CHAPTER 4

DESIGN OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

4.1. General
The channel design may be divided into two categories by depending upon
whether the channel boundary is erodible or non-erodible. Lined channel is rigid
boundary channel or non-erodible channel and unlined channel is erodible or earthen
channel.
Since lined channel or non-erodible channel offers less resistance to flow than
unlined channel or erodible channel, the required channel size to convey a specified
flow rate at a selected slope is smaller for a lined channel than unlined channel.
Therefore, in some cases, a lined channel may be more economical than unlined
channel. Lined channel is used to reduce seepage, to increase discharge capacity and
to prevent erosion. The designer simply computes the dimension of the channel by the
uniform flow formula and then decides the final dimensions on the basis of hydraulic
efficient, of empirical rule of best section, practicability and economy. The factor to
be considered in the channel design are; the kind of material forming the channel
body which determines roughness coefficient, the minimum permissible velocity, to
avoid deposition if the water carries silt of debris, the channel bottom slope and side
slope, the freeboard and the most efficient section, either hydraulically or empirically
determined.

Lined channel can permit transmission of water at high velocity through areas
of deep or difficult excavation, reduce construction cost, decrease channel seepage,
reduce operation and maintenance costs and to ensure stability of the channel section.
In this study, brick lined is used for lateral channels and main channels. Types of
channel, based on shape are classified in circular, triangular, rectangular and
trapezoidal channel. In this study, rectangular channels are used for both lateral and
main channel. Estimating of the cost of the all
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4.2. The Section Factor for Uniform Flow Computation

We use Manning’s formula to determine the channel design.
Q = AV
2 1
φ
Q = AR 3 S 2
n
Where,
Q = design discharge
A = water area
V = flow velocity
φ = flow resistant factor (1 for SI units)
N = roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius
S = longitudinal slope
Since the proposed channels are brick–lined channels, the suitable value of ‘n’
for the design is chosen as 0.015.

4.3. Design Procedure for Determination of Section Dimension

The following procedures are taken to determine the section dimensions for
lined channel.
1. Select a value of roughness coefficient n and bottom slope for the flow
surface.
2
3 nQ
AR =
2. Compute section factor from φ √S
3. Determine the channel dimensions and the flow depth.
4. Check that the minimum velocity is not less than the velocity that
required to carry the sediment to prevent silting.
5. Add a suitable amount of freeboard.
6. Make a sketch providing all the dimensions.

4.4. Layout Plan of Channels on the Selected Area

The existing topography is shown in Figure 4.1 in order to design the drainage system.
The main channels are described in green color and the lateral channels are described
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in purple color separate. The total wastewater from this proposed area will be
discharged into the main drain and finally this wastewater will be discharged into
drainage channel below Koe Pay Bridge. The channel layout for study area is shown
in Figure 4.1.
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4.5. Determination of Discharge for Respective Channels

The conceptions of the discharge from the sub-area to the respective channels
are as follows.
For channel C1 ,
Computation of discharge
1
from the street , Q2 = AIR
360
1
= × 219 ×30× 0.85 × 30.48 × 10-4
360
= 0.04728 m3/s

The calculations of the discharge from the street for all lateral channels are
computed with above method.

1. Discharge for channel, C1 only on right side

Q1 = discharge from A1 = 0.11986 m3/s
Q2 = discharge from the street along
the channel, C1 = 0.04728 m3/s
1 1
Total discharge of channel, C1 (R) = Q1 + Q2
2 2
1 1
= × 0.11986 + × 0.04728
2 2
C1 (R) = 0.08357 m3/s

Calculation results for estimated discharge flowing to all channels are as shown in
Table 4.1

Table 4.1. Estimated Discharge Flowing to the Respective Channels

Design Discharge(m3/s)
Lateral Channel
Left Channel Right Channel

C1 - 0.08355

C2 - 0.11325

C3 0.06452 0.01275

C4 0.02219 0.11875

C5 0.03261 0.14732

C6 - 0.08512

C7 0.01111 0.02310

C8 0.09067 0.17732
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Table 4.1 (Continued)

C9 0.02253 0.02162

C10 0.05713 0.02247

C11 0.15825 0.30530

C12 - 0.01462

C13 0.05346 -

C14 0.02825 0.10411

C15 0.05249 0.08779

C16 0.03122 0.06126

C17 0.17955 0.01055

C18 0.01568 -

C19 0.01656 0.01482

C20 0.00239 0.01523

C21 0.11558 0.02803

Table 4.2. Estimated Discharge Flowing to the Main Channels

Design Discharge(m3/s)
Main Channel
Left Channel Right Channel

MCA 0.14544 0.04362

MCB 0.21450 0.51303

MCC 0.81705 0.73902

4.6. Calculation for Tentative Slope and Length

In order to design the drainage system, the tentative slope and the length of the
channel must be determined. The length of the channel and tentative slope are
obtained on the basis of layout plan as shown in Table 4.3 and 4.4. In the calculation,
tentative slope is obtained from this equation:

