FOUR\Eì?

SER\ELS AÙD IÙTEGRALS

®
i, rurRc>DucT`c>N

knLhomo5m€oUS, \ineàrj tphsbnt-co€,ffic+`ent DEs [ontaìt\ìriq tpfMs Qi ehc S{m

ACoSu)t @ftò Bsin¢[

af€ fvnd@rmLal `\n +h€ sb.d/ of ph}sic>\ sjs+etvis subject€d to s{mp\G pc`n:od``c òrstii}rbn(€s~ floLuCucr,

tic uolbt]e i`mFf€Ssca on an eu2cbl`c c;rcu;[ m`-£ht ®nò``c3t ci ti £erit'i cf pu|scS cis shoùn tn +hc ÉC9" ta)
E'tÀ

=LLi+
1>)
•_, `LJ t- (Eì
Or " d``stucb;^q influ€r`te acti^9 on a Mcchàn`-cat sjstim Mrijwt b€ a f»c& ct' Lons.tant maan\~tude Whote

Cl\`%ctùon fs #d``cà\\/ anò i-n£tèntari@usy WJi€€a 8€ ìn -fi`s" Lb-)-

¥ g"31 Péri`oai`c fvnctions sud` a,s thc>€ could be €JÙprtssed in c€he jbrM of a sÉri`fs

'' rìnc -fait®r 1/2 is @ c¢^ucv`h`3n>l

fLtì = £ao + ai Cost + a2 c®`2t + .-.. + @n Cosnt t. -.

&i'Urce to it^dw mo¢ sj.t`wvLptn`c.
+ bis;nt + bzsìnst + ,--.. + bfl Sinnt ru -. +y€ fihal iol"\às tor 1±r€ l:f3Cmf.¥nt-É..

rt ìS c\éàr ù`ài+ cur fowéT tn sdve Fh/sìtal probvms ùwld be cjftat`y inLma5€d. The poss~ibi\`ib ®f such f*F..ns\-cns

@v\d thetr dct€fw`-ir\ation Luhen ù`e7 €^t£t aft +h¢ 5ubj€ir ¢t Fou`icf anal/Sìs.,

Deft-n\`h`;cy`. A juncb`on +ltì is Sa``a b be perèaà``c if th#rt gxjsts a constant 2F, Lùith u^c£ property

thpt
f,t+zp) = f`t,ì for atl t±

fi£ P is th¢ sna\\es+ number f* u>hìch th`-5 id€nhL9 hokìs, it is LÈÌ\\ed th€ pé'u`od ot' tlug

iunctic}rì .

z` ."E EULER toEFFIC\Eurs

\n ordcr to dét€fm`-ne iln¢ t^€{f[(fenb Jn and bn `^ "& €*paflLsjon

+ltì = £ao + ai Cost + azcos-2£ + a3Cos3t+ ...- + an Cosnt+-`-.

11)

+ bì SW + b.S\`n2~t + b3 S`in3t-+ .--- + Èn Sìnnt + .--,

àssu`v`:ng thà+ it exts+s, w¢ n€ec` tù€ fo`bcù`ìnj dcftni`t? ìnte,9`als , whi`ch 3rt ua\`-c\ Pf au cl, Ffoùì`d{'à

m and n é3re i-fltgg" sah`s{7tng ti€ 9`-Jé`n Ìt£til`ch`®v`S..

 ©
d+Zlt

Cos`|tdt-=0 j n+o, (2ì

13)
s,.^ nt clt = 0,
tdt„
À

d+2,TJ

Ùosmt cosiitdt =0, m+n, 14ì

ts)
j: -.-- :-:---=.t-it =. = , r-+==--
d

d+Zn

Còsmt si`n^t dt = 0 16)

j
ò
d+,zfr

Sinmt sìflntdt =0, ryi+rì,

j L?)

c)

dr2Ù

si.^2nt cSt = TC . 18)

T° fmd ao Lue assum€ M2`t tine sGnti tl) can b€ inteqfatea +cm g tfrm f" t=d t° t=d+£{F-`"€n

d+zr, dt2m cltctr

c®stdt + -Li_;, Cosztdt + . . . + dn 4osn+ d+ + . . .

cì
fT
dttm

HEm sin `z;+ dt + - - s.,r, nt ót + , - `

Ac"ding +o (2) aìl mtg£tats wi" a cosi`r`e u@n`-S`h \fòr n+o) Brià .fm i3) au ìntegt>ls wi`U;i a Sìne a}50

J3v\\Tri @nò th€rc,fo€

cìrw„ = ±„Ì:r"= ±óO(„„_dì = "ao ± BO= :irz;„

 ®ì
ftio ìnte5(al of fttì Càv` aways b8 cua`j3teò h?iaJi€, +tt) is akfioh3h ftnLborL To ii'nò a^ |wt-th ft>],2,..r~)

toc W\tìp\y &àù sì&& c7€ ln b7 L¢snt a^à dm intq{at€ t®m d to ò+Zff> assuMtn£ a53tn U^àt ttrML4)ìse

intggntion ``s jusLìfi€ò. m\-S 5-`ues

+lt) @Sot = ±ao Cosnt + a[ Los+.t Gbsr\t + à2éo>Zt t®>nt + ---+ an ¢S^t bÉn+ +--.

+ bì bsflt Sìnt + b2 Si`L\2t 4?>nt + ---+ J3n Sìiint tiÉnt +--+

S dj#+Ltìósnut = £aocjì:sntd„ a{jt:st bs,*# Edj:szt®mtc}w .. + a}tz=ntft£ridL + .

dc\

aw d,?n-

s.'nt 6sn+Jt + Si`n2t Gosntdt + --~` + J'n Sì mt- 4òS/1tdt + --' .

