.The thermionic emission of electrons is also known as
thermal electron emission.
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF THERMIONIC EMISSION

i. Nature of the metal surface Lower the work function of the metal, greater is
the rate of emission of electrons from the surface

.ii. Temperature of the surface Higher is the temperature, more will be the rate of
emission as the electrons will have more kinetic energy to leave the surface.

iii.Surface area of the metalLarger the surface area of the metal, more is the rate
of emission as thermionic emission to some extent is like evaporation.
ELECTRON GUN
 An electron gun (also called electron emitter) is an electrical
component that produces an electron beam that has a precise
kinetic energy and is most often used in television sets and
computer displays that use cathode ray tube (CRT)technology, as
well as in other instruments, such as electron microscopes and
particle accelerator. A direct current,electrostatic thermionic electron
gun is formed from several parts: a hot cathode, which is heated to
create a stream of electrons via thermionic emission, electrodes
generating an electric field which focus the beam (such as a Wehnelt
cylinder), and one or more anode electrodes which accelerate and
further focus the electrons accelerators.
 OACTI V IT Y
RA D I
Radioactive decay, also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity
is the process by which a nucleus of an unstable atom loses
energy by emitting particles of ionizing radiation.A material that
spontaneously emits this kind of radiation - which includes the
emission of energetic alpha particles, and gamma rays - is
considered radioactive. Radioactivity refers to the particles
which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability.
Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between
the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising
that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and
emit some kind of radiation. The most common types of
radiation are called alpha , beta and gamma radiation, but there
are several other varieties of radioactive decay.
X-RAYS
- X- Rays are high energy waves, with very short
wavelengths, and travel at the speed of light.
- X- rays have no mass , no charge and are
invisible.
- X-Rays travel in a straight line and don’t curve
around the corner
- An x- ray beam cannot be focused to a point; it
diverges as it travels toward and through the
patient.
- More dense materials will absorb more x- rays
than less dense material like skin tissues.
 - X-rays will cause certain materials to fluoresce.
This property is used for intensifying screens
used in extraordinary radiography.

- They can be harmful to living tissues. Because of

this we must keep the number of films to the
minimum number needed to make a proper
diagnosis
THANK YOU FOR
WATCHING :)))