i

PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NATIVE CHICKEN

(Gallus gallus Linn.) IN BALBALAN, KALINGA

An undergraduate thesis submitted to the College of Agriculture

Kalinga State University, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
In partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Animal Science)

CHESTER L. DALINGAY

May 2019
 ii

ABSTRACT
PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NATIVE CHICKEN (Gallus gallus Linn.)
IN WESTERN BALBALAN, KALINGA

CHESTER L. DALINGAY

Adviser: CRISTINE LIGGAYO

This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic characterization of native

chicken (Gallus gallus Linn) in Western Balbalan, Kalinga from March 1, 2019 to May 30,

2019.

The result of the quantitative study showed that the roosters in Western Balbalan,

Kalinga have an average body weight of 1.43 kg, average body height of 40.03 cm, average

body length of 40.03 cm, average chest circumference of 28.34 cm, average shank length

of 9.29 cm, average wingspan of 40.47 cm, and average beak length of 3.28 cm.

Meanwhile, native hens in Western Balbalan have an average body weight of 1.18

kilograms, average body height of 30.94 cm, average body length of 37.7 cm, average chest

circumference of 27.6 cm, average shank length of 8.17 cm, average wingspan of 36.61

cm, and average beak length of 3.03 cm.

The qualitative study showed that the native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

have normal feather morphology, normal feather distribution and predominantly have

single comb, yellow shank, white skin and red earlobe. Interms of comb size, roosters have

relatively larger comb size than hens. There were specific plumage color to specific sex of

the chicken samples, however, black breasted red plumage color was observed the most

dominant plumage color among the roosters while partridge plumage color was the most

dominating color among the hens

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude for the help and support are

extended to the following person who in one way or another have contributed in making

this study possible.

Madam Cristine Liggayo, his thesis adviser, for her support, advices, guidance,

valuable comments, suggestions, and provisions that benefited him much in the completion

and success of this study. Shee unconditionally gave him love, care, shelter in doing this

thesis, shared generously her knowledge, and helped endlesly to finish this manuscript. The

researcher is very thankful for having such a good adviser like you;

Dr. Mark Stephen Ballog, his co-adviser for his pieces of advice, support, and

knowledge shared in the completion of this thesis.

The members of the defense panel, sir Rex Langngag and sir Marcelino Saliw-an,

who imparted their distinguished skills and talent as seen in their ideas shared during the

pre-defence and final presentation of the study.

Madam Critinalyn Espita, English critic, for her comments, and effort in checking

and editing this study;

Madam Maribel Cariño, the statistician, for the shared mathematical expertise that

contributed positively in the analysis and interpretation of data;

Dr. Ferdinand L. Ganotice, Program Chairperson, for his assistance and

encouragement, and for his time and effort in checking this manuscript.

Dr. Ernesto Miguel, Dean of College of Agriculture, for his support and

encouragement and suggestions that contributed to the improvement of the study

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Finally, his parents, siblings, relatives, as well as his friends for their love and

support. Without them it would be very difficult to overcome all the challenges in life.

DALINGAY CHESTER L
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DEDICATION

To

the Almighty God

Kalinga State University

the Administration, Faculty and Staff,

to my beloved parents, siblings, relatives, classmates and friends, this

humble piece of work is dedicated

CHESTER
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Table of Contents

Title Page ............................................................................................................................. i

Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii
Dedication ........................................................................................................................... v
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi
I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
Background of the study .................................................................................................. 1
Objective of the Study ..................................................................................................... 2
Time and Place of the Study ............................................................................................ 2
Scope and Delimitation of the Study ............................................................................... 2
Definition of Terms.......................................................................................................... 2
II. Review of related literature ............................................................................................ 6
III. Design and methodology .............................................................................................. 8
Research Design............................................................................................................... 8
Locale of the Study: ......................................................................................................... 8
Sampling Procedure: ........................................................................................................ 8
Data Gathered .................................................................................................................. 8
Data Analysis ................................................................................................................. 10
IV. Results and Discussion ............................................................................................... 11
V. Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................................ 39
Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 40
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 41
Appendix A. Discrete or qualitative variables .................................................................. 44
Appendix B. Quantitative variables .................................................................................. 45
Appendix C. Qualitative data ............................................................................................ 46
Appendix D. Quantitative data ......................................................................................... 47
Appendix E. Measuring the body weight ......................................................................... 49
Appendix F. Measuring the body height........................................................................... 50
Appendix G. Measuring the body length .......................................................................... 51
Appendix H. Measuring the chest circumference ............................................................. 52
Appendix I. Measuring the beak length ............................................................................ 53
Appendix J. Measuring the shank length .......................................................................... 54
Appendix K. Measuring the wingspan.............................................................................. 55
Appendix L. Describing the feather morphology, distribution and plumage color .......... 56
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Appendix M. Describing the shank color ......................................................................... 57

Appendix N. Describing the skin color............................................................................. 58
Appendix P. Describing the comb size and comb type .................................................... 59
Appendix O. Describing the earlobe color ....................................................................... 60
CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................................... 61
 1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Philippine native chicken originated from their wild ancestors from all over

Southeast Asia. These wild ancestors are the Red jungle fowl, The Ceylonese jungle fowl,

the Grey jungle fowl and the Black or Green jungle fowl. And these were domesticated in

the country. Many of the Philippine native Chickens still resemble their wild ancestors (ref.

PCARRD 1998).

Philippines has an abundant resource of indigenous chicken particularly in

Cordilleran region. For many years these chickens have been part of the natural setting.

These indigenous type of poultry or so called native chickens has a lot of advantages. One

is that they have high endurance, native chickens can survive in any climate condition in

the Philippines. Second, they are easy to sustain. They are low maintenance and require

none to low budget. Third they are healthy and nutritious to eat and delicious too. These

are few of the advantages of native chickens have.

Indigenous poultry is not really highly recognize as of the agricultural industry here

in the Philippines. Mainly because not many people raise native chicken for livelihood

purpose, they prefer domesticated poultries. Filipinos especially in the Cordillera raise

native chicken just as a hobby or pets and for cultural practices. It is important to recognize

the value of these poultry and that there is livelihood in raising native chickens.

Native chickens in Balbalan are yet to be called as a concrete native chicken. This

study identifies the unique phenotypic characteristics of native chickens in Western

Balbalan, Kalinga.
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Objective of the Study

The study aimed to:

1. To determine the phenotypic characteristics of native chicken in the selected

barangays of Balbalan namely Poblacion, Gawaam, Mabaca Buwaya and Tawang.

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted for a period of three (3) months from March to May

2019 in the seven (5) selected barangays of Western Balbalan, Kalinga, namely:

Poblacion, Gawa-an, Mabaca, Buwaya and Tawang.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study utilized native chicken in Western Balbalan, Kalinga. Fifty (50) mature

hens and 50 mature roosters were used. It was limited on determining the phenotypic

characteristics of native chickens using the quantitative and qualitative variables.

Definition of Terms

Black. Solid black that often has a beetle-green luster.

Black-Breasted Red. This describes a bird’s visual color but it is not linked to its

genetic makeup black tail.

Brassiness. Yellow discoloration of feathers, usually on the back and wing

Breed. A group of chickens having a distinctive body shape and the same general

features; also a term used when group male and female birds for mating.

Columbian. This color pattern is a white with black pattern

Comb. The fleshy red outgrowth on the top of a chicken's head

Conformation. The body structure of poultry

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Crele. A blend of cukoo barring with Black-Breasted Red, resulting in a cuckoo

feathers bird with yellow, orange, and red accents

Crossbred. The offspring of parents from different varieties or breeds

Ear lobes. The flesh patch of bare skin located below the ears of birds

Dusky. Yellow pigments shaded with black, giving a mousey brown appearance

Fawn. Light brown or tan

Free-range. A term that does not have a legal definition but is typically used to refer

to provide a flock with outdoor access

Frizzle. A feather that curls rather than lying flat

Golden laced. This color pattern is characterized by red/gold and black feather

Genetic diversity. The presence of genetic differences between animals within

species, both between and within populations

Genetic drift. A mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of a population

change over generations due to chance (sampling error)

Genetic isolation. The lack of interbreeding or little genetic mixing between

organisms of the same species

Hackles. Feathers over the back of a chicken which are pointed in males and

rounded in females

Hock. The 'knee' joint of a bird

Inbred. Offspring of closely related parents

Mille Fleur. Feathers that are mahogany colored, with each tip having a crescent-

shaped black bar followed by a V-shaped with spangle

Mottled. Plumage where a percentage of feathers are tipped with white; a

discoloration of egg yolk caused by damage to the yolk membrane Muff - fluffy

feathers on the face of chickens (tufts are feathers that protrude from the face)
 4

Mulberrry. Dark skin that appears purple and is found on the combs, wattles, and

face of select breeds

Partridge. This body color is very similar to Black-Breasted Red

Phenotypic characterization. Identifies and document diversity within and between

distinct breeds based on their observable attributes

Plumage. The total set of feathers covering a bird

Production environment. Comprises the natural environment and the management

environment in which a breed population is kept

Qualitative. Describing the quality of something in size, appearance and value

Quantitative. Measures values or counts numbers

Quid pro quo. Something done for someone in exchange for something of equal

value in return

Red. A rich dark red or mahogany red

Red pyle. Roosters overall have white bodies, with red/orange hackles, saddle

feathers, and wing bows

Salmon. Reddish or pinkish buff like the color of cooked salmon

Shank. The part of a bird's leg between the foot and the hock

Sickles. Long, curved tail feathers of some roosters

Silky. Typically fluffy plumage, which is said to feel like silk and satin

Silver Penciled. This color pattern is characterized by silver and black

Spur. The sharp horny protrusion from the back of a bird's shank

Strain. A group of birds within a variety of a breed that has been from generation

to generation

Wattles. The flap of skin under the chin of a chicken

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Wheaten. Various shades of the color of wheat, the term is used to describe the

plumage color of the females of certain varieties

Wing bar. A distinct mark on the top of a bird’s wing caused by contrasting colors

on the tips of the primary and secondary coverts.

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Native chicken production has been a way of life for many Filipino farmers.

However, these native chicken are grown for personal consumption and not for selling or

done on large scale production set-up. With the increasing demand in native chicken, this

research proposal will provide a comprehensive view on the demand and production of

native chicken.

The Philippines produced 180 million native chicken in 2015, according to “Poultry

Manual”, and has dropped to 175 million and steadily on decline. Furthermore, the article

says that native chicken raising is concentrated in Western Visayas area.

Poultry Manual also iterated how native chicken farming as a sustainable type of

production especially to small-scale farmers because native chicken are easily manageable

as compared to commercial chicken, In addition, as additional source of food for the family,

the increasing demand for organic and native products is gaining popularity in the country.

For small-scale farmers, this could be a niche for them as a source of income that could

augment the family’s needs.

There are more than 6 million farmers raising native chickens in the country. In

western Visayas the region with the highest population of native chickens the yearly

demand has been estimated to be 64 million(Guerrero, 2015) In this article published in

the magazine Agriculture Monthly, the numbers show that that most native chicken

growers are concentrated in Western Visayas. In addition, the writer talks about how

farmers prefer to grow native chicken compared to commercial chicken due to easy

handling of native chicken.

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In an article published on the Livestock Research Division of DOST in 2016, the

data gathered shows that 46% of the supplies for chicken consumption in the country

constituted native chicken. This provides an insight that native chicken production is still

lower than domesticated fowls like broilers and layers.

All in all, native chicken production is seeing a positive future due to increasing

demands. The in numbers of farmers opting for native chicken shows there is a market for

farmers opting to grow native chicken even at a small-scale.

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Chapter III

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design:

The research design to be used is both quantitative and qualitative designs.

Locale of the Study:

The 14 Barangays comprising the Municipality of Balbalan: Balbalasang, Talalang,

Pantikian, Poblacion, Balbalan Proper, Balantoy, Poswoy, Dao-angan, Buaya, Maling,

Mabaka, Tawang, Ababaan, Gawaan. It has a total land area of 51,900 hectares.

Gathering of data will be done at the selected barangays of Balbalan, namely

Poblacion, Dao-angan, Maling, Buwaya, and Poswoy in the province of Kalinga.

Sampling Procedure:

The procedure of sampling to be used in the study will be random sampling,

concerning different household in 5 selected barangays in Balbalan, Kalinga that has a

mature male and female native chicken being domesticated. For every barangay that has a

native chicken, only 20 male and 20 female native chicken will be subjected.

Data gathered

The data gathered was both the qualitative and quantitative phenotypic

characteristics of the native rooster and hen of Western Balbalan, Kalinga.

1. Quantitative variables (see Appendix B.)

The quantitative variables that was used in the study are;

Beak length. The beak length was measured using a measuring tape for precise

measurement.
 9

Body weight. The body weight was measured using a digital weighing scale for

precise measurement.

Body height. (For adult males and females to the nearest 0.5cm). It was taken using

a meter stick and camera for exact measurement.

Body length. (Length between the tip of the rostrum maxillare (beak) and that of the

cauda (tail, without feathers); the bird's body should be completely drawn throughout its

length. It was taken using tape measure for precise measurement.

Circumference of the chest. It was taken at the tip of the pectus (hind breast). It was

taken using tape measure for precise measurement.

Shank length. (Length in cm of the shank from the hock joint to the spur of either

leg). It was taken using tape measure for precise measurement.

Wing span. (Length in cm between tips of right and left wings after both are stretched

out in full). It was taken using tape measure for precise measurement.

2. Discrete or qualitative variables (see Appendix A.)

Feather morphology: normal, frizzle, silky

Feather distribution: normal, naked neck, feathered shanks and feet, muffs and

beard, crest, vulture hocks (long stiff feathers protruding down and back from the hock

joint)

Plumage color: black, black breasted red, Columbian, crele, fawn, golden laced,

mille fluer, mulberry, partridge, red, red pyle, salmon, silver, silver laced, silver penciled,

wheaten, white, brassiness, dusky, wingbar

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Skin color: not pigmented (white), yellow, blue-black

Shank color: white, yellow, blue, green, black, brown

Ear-lobe color: not pigmented (white), red, white and red

Comb type: single, pea, rose, walnut, cushion, strawberry, duplex, V-shaped,

double

Comb size: small, medium, large

Data Analysis

Data on morphological characteristics were tabulated according to the five selected

barangays and were analyzed in terms of frequency and percentages. Measures of Central

Tendency, specifically mean, was used to determine the average of the quantitative data.
 11

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Quantitative Variables

A. Body Weight

Figure 1 Weight of rooster Figure 2 Weight of hen

Barangay Mean (rooster) kg Barangay Mean (hen) kg

Tawang 1.68 Poblacion 1.30

Gawa-an 1.48 Gawa-an 1.25

Poblacion 1.37 Tawang 1.19

Mabaca 1.33 Buwaya 1.14

Buwaya 1.31 Mabaca 1.04

Average weight 1.43 1.18

Figure 1 and 2 show that the researcher measures the body weight of a rooster and

a hen using a digital weighing scale.

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Table 1 shows that barangay Tawang have the heaviest roosters with a mean weight

of 1.68 kg, followed by the roosters in barangay Gawa-an with a mean weight of 1.48 kg,

roosters in barangay Poblacion with a mean weight of 1.37 kg, roosters in barangay Mabaca

with a mean weight of 1.33 kg. Lastly, barangay Buwaya have the lightest roosters with a

mean weight of 1.31 kg.

Hens in barangay Poblacion has the heaviest hens with a mean weight of 1.30 kg,

followed by the hens in barangay Gawa-an with a mean weight of 1.25 kg, hens in barangay

Tawang with a mean weight of 1.19 kg, hens in barangay Buwaya with a mean weight of

1.14 kg. Lastly, barangay Mabaca have the lightest hens with a mean weight of 1.04 kg.

The roosters in Western Balbalan have an average body weight of 1.43 kg and 1.18

kg for the hens. The data shows that roosters have heavier body built than hens.
 13

B. Body Height

Figure 3. Height of rooster Figure 4. Height of hen

Table 2. Average height of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Barangay Mean (rooster) Barangay Mean (hen)

cm Cm
Tawang Poblacion
43.87 32.64
Buwaya Tawang
40.45 31.9
Mabaca Mabaca
39.25 31.01
Gawa-an Buwaya
39.4 30.77
Poblacion Gawa-an
37.2 28.42
Average Height 40.03 Average Height 30.94

Body Height

Figure 3 and figure 4 show that the researcher measures the body height of a rooster

and a hen using a meter stick.

Table 2 shows that barangay Tawang have the tallest roosters with a mean height