èy EÌs. [z, €nd t4ì „ ìnt€3,a\S on W ri£ht L^nb.`n{flq oA\7 tos;„ #„ uan\.Sh g*Ù&pt " on€ muow;Aq

cos2nt, whrch bj Bq. |5) .i5 €iuJ\ to TC. Fi-na\\) b Eq. L6ì au i¢t€jft]ls contaìnìng a Si" Vanìsh H€nce

cìr2Tt
d+Zr,

140)
j flt)®sntft= "an S an= +jfLmbntdt
dcl

•ro d€t€whne bn We ft!\\ow es>cnh`z`llj the >@ttff Frocgduig. W@ multipl7 11) by s;nnt b th{n ìnt€5/attL

tTom d tó d+2ff , yielòi^9

djz:,t) s,nn„t = +£oj=:nn+ft „ }"ftffò „nntd„djt26ff#s,nntdt + „jt=nt s,Wh

dJ
dcl
EE=m
+Z d+2'T

Si.nt S;nn+ dt + b2j Sì n Zt S`. n r`t dt. + --nj Si n nt. s,„ r,t dt + . - -`
dd
4uordirq tò 13ì, (6Ì, ar`ó (+) aH int€j/pls Uànìsh CKt€pt ti Gm @nbt`^i`hj # tm S:n2n[, A}h``ch fm

18) w`€ \mN€

d+zn
dtzlT

fttìsinntdb= bnt£ -+ bn=fj +'t) Sin r+dt . (11)

d cÌ
 ®
R€\ab`o^S lqì, l!Oì 'àn.ò tl±) @fe kncwn &s ihe Eu|er of Eul€f-Fouri`er finmuìas, and bLe scw-ps |1),

Wh€n its LoC#Ccwnts h?Ug flese u@\ues, Ts knou3n @s +±r\e foun`{r sen`€,s o€ fL*ì. \n mòst @FF\ic@h`cms,

{h ìnt€fual OU* whìch flt) ìs tD IJ €iigandeò i-S C`+thm |-ltjfr) or (Oi.Zr[\, so ttiat "e Valuc cf d

is €,`th€f -ft; or 0.

THEOREn |. l.Thform o[ D`u\`ch\etì

rf t-itì i`s a bound€:Ja functlo{` o+ Fctiod 2n hjhich i~n a^} ow p€,ri-oò has àit Mo5t a ii-ni-t&

nunibcr q Ma*iwla Émò MtntMa aLf\ò a f`-n.-tp r`uMbct o+ Fomts c¥ aiscjor\ttnuity, ti`m "ei

Fouri€r Serie q. flt) Lmuetjgs to fLt) £t i\\ fDìwb ujhefE ftt) rs t-3r`tinuous and ù®W€rjes

to thc 2u€taje Jàlue cf tv€ r``ght- a^d left-hand, lTMtts q flt) é)f €@ch ruìflt uJheffl flt) is

Òtsc¢ntìnJCUS.

1bse O`li`ch\ct ®ridt-h`ort \hàke i`t c\€àr "at a fuwtion n%a not be Lonh`^uous .m ord# to fossc'5S a Uà\``a

roun`€f €*pans``on. .Th``S m* tht a ftnc,h`on May consùst o[ a nuMbw of c\is}cjinted arcs # C}``#fr€nr

CufJes, €acJh c}efcngd b/ @ i\i`f€€ftnt eiu2hon, 9nd

stt|| b€ f€prts€ntàble i) a Fouri€r ScrL-€S- m .tine ft`9U8

. . `\\.
Cn lhJe rL~5ht +hcL iu^Lh`on f Lt) rs deftned b/ ih+ìgG

d``ffefùnt fJnitìo^S, nam€l/ filk), fzLt), anù {.3Lt), on

suc{essiu€ poth`ons c)f thc p€n`oà ì,itGtual

d É t € d+ Zff .

m€n, acc®tid`,q b Eqs.110) and m) the E\;\u iòrmulàs é>re:

d,zm d+zrr

4
bn== f+lt) Cosr`tdt fi[ۓ Cosntdt + fz Lۓ 4>sn t-dt + f5,t, 4DS^+Jt ,
T, j =Ji__

d
q
drzm

fLt) Sìn nt dt = 1 s;rln+dt + 1 +ztt') Sìnn+dt + +;[fìSinntat..

A.cordìng to -rheor€m 1, -the fouft# Sefj€S o€ th€ +o,ich`on in m€ abc% fi`9ufe u}`-n LOMqg to the

@uetaj& ua\u€sj ir\d`tcat€d 5 dot5, at the d``Sùontir\Ui`h`e,s at a, F, anò dr?ir3 r€3ardlc£s a+ the bck

o€ dch`n``h`on q: the func,h`on @+ titcm poin+s,

 E-*ftnpLE 1. What B fl¢ Fouri* Cipànsi`on QF thc Fcf\`odìc {unLti`on ,uhosg dgtinitton }n oflk F7w`od

ls.'

-ìT < t < 0

tm=iso,n)t,
0 C t < rr

on¢ p€u-oa fwDm _rt b tir th.-S

+nLtl- is

ln ".`S ias€ m t>ke cl=-tr, emò "fnefofl£

ar`--= rM*"tbt = ±fm um"

-jf

- , - _- J.- -

rnte3tab®n b Fc`rts jiglds,

Sirì+ Co5ntJt tt= S,`r`t , dù= cpsntdt Cos+ Si`flntdt =

ui!i-

dLi= CÉs+Jt, ùr= * S'innt

= 1St-r)t Sinnt - £ cbSt s-,`ri n+ J£ .

rìn

-iGÉtcc>Snt -1 s\-n+ 4snt Jt

4ost. S;nntdt n-----n

:L,:=b::\:tùà+Ù,=:n:::±:bt>.^+f=

St`ot Gsntclt = +Srnt Sm + i Gsr Gjflt t #z Si`flt Cbsnt-Jt ri

n2.

-(j~,+2)jsintb"tdt= *Sintsi`nnt+ 1 ÉstGsnt ±

rlz

\-*
*s,`nts,`nnH àz c®+CQ"t ns,.ntsìnnt + G5t6snt.
1

t
Sint ti n t dt =
t (q=i) ln2-1)
1
yl2,
 ®
H€nL&)

Àn= J7 s`nt6ìn"t=È`n+i nstntsTnnt|? + bst éà75iit

TJ

_iL c-45oÌ
ff n2-i
{ns7s:„_ns¢,s:„„_„
1 + 6snff
_1,1(-b>nTHì=
ft nz-1
L# * 3n= rt lt-n2)
+FT nf i`

Tht`S e7CFf€Ss;on is \ia\i`d 4r a\\ n €T*6g,pt for o=1. "er€{of€,

n:7T

aJ= àjs,ntGstft = | s``ntco>C= ± S``nzt Srri2tdt =i ùi=2t 'LL=OJ t=O

_r= zÉj dw=zdG ' %=ztijt#
9 0

_E±
4TC
rs,nw = ~ 4iff tisuizoff= ~4+m {WH-G„) „ + afi
0

ÙooJ

ftt) S,-y"tcft, = St.nt Sl`nntdt

--- e~ -, - < - -
: r^tqJi]h-w *`Ìn 9 pyb 5:vg,S:
\i

Stvit Si`nntdt = 'w= Sèrtt j dJ= Si.nntdt

CoJt Cs nt-dtT

òLL= Cost-d6-J #= -gù>^t

_ _ __'
r-ts,n"-"tl
rLL= 4?st J dt,t= C®snt-dt|
CO5.* Cosflt J+ = S!.nt S,-n^+ Jt

àt=_.S]nkòt„+__*S[n_nt r=*bsts,nn++*j
--_ _ ----- __- -

jsnÉinn"t=~+Sintftnt+#Gstsi"t+*2/S`int£`^ntdt±

( j-y+z) j si-nt st.n nt dt = -* Sìnt Gs nt + +2 b£t si`mt

 _*S:nttin* i&>t sìm+ _ris:n+G>nt+ C®5±Sinnt
Sir`t Sìnntdt =
_ --, _i: '±±:? m2-1)
n2.

We"J bn= #jm„t sìnnwt= #+nsm"ntj:*tstnnt|:} =

= m+Fì { .„„mw+ n„„ + „S,„ ~ &S°S,n°ì= 0 * bfi for n+L

rgt n=A, LÙ`e havg, TrTt

EH

b]=±jffs\`n2tdÈ G>szt= 1 -2S4`n2t

d> +ZS`.n2t= {-Co}ZE

® r=±j'[±-6Szt++=ZIP,jdt~+ffj¢.Ztdt*=
0

É~+jtis2+*-4imrwdw=±-4|ffs,m\==±*b4=É-
fJo

Henc&j euè\Jattng the ùoe{ft`ct`pftts .¢r n=oji,z ,.... j M haue

flt) = ±£@ + 3i CO£t + a2 Cos2t + a54os3+ t .--- + ancosnt + --.

+ bj Sint + b2 S`.n2t + b5 S~ + ~ + ' + bn S`" + -~`

wh£rc .

óC= % J 3| % j a2= -ì J ò3" , 34= ~ + ; a5m a6= -+ > a2=o; a8=-i ] .--
5tc `5 tc 35 nr 63ft

bc"j b4= ± J bz=Oj b3=O ,,--

f l" = ± - É 1 h=t + Giit + ¥ + &¥t+ -- 1 + i sti

a f(g) = * + SJF+ ~ É [ gcosft + ±% +3±5h56t+ 6+3bs#t+-t ±( 1 + Cos nT[

nz-1 )Gsnt+l
rntir€sh`^g nuMgw`c>l seri€s Lm often b€€n obbmed f'rom FM# sf,yi-# b/ ÉwàìoatL-q W at sp€cfft.c

pomts . rw `nsbnLej W oc spt t=m/z `n rig ±w fxi#nsfon, m h~nd

 ®
+ltì = S..nr(|2 = |

ri€y\Q3

£=±r£_±\~5+4+S_3+5+*3_..,ìD{_*_à=~%\_àrt±- -`às.r i63- ` .

1

Tt-2
_-=- _
l__-_
3
l l+
i ---+.,-*
45
a
35 63
n;2- l-l+i_L
4 +--.-`
1.3 3.5 S.+ ?.q

pROBLEns

2A. Déti"" flw Fbww e*Fi3ns,oris of ft p€,T\`ocli+c {imc,hm whos8 clefi`nmm in m f*ft`oa
3re,``

0<t<ffil2-
aì ftt\=
TC|2 <t < ZTT

5) ft£) = } -Tf <t{0

/ 04 t¢fl=

Cì ftt)= Sin-£ , ~rf<t<rf

COÉt , -r'<L<o
d) f,t)=
sint J o4t"

€ì f.lt\= {:z', ~om44::°m

28. Fshb\ish th& .jòl\owi`n9 nvmcrL`Cal r€Suit5: {H,nt,. i)3e W rtsu}bs oi €xftk e) ab{"e)

E= 1+ + + i r i+ i +---:=
-n i i72 J njhe¢ n€iù
GJ., Z€ 3,Z 4a s2 c=£n--

ao
Jil= 1-
42. +2+±2-+2+±2~ .--. = £|~l)m+2; néN
4=1

É2= 1+ + i2 + qi2 + ---- = £ „ ,-1,^1 =z , -

0
0 ;2 + i2 [<1
 3. CHAuGE OF IÙTEevftL

h ma^y PnDblcMS W£ fgriod of +±ie funch`on to be erpattdea i-s mt Z¢ W some oth€r mbnJal,

Sa7 2P' A Cha^3G Of SC3k ``s rcqu;f€d ftr the ffipfrscntahon c)f pgri`od``C functions af arLi`tvày f¥rt`od.

ÀV\à\/h`Cà\}, suLh a cha^9c of s£Eìte i5 c€pf€scntrd \?; th& substituh~on

*= rJ+ or t= PL=
P - _ri

Whm t=d, thm ii=Dj grid m t=c}+ZF then

„ fl;iL# = ffL± +2ffT = D+2nr,

FF
*

"US, whm +lne Substi`tJh`on t= p>/fr i5 Màc}e in iùe eiJaL*ìon y= fLt) oi à +mc,h`on ¥ péri`od Zpj ri&

obt2.`rì ft ftnch`on

y = f 1 p# ) = FL1, ,

arb #hìs, @s a fjnchon o£ x, i`s of pertod 2ìr.

AS à fùncb~C>n of >i of p€W 2fr, Fii) 6-an, ot coL,rse, b€ e=t\,àndea ,^tó a bri# S€rics ana h""

Fllì = jz° + 3] Cosi + à2 Ctsz* `r ---+ Jn tbsn* + . -` + b£Si.nì + b2.S``nz* -. + `bn S;;nnI + ----. j

Uhe€ CÌS "UàLsn= *}"2F|„n*d* , Ln= #jDt2:xm"d*

DD

r[ jn thes£ €*Fr€ss`ons uft Make the "" 5ubsh`tuhbns

i=ffft and d*=Fd+J

@nò t+tall:ng that

|=D+ t=d md &=D+zw--+=d+Zpj

me @boug €*\9prisi`on bccow`eLs

 ®
F(ffTt)=+`|É-Ft)=flt)=Ì°+a(%\ffft)+^ò2#(2Ft)t.~~+anf%\n¥)r+o.

+Ljs;nrft)+È2S.n|2F+)+-~-Hnsin(fl¥t).r...., (12ì

anò .tir€ Eu\€r ®€ffìcifr\ts Lecomc

(Ì3)

an=Éjd+zL„tnFt„
d

lt4)
Ln=frfttì„(n¥)„
cl

US{ng 113) am) tl4) , ti Sczy``@S [1Z) m be u,ns;+rucw w,`thout fl¢ rw€sstE, ¢ Ì^+Y-°dt't``ng ti 9UX+1ray

UaTiTab+U3 *. \n most t3ppli`cat``ons t| coi-|| ti ei-+her -F 0r 0`

É*mpH 1. Whòt ìS ti Fourin e]LFBrBón ot th£ F€fèoai`c *ch~on ¢hosg dcfi-n`-h`on in ofie F€n.oò is

O`t<2
"\=t:), 2<t<4 .

ln m``S Ùase U" FerL`od q. th& funch`on ìS 4. hen®, F=2 anò f.rom |i3) and t14ìj èàLìng d=Oj CD€

hàve

@n=±j4fm+nFt)ò*±j2„s(n¥b)dt

tL= nrTt`2 , óuL= n¥dt

¥_bszl.id,t= i „ 4oS" dw =
n rr nit nin2
jt®s,n=t)dt=
i[` t-Q) u,--o' Tt +--Z,

vu= w, dJ= Cosdb • n# ws-J-")= nÉ2| uS,"-u)

dìu-=dw) `D= +Si`nw
 3n
±jt*„ £2{ n¥ts,nin¥)Ì:+ 6sr¥t)Ì:} ~-

`Z ( tòsnit -|) .2 [(-iìn-i|

2 nTt S``n [nrt) + 6S (nTCì -1 = - ±1 Pf n o"
n2,c2 n2u:`2 n2fr2

0 for r` cJcn
ào = : /1„ = i ( fz,:) = i
bc'`t , c,
4 2Z

Ln=i`f®sLn,n=t)dt=i)fwì-(nFt,dt=ijtsin\nFtìdt
®Oo

ìL jts`nrF+)òti u--m+|2 ] du.-~ nrcò+|2 i u Si.nu . Ll c}w •„s'`nttdu- =

nrr nn;

d:::u,,d:::,n¢wsòuT=±+tis„t%wdw]=#„„_+

_---_

•`bn=-n=2{n¥Lbs(fl¥+)i:+S`n(^¥+)Ì2oL-~±z(nm"W`"ìì

- i 6s,^T[ì .
nT,

Substiwtìon at !}^€s€ tAeFf`+cients i'nto [1Z) jT€ids

+lD=£-£z6>(ff?t)-4f2&(3¥+)-2+ft2GS|S¥t)~..-.

+ £ S!4(n±) . #S¥n( 2¥+) + 5±ff Sm ( 5¥+) - .

+ fLt)= ±~ iz|Cos|P?t)+ +Cos|st?t)+ ±ti5(5¥t)+ .,,. ]

+ ± [ s,n tùÉ ì . ± s,.n t 2¥tj + É s..n t 3¥+ì _ . .. ] .

 ©
pROBLEns

5A. De+€rm" +h£ roun`€r eipansìonc ct+ +he p€tcodfc func,tiofts cdhose acfi-t\rh`o~ ìn one pen`od

aT€ ``

a) +{tì = cost , -T[/Z< t< tG/Z.

0, -s¢t<-1
b) t,tì = 1.+ Còsttt, -!<tcI

C) ' 1<t<5

-Z<t<-1
-1< t< 0
-g)=l;::'; 0( t< 1

1< t <2

4. HhLF-RAùGE E-XPAÙsìows

Whtn +ttì Possgs5€S Cert@ìn sjmm€t7 ptopcrtìgs, thc 4ocff rcifv\+s in ìh FoW`-€r €3{Pansicn

bgcoww pafh`cularl7 s:rnple. F"L) suFPcrs€ th>t f(t) k an gvm iuoct+on, r4

f,-t)=f,tì ior a,, t,

°r> fyom 8 £€oM€tyùtp\ poìnt af Vi€W> tiat th€ 8ràph of fLEì ìs s}mmetr\`cal .in th€ U€rttcal a~`S.

Takìng. d=-F in Eq. (13) fof an tù`e ..an uJrit€

fkw(nF)d*+jfriìGs|n¥)dwFj ftt) Còs ( n¥+) dt

_F -P-o

W°ù in he inte5raL f®m _p ti Oj iet w Màke the substiLUEìon t=-s, dt=-ds » tiat i-f t+_p,

th€n S+F and i+' t+O th€n s+o, so th3t ti `-ntea+t>l b€c®wu2S

+j°fww+t)dtiÉ/°fH)®S(-¥%
_Pp

S,-nce
 ©
fl-S-) = f`S) j ftom `th2 h}Fothgsìs ihà+ fttì ìs Òn cugn f'urich`on. rlorcowr, +h{± ®srn¢ is aìso ésn

eu€n funct+on so that

tis(-¥5)=cos(n+S)

Hcnc€,

tjof„®sr+s)

Gs(n=+)d = ÉjFm&srTt# S
Oo
S;nw W€ +wo ìnte5fiD\S art `-dent~tcal , c3"# fc,r the. c|ummy va_rcable of ìnt€grshon, whi`ch is ;mmat€rial.

5h, Ì=r\y .`

bn=+jF+%n(n+t)dt=Éj°m)smr+twj:W)m(nFt)dt
-P- .-P

A9@ìflj Puttin3 t=~s W dt=-J5j w have

bn=È`of,--|-Ff""fjpf","(o¥„
Z3

€l.nùl

+t_s,= fcs, c,rLd S``nt.nFsì=_ s,ntn¥j

then

bn=tÉjof„tn¥sìds++jF„t„tn++ì„
P`Jo

=-Fjpfisìs,nr+¥s+ÉjFfi+ìs,nrF%
0
C)

'rha+ ,`s,
% h mt¢j/@L> fl~ idgnh`càl €x~* fm % sijn TT`cs,e q" jiii€ m b tht' f%q
th#®Le`m .
 ®
Tr`EOREH 1. rf +{tì Ts an ev€`n f#r``odic +urwti`or`, Wn +he Go€ffi-ccfvLts ;n +he fòùm Seri4`4S Of

f Lt) é)re siugn bj tiu ÉmulE.£+

an=Éjpfmbs(nFt„ -
0

hotù SuPPOS€ th®t ftt) `-5 m odd fJnch-on, f,É',, that f|-tì=~fttì fi3r W tj cff €eovv"tri-Cal\7 W

the 5r@Ph cf ftt) fs S}mm€h`C in th€ ori-gin. Thm proLe€ding just aó tq|ofgj we can Lùritg

an=+{°fftùs|n¥)aHf{Ffitìbs|^Ft)dt=
-ré)

:jFoft_„s{~Ts„s„+jFf"s\n¥j„=
0

= fjofLs-(n+S)J- -+)Pf"|n¥)d*fj:m+Ft)ft=Oj
F 00
anc)

bn=:jFofmsmr¥)dt+joFfmsmr¥+

=+/°fh)s,n(-¥fm+ÉjFfit)sinrF+)#

=.fjFo„s,ntnfìd„È`Fm„,ntn+„t=É{:"ntn¥Ìds+j:„„

= FjFf-(n=+,dL 11
0

Thfs r€suìt c>tab-\ishcs tii€ fo\\owì^3 thgor€m.

THEOREH .2. r[ Flt) i`S an odd F€rtoa``c funch`onj hcn h€ Lcfflrcì€nts -`n th£9 fòurin setrcs q f{t) atie

g'Wen b} ti fòtmJbs

c?n=o , bn= ?jrfLtìsn|'Ì+L)dL

0

ft ShaiJ\J b€ ewìph2s`z€d h" tLi* odòness anò Cvenness m r\ot Tntrins;c propcrti`es q @ giaFh bJr
 ©
d€Pend upon -its rg\ah`on to ihe v€rtiLaL B*is o€ t\^¢ LoofdJnate s/stipm.
BC
rf MeL li`n€ AAr Ìs chos€n @s thc u€ttìcàL a*is, +hm thg

gfpph deh`nes òn cJm func,hon wh# FourJw gti\iansùor}, ~

~m actord@nte ¢ith -Thfortm 1, toìll tor`tain onlj ®sìtìc +pfMS.

On tic othgr h@r\à, if 88' is choscn é>s +hc! Wth`Cé>\ àH~S,

+h& 9'ì5Ph dgfinti @n oda 4nc;hon, and bj Thfo" 2-jonl/ :-

S``n€ tgftns h¢i-\\ appear ``n fts P*pènsiorì. F\`nà\\/, if' ihe ri 8';' ,C,'

\\.n& LL` is chos€n éìs +h£z `!€rtica| -s*.ìs, th€ g./¥h d€ftnes

@ PnLbton ùghìch ts n€`thcf od& nor eJcn @nd botli sines aì\d CoS;nc,s 4®\|\ app€7>r ``n its f:'Ùuri`f7f sfnLcps.

-£Gn`es CJf @ ftnc,tion d&EL+h€J on\7 ¢r O<t<p L2m b€ c:*tadeJ +o tine t^tewa| l-F;O} So +Uat

€JLpaY\Sìons Làn be obb`,nea suc,h #`at i}¢] hj,-\\ tonta,`n o^V wsìn€ t-PrMS or onl7 Sìne +erriTS, as We

Fl€asg. SJch SC'f\`es ar€ knot¢n a5 h3\{-Ytìn]e elpcgnsi`oy`s.

FXAtlp[£ 1. Frnd 4`e ha\rfang€ e~Farìs;ons * +he, rfuncb-on

t`ttì= t-tz , oct<1.

TT¢ half-rang€ C9S`.ne er*F@i`Si'on is basd cn im@3i-ni^9 m cm €~jLtffts;on of fltì= t~+t2Dùgr ft

`^tefupl (~1/0ì On th¢ bpsi-s cf' -Tbfo¢m 1,

bn = O/

a,\ò

u~tz)£s(n+tp=2jìm)Mn+"t=zj#sht)dt-2jgz%w
0®o

q= ,ltft , d9= nt[dt`r--

j+bs`mt„t=1 /n#¢#=n+"?j¢¢""
w=¢, dut= Co5gdp • #2[¢Si¢ +¢Jpj- +Jqs,"q + bg 1
dur-dg , `#= S'i`n9
 ®
t2 cÓs [riT[t) dt =
q=m+, dg= ntrdt r-=
L¥ffz2bsq;#ff=n+J¢2tigdm

¢2chs3#d9=

d::::'dgd,J=,:S:,:#ZS'nq+qs"dm+J¢Zb5#n±5|q2sT"_zj¢sm#j

qsìngdq = L{=¢, C)U=

- q 4£p + tis9dg = -¢Co£¢ +Si¢q,

dw--dv) J=-

`t .' jt2®(m+Wt = ±5 [ g2Smq nffco"-.Z"¢F ±3[|mbfs`,n(nut"|mTtìtishri+ì~*Ein hri)]

2n=ijtwshn#Zj£t2L#S(m"t=n#[Wh"J""nmtìì;|~
° ° n+3 [ mt5 smft ò mfftì "Wtwn £n"tì\£o|

b òn= n+z [ ®sinùì -i| -n=5L m C"ff)| = #2 `9Smrf) ~ ,#z ~ ni:t" =

21 | + Cosn,TCì
- i tbhtr) - Ti = - ' for r,+O.
n2ÌL2 n2n 2 n2,,2.

-53\j3]=2|Z~Éì=à--±

H€nc€ ì+ is poss`b.|g to t€pfcsmt t`tt)=t~t2 f3r o<+<19 the Sct``GS:

ftt) = ±\±) _t[2| €oS(ZtJtìi6rc2

-i cos (4trt) -±=:; 6S[6r[t)64-|T[2oD5istrt) ----.

* f[tì= +. É[ ftL±j;±Ì+ L#Ì+ C°L±{::±,r L.®L=::F±Ì+ .... ]

S;m-tbh/, ti¢ trbu-ranqe Sère c*f?ans;on Ìs baéga upcm €*+€ndtng f[b) = +-tz Ddcr +he int€tiJal

t-1j®) bj f€tlech`on \n th¢ cyr[3,n, Thcre#tE, @c%r€+w to Th8orm 2

 àf\ = Ò `

anò
bn=É
jFfLtìsLn|flJFt)"
0

H6M2J

bn=Éjìm"n(nfftft=2jLts,n„„.2j£t2„„
oo0
' --------- `- `- _
\

=L¥Smq#*=+ff2(4S'"dr „=q/ dJ= Sinq49

jtsri-tw=1 ¢= "-t, dp= nfrdt

=,±i-qco*+jtiri+n+2i"ft*"+jtsrinfftì#=++(nfft)b5hfft".ìntnfft)]

tz s`,n |nfrt\ dt = q=nrtt, d¥= nflrdt r

jnÉ2Smq#=±3j¢Zsìn„=

w= qzì d¢= Si`ngdp

=n#Fzcos„zj#tij„q]
dw=2gd#, r= ~(stg

¢ cos9dq, = w=p, dJ= Cospdg

-- 9S;nq, - STngd¢ = qsi¢q'+Co3#

òw= d¢ •,= Si4q

\
jt2S`"%=±3ì-P2COSH2PS"2b5q]=#+(n2ffit2)6Swtu2mìs.^(nfftìri4>mt)]
1

--,.--- \ ,.-,-

bn*jtsi"fftwtit2"mtwt=n+|"ff"mì"fft)!;]-
00

2
--_1
zbstftfttì+2(mt)s;nm+ìJnff+;zC05hfftì
n3d3

= -n+2 imì bsm _

i6s[mcì + 1GÉm) ~
n n= ^H
nt3[2ù'Slnrtì-1|+±5(nff)2Góstntfì=

4 [ Coshttì -HH
=D bn=
4J±
r\3,, 5
n5t,3
 He"g l`t `~S @\SO Fossible iD rtptt,sgnt ÈLt)= t_t2 ibr O<t<L b7 thc sÉ'ri-csL

ftt) = &
71Sin(ff.t) + i Sint3rftì t 1 Si^tsfft) + 1 S;nLtrf-£) +-~ .
ft3 22ft3 -'-' -4Z5J13 34 S ff 3

s i n (1rrt) .
+ fttì= à3 s,-n(r[+) +
s:nl3fl:+)
•1+
+ si#)+ 1Z5
----. t- J ..-.
34S
18)

ths Sét``€S tm ar\d LB) m b m mcaff ih¢ cm\, fourt# sf^es Lùhich m rgFrcscnt flt)=t~tzm the ```td

m .Thej w mti tm m# Lonvemcnt ~ mos+ " or\cs. F„ \%m -, " sf+i€s mqw k dcfi"

b \etttM % ?i+Cnsion k 5W " Pmm dt'#r`ed b fttì= t-t2 i`tsclf tor -L<t<O. In tirs 4asL
ZP= 211)=2, &r`d d=-1 :

an=Éj£„*gq&=j,tt_tzì_„=j:_„_jt2m„ù.~
-1 -£ 1 -1

=J-
nftz |(m+ì*nut"sm)\:£\-±|(n"t)Zsiwì"T%(m"mdt)|ìL|
4 óò9 nLTC'
=n#stmì_cosLmìL=9Fctinì„nùLti„ì]=~ ~ Ù'n= -4LÉÌÈ
nz,i2 nèn.2
for n±O.

A1

z-z-i+(l)=-i*
353 £o=-±

fjlf„
~1
|+t%nwt»t=j!+S,nmhj£t2Sìn[nfftw=
-1-9

=*2[Sìn(mt"nt)%fft)\:,|-±,|ibstmmx^nt¥in(n"mffg)2"m+ìì:2|

=àz[„G"„~m„sLmìL±5ìzós,ftff„Ln„ff,26„+tm2¢h¢,j

---bn=- ZCbstriff)

nrr nTr

LtinLe +or o4t¢L it i`s @iso poSs'iLl€ +o t®nLt€

 ®
fLq = ± |~2à) + fz 403(fft) -i 4?5tzrrtì + 1 G>13ffo ~ i Gs#m + ..,,
4fl,2 q. ffz 16m2

+ É. Si`n [nrt) ~ -ZT Si`n[Zfft) + i Sm t3rrt) - i S.n[4rr+) + ' -.

2rr s tr 4iT

* fitì= -±+ à2[Gs„tì _ b#>+ 4?sl3Jrt)

_ - _ + ,-
4-0-)+..-.
/-
4cì j6

+ É L sin ,fftì - s¥t)+ s'`n 'sn+) s'-n t4rrt)

2.3 (c)

lh'€ fL`9ur€ {;iwws m£ c±t-evìdeb p€n`Ód[c qjnctions h]hiLh @re t`epfts€n+€d } +he s€¢`cs Lft),lg}j ànò (C).

JÈÈ

me 5raph tor ti`C Ser\`€s |A) ìs €un7cSh€¢ Ùcr\tinucus bù+ has Ùofnprs,
t*)
Or Fo\`nts òt t=±i,±.2`±5,~,. w)herìs th€ hnjgvtt chain3&S

C}{r€ctton dtsL4ntinuóus}. \n ÌAi\{! Lotrfsponcwrq Sfn`CS LC)

C------t
12ì
the gv3ph 35 Ò 4ù`holg `-s riot conh^uous bu+ has juMPS c3t

b= ±!, ±3, ±5 ,.... Fi`na\+, A¢ jiaph i.or {8) no+ onl7 i5

4onttnuous t~+ hps a Lonttnuous tày\jent, C.é}., th€re arE no

FOìnts wh€q} Li;`herig +±Ac bnjMt Ch>n3C3 direLtifjn abrupu7.

iHEC)REt| 3. As n becoMgs ìr\ffn,`tgj +hc ùoeffi-Cì€yits in ih€;

rouri€r s€n`es Qt a {unLbon sph~S+yìrig the tÀ-n`c,hì€t

C¢nd{Etons cìlJ]s appi-oach .z€no 3+ |€ajt Eìs {Tapìd\y as c/n, vohert i Ts à Lonsbnt ind€Penden[

Of rì. If +he ftnc,hLon has cne or more poin+s ctf òiscontinui.ty, .d~ 4acififc,ients Lm dc£ftàse r`o .fast8r

+V\an th``S, And `n g€nnal, w a funcm and Ìk u3Ti`ous d€n`uàbu€s au Satisty th~ DTyt"r

Cor`Cùth`OrB , @nd ì€ W kth cìeTtuah-vg [s rie fi-rsr on€ w`hi-ch fs not eu€tyLù`h% tonh`nuousj thm

du W€f`ficìen+s ``n i" Fc>uriw s£ties o+ @ the tmction i3Fprot`ch zm % C,/n" a£ n+cD.

"EORÉ" The .int€gfaì Ln{ y fuiith`on which sab~st{€S ti t)-iti`cW€t LonòìLions can be iòufta +

ti{mwìse irTtegrat\`on cf ihe Fouft€r sgri€s q thc 4Jnch`on#

•mEOReq 6. IF fLt} is a conttnuous +ufwtion si>h`sfying the t)ryi`ch\€t co^d\`hoirìs , èmd ìf +`'t-t) a\so

sat\-sfi`es the Dit.`ch\€Ù Lor\d``h`ons, thgn t*3h€rEu€r it €*[Sts, {-r[tì Lm be +oud b

b€rmùìse d``rifrg.ih?tion OF U\C Fom`W s€rL`f s of fl*).

 PRogLEjfls
©

4ft. E*panò fltì=Cost ìn a sine seri-€s Pr o<t<2tcó

46, E.tpàti m)={2t_2r ', 04:::ì in a Ùosi^e s€rc€s]

4C. HO® i`aFi`d\/ m +hc uoe#,`cèen+s in th¢ foum scn-es of' ++^g pcpt¢odt`c funLtton l/lz+Cas+ì d€Lr€..Je 2

6. ALTERh!ATNE FORns OF FOui€\ER SER\E5

TIU9 Of\`5ìnal Ptm oe +*\g Fóuri„ Sgu q a tunc,h`ori, as dgrwgd in Secbhcms 1 afld 5, m È€

tmu8rt€d inb SeveiaL oth„ th`jonometn`c ¢fms m into ~ in " "@g=nafy c*pcmnhats*aFpf*
i.rì5t€aò ff f€zal tr``9oncpmetri`c furtctions. Fc>r insbncej `i.n thz J#f\`CS

ttt) = + ao + òj fos {ffi) + a2 c®s \ ZLEF±) + -..- + an U* \ n+tì + . . .

+ b£ S;n |ffi) + bzsio | Z¥+)+ ....,. + bn Sìn (n¥) +. , .

W& L{3n gt"p Ttoj€+hgr +}ie +efm5 of 1*ne $5im8 fireqLmcy js

flt,=ta®+ff,l iosrTL)+#sn|fffì|r

•--. J,T:i_t `i

hb*tj considcr tv€ trtàn3\€

-EEMi
@^

cmò d€fLLnLé}

@n
cos{n = Éffi s.n #n = i i Cosòn= Sinó`n `, Sìn&n= 4D5Jn , for r\=J,Zj3 ,.,- ~
 ©
Hentc, s€ttL^9 Ao=±ao cmà An a:+L2n \n=!,Z ,-,. ì , ±he bst s€,n`;&s tm lo{z fE.tDri:ttlpn as

Mì"A!|ésrTtFssì-*tn|WÉìS`hfi|tti|ti|2F)bsfzriin|2++)sì+.r..--

-[bs,nF)-rs`,n,nf,s`,+.---
"ohós\ffi-#i)+Az®SFii+~$2ì+.-.---+An@S\n¥~Ùnì+.'--"
Or eqJì\Ia\En+\y

fltì=AOH[L3s|ffÉ)s,flìHnrT+)®só4]M|®s\ZF+\sm6z+s[n|Z+t)6s8+'~'-

" | b5|n+L)SLnsn + SLn |n¥)ftsn| +. --'' ù

"o"S`n\fif+8j)"s`tn\Z#+8z)+..,.~."ns[n|n¥ta^)+---~--

ln @ny # "ese ù# ¢rMS, th€ iuc`nh.b A^= J;=iE is tk f€su\tant aMFlitua€ of ti compon€nti oF

ftùìu€^7 fttt/P, thà+ ts, ft] aMFl-`tude of tiG nw ha{mc>nTC ;n ihe €xi7ansjcjn. The Fhas¢, anj|gs

--- _ -` -
\
(

;
'
sjifi = bnfn= ¥n S ¥n= b;,\Ìnì , s#n= tènsn= afn _+ b;Tjì=òn
1 Co9 fn
\
!
--- \

#n=bàn-Lb¥n èri 6^= b>n-'3Én

me?" w \®g or \ead o€ Wu n% hamlonic ¢i`W ftt€f€v\® to a fuft ®5`ine or a pum s;r® 4Dav€ ¢ We s`ame

tqù€flc7.
rì`e Comple* G^ponenL.taL ib/m o€ a Fouri€r sé2rTe5 ìs cbtatna± + subsLibt~Mq ¢c €7LFonmhal CC\UNàlen+S q

U^e Sìne a^d LoS``ne t€ms Ì`nto +±n¢ ori`£{nàl Pm o€ the sé'fces gtvc^ b7 Eq. t12)+,

`\ÈW+|p -n\tTT+ÌP
È¢tlp + èinqp eLtwtlp + è-Lifi+,p C+€ -+.,...
f,tì= .Ìa®+ al +..-...+an
Z_LZ

e.niùtlp _ ;nTtrt|p
et¢+,p_ Jtmtlp . eziti+lp-=t`,W#p
+ ...-. + bn --LÉ_•iì. ---- + ` -
Z4 2t.

Co\lectà^9 tirw on ti^& Uatcous €*ponentials) aftd ftoh-ng th>t 1`{=-à, a* obttìèn `.
 ©
\aj -LbÉ) i-fft/F là2-tb2Ì _icntjF lan~iÉnì m`fft;F
é+,--.-,+ e +..-
f ,tì = ±a¢ t Z

1±) €-?ìfft`F+ ..-, + gLfiì€-nì-fl=tlp+..-.

+ ,a#)eirt`F+
2- 2
2-

rf we now defin€

an - ibn
€o= +3® ; Ct= j±ì±1,,
Cn= 2.
-,
2

c-1 = a#1 , '-L 2_ ) c--- a# ) 2.

ft¢ last SeTi€,s (an be LL`rt`tten ìn % mof€ 5mm€+Ytc tòrm

m.,...+c„€-n:ff+`P+..`.+c.ze-"qt`FtL~t€-ìntiF+co+c±€Lfft`F+£-z€ZjTtw+.>.+Ln€"fft`E.....

or simF\y
CÙ
n ì' rr.tl p
u6)
t,tì= i Cne
rì = - i33

"is fLrpo^é^tta| P" is u`s€d as c3 basic f~ on ìts oun n# , W `t isnot obtiw 7 bansptMatim

+Yom 4te tiL9Sn®mstn`c Pm m k con5+TuctpÀ d``t€ct} tT¢m W y {u^ctl`on To h " Ù% "

€*pr&SS`% ti ava`\aLlc W fl¢ dm* €J@\uptm ¢L tb i¢etmmb cn Th# wuy k dstb t3uù {~

ihe deft^`.h`ons o€ Co> cru étb C.n. for

co=i@p==jd";p-,

Cn=*nì=É|+{d":1%srF+)dt-{+jd+::t¥mrFLHt|=
a

tis|n¥).is:o|n¥t)|dt

-ntcc+Ip
enìft+lp + é
`Z
 djzF„[Ée;yt!F+±€-nlfft`P_±Sy£t`P+±énr"+F ®
_- f

'2p dt=b

EE fLÒ€-nrri/Fdt,

C.n="ì=±[frz;L„{nFrw+ (n+t)J+
d

cti (n¥+) + i sìn r+t)] Jt =

"`tf flp_ €-nìff+/p

e^i"+Ip+ :n`¢± Jt=

g7/r'flF+fgnmt`F_±g-/fft/F]„

Ck?h„ "n ti ÌftÀW n ;S positiv4 ngah`Ù€, w zeroj Cn is 5;V€n } W oM ftmu\a

146)
cn=±jdr2Ff,tì€.ni¢tiF„

rn +hc Lofv`F\ex r€pn=Sentation d#~^€a 9 (ls} aria [16) , a cetta`.n Sjmmet7 b£tuJp€n ih&

t*Pf€Ssior`5 Pr S funch`on and for ìt roun`€f cog#èci€nt5 i's cvi-dfnt. h .fact m`{z ÈicFft~ssion5

Cb
'mt'p h Cn=±r:m€~n'wtJF„
+,t)= i 4e
n=-@
J
ùre ot e¢jsenhal} fl^e S2W`C stwcbr€j .a5 +h€ fo|\own`q {+otrglaL~ons T€ue3l :
 t-nJ
®
+,tì-G`= C,nì,

cinmt,,P - Ìnfi+|p

- fp j F-
CO

£lì
n = - 00
-F

Ths àuìì\`-t7 i5 worMy o+ not€, m as cw deve,\opm€nt proc€eds to +k Fcwrter tTstsS" l``mLaj`a')

Pnd tic L>pl?t€ tttmsFrm, i`+ 4ÙTt\ b€coww; 5h|l moit str£k;^g Fnd {JndFfywnbl,

EXAnFLE 1. fìv`d WM9 tompìex Prrn of' Uc Fcwricr s£rtes of ti .funch`om uJhose clefm`-h`on in On€
-t
p€ftoò i-S fltì=e , -1<t<1. Jb

Sìnce F=l, ®e haue ft" 116)j taL;ng d=-1,

-njrct - 11 + im) t.
edt dt Li= -|1+t¢TC)t ', E=£, ^W= ~

dìl= -lL+tntt)dt .,
1+tnfr

=-ij]-,::#,= €udu. = L €Tlnm-

z(4+'-4t,) j
-1-i'nTT
-ztl+jnrf)
-Ì -Jnw
1 + l-n nr

lnff -1 -i",T
e.e--e e.

2. LL+ inff)
zll+;nfl:)

Wou), we, ky`ow tuiat.

e'-ff = u*Ù +ishft =.i S cmm= c,os^n + i-StnnTr = (o3n¢ = |-i)n.

HenLe,
e. i_ì)n ~ÉL. i.£ì" i_ii'e.h)ne,-L
------Li)nie_éL)
_ i_i)n i€_G')
-----.---
n iii+}`ntc) Zl1+inù)
Ltlrinq ttt-nr[} 2L

LL`Le¢ u# h" use£` +1^¢ fioct that {-1)n= 1/t-4)'` = L-4-)n. .Tbus,

|-L)`` |€-G') {-i)n |i-i-nTt) i_i)n |4 . }-nr[) S``r`h 1

Cn= • sinhl =
|i+i-ntc) 2 (i+Ì-nr[)(|~l-nù) i + n2Tr2,
 Th& €tìJan5i`on .Pf |.It}=e" |~14+<1) B ti{q¢

11-jnttì Sinhl ànrrt

1+"2,rl

Th*, Of ~rsq m b£ Lorw€rt€d m tim «al ttt3onom€tric tofm LJ[Mout òt{+i-cu\tyj for " h* Ly

defi~nttion
an - =L bn
Cn= __----_ enÀ C~n=Jri `2.
2

Hmce
^!---------
t

)
'2Cn = an~tbn
1

j ¢ 2Cn+2C. -n = .Zan S an= Cn+C.n

1 2C_n = 3n +t-bn

`Zcn = an~ ibn

\ * .2Cn-€2C_n=-2[bnò 'bn= £m-Cn=b bn= ilc.n~CLnì

\ ~2C =-?n~Ìbn
L -n
t
\ 1,----_-_

an=Cn+C_n ; bn=i{£`n-Cnì-

"fe+fe'

{-i)nii.JnTt)S;nhl . |-i)~n|4wnff) S,nhl |~|)n 2S{nhl

an = cn + C" =
i + n2Ì[Z i +nzT[Z i +n2Tr2

n
t-iìn |;+ntL) Sìnhl (-£}n|i-m)S;nhl l-lì 2nir SinhL
bn = i 1 cn -£-r,ì =
| +n2tc2 | +n2tt2 1+ntU1

-1
e-€
ào= 2Co= i~=r--= 2,€``nhL * ££®= siv`hl.

H€n",
•2 S ;n h 1

+it) = sw ----- ~-Lri + ±±±±L 40Szri _ 2LÉìi±i bs3ffL + ---..

i`m2 i + 4o2 |+ qtr2

2.ms.tnh£ S;nrrt
r`.~i +
., 4rrs*nhl Sin2fft - 6L# S;n 3rT:t + ---~
| +rL2 | +4Tt2 1+qT12
 ®
¢s ln:t)
_-------
c-òì + -,-.... ] -
fltì= Stnhl -2S>ìnhi i+t[Z ii+4ft2
L /.rr2 |+4ff,2
i+q tt2

-'ZTrstnhl
S`i`lttۓ

| +ÓZ
2.Sin\Zff+.ì `

i+4ffz
+--.5Sii`|3fft)

i+c\dL

APPL\cA.noùs

A Véty impotLant aFF\wT9t[on q Foun`er SG¥Ces i`.a in .!he ana\7£ts oi ik ùÈ`èufor C\f Fh/s``Cal

Sjst"s 5ubjed=à to fgvi`odìc distufb'anc€s,

€*mp.LE A. If ìahe toòt~Mcàn+quat€ j c>r Rns, Va\ue D€ a Pnch`on fitì c>ver an int€rual Lajb.) is

à£tt^eÀ to b&

(B)

€fr€SS h.± Rns J]\u€ o€ a pcrL`odi~c PncÈton cN# ®fìg ff~ri`oa `.n t€rms ot the co€,fti-Cie^ts

i`n ib rc>uftgf e±Fé>nsl`on,

rf fLkì ;s of FeTtoà 2p, tin

f(tì = ±ao + a} Cbs (dÉ) + a2 cst |2¥ì + . -. L an m|n¥t) + .,.-

Usin|ffTt)+L2S;n|2¥t)+..-.+bns`n|^¥Ì+---.

Hmce f 2[t) wr\l Lonsi`st D+ squar£d +crMs of WC #rm

à±,a:®s2\¥;),@2Z®s2\Z¥+),.,.,à:ós2|n¥+),`,,j5:à-n2|ff+),,-~jLznsn2(n¥t
4

À^d Ltoss-pyt>du[r tftms o€ théì £fm

aoan6S(n¥tì j aobns,-nr¥L) Pr n=±iz ,--.

2amànGs|M+t)bs|nFt) , 2ambn LoS|m+t)Sin |nFt), ZbMbns`n r¥ì S:n|^JFt)