Surface Elevation of Surface Elevation of

Tentative Upper Edge of Channel - Lower Edge of Channel
Slope =
Length of Channel
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Table 4.3. Calculation for Tentative Slope and Length of Lateral Channels
Surface Surface
Channel Elevation Elevation
Length of Upper of Lower Tentative Design
Channel Remark
Edge of Edge of Slope(S) Slope
(m)
Channel Channel
(m) (m)

C1R 219 82.10 80.91 0.00543 -

C2R 55 80.91 80.6 0.00564 -

C3L 160 82.10 79.10 0.01875 -

C3R 152 80.91 79.10 0.01191 -

C4L 37 79.10 78.92 0.00486 -

C4R 53 79.10 78.92 0.00340 -  

C5L 71 78.92 78.93 -0.00014 0.00286 B.G

C5R 71 78.92 78.93 -0.00014 0.00167 B.G

C6R 342 82.10 76.58 0.01614 -  

C7L 95 80.61 78.93 0.01768 -  

C7R 95 80.61 78.93 0.01768 -  

C8L 121 78.93 78.08 0.00702 -  

C8R 121 78.93 78.08 0.00702 -  

C9L 75 80.12 78.08 0.02720 -  

C9R 75 80.12 78.08 0.02720 -  

C10L 161 78.91 77.62 0.00801 -  

C10R 161 78.91 77.62 0.00801 -  

C11L 138 78.08 76.94 0.00826 -  

C11R 140 78.08 76.94 0.00814 -  

C12R 87 80.6 80.08 0.00598 0.00610  

C13L 227 85 80.08 0.02167 -  

C14L 129 80.08 79.29 0.00612 -  

C14R 129 80.08 79.29 0.00612 -  

C15L 193 85 79.77 0.02710 -  

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Table 4.3(Continued)
C15R 213 85 79.77 0.02455 -  

C16L 188 83.33 81.13 0.01170 -  

C16R 188 83.33 81.13 0.01170 -  

C17L 188 83.4 78.91 0.02388 -  

C17R 40 80.06 78.91 0.02875 -  

C18L 175 78.4 77.37 0.00589 -  

C19L 137 77.62 76.92 0.00511 0.00531 B.G

C19R 145 77.62 76.92 0.00483 0.00600 B.G

C20L 83 76.99 76.72 0.00325 0.00730 B.G

C20R 91 76.99 76.72 0.00297 0.00645 B.G

C21L 241 77.37 76.68 0.00286 -  

C21R 196 76.92 76.68 0.00122 0.00350 B.G

In this calculation, if the tentative slopes are around the acceptable values, the
actual bed slope is taken. If the bed slopes of lateral channels are too small, bed slopes
are increased than the actual values.

Table 4.4. Calculation for Tentative Slope and Length of Main Channels

Surface Surface
Elevation Elevation
Channel
of Upper of Lower Tentative Design
Channel Length Remark
Edge of Edge of Slope(S) Slope
(m)
Channel Channel
(m) (m)

MCA(L) 101 80.6 79.29 0.01297 -  

MCA(R) 101 80.6 79.29 0.01297 -  
MCB(L) 303 79.29 78.91 0.00125 -  
MCB(R) 303 79.29 78.91 0.00125 -  
MCC(L) 307 78.91 76.58 0.00759 -  
MCC(R) 315 78.91 76.58 0.00740 0.00461 B.G
4.7. Design Calculation for Channels
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In this study, the channels are designed by using Manning’s Formula. The
design channels are assumed as brick lined channels and the Manning’s roughness
coefficient is taken as 0.015. The minimum and maximum permissible velocities in
channel are taken as 0.61 m/sec and 2.4 m/sec respectively. The lateral channels are
designed of rectangular shape. The minimum freeboard is taken as 0.3m.
Calculations for C1R ,
For Flow Depth (y),
S = 0.005434

Q = 0.08357 m3/s

n = 0.015

∅ = 1

By using manning formula,

Q = AV

∅ 2
= A× ×R 3 × √ S
n

2 nQ
Section factor, AR 3 =
∅ √S

2 0.015× 0.08357
A R 3 =¿
1× √ 0.005434

= 0.01701

Consider base width, b = 0.5m

Flow depth, y = ?

A = by

= 0.5y

P = b+2y

= 0.5 + 2y

A
R =
P
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0.5 y
=
0.5+2 y

y
=
1+ 4 y
2
AR 3 = 0.01701

2
y
0.5y × (
1+4 y ) 3
= 0.01701

y = 0.16m

For Area, A = by

= 0.5 × 0.16

= 0.08m 2

For wetted perimeter, P = b+ 2y

= 0.5 + 2× 0.16

= 0.82 m

A
For hydraulic radius, R =
P

0.08
=
0.82

= 0.097 m ≈ 0.1 m

∅ 2
For flow velocity, V = ×R 3 × √ S
n

1 2
× 0.005434
= 0.015 0.097 × √
3

= 1.04 m/s (0.61m/s < V< 2.4m/s)

For Total Depth,

Total Depth = Flow Depth + Free Board

= 0.16+0.3

= 0.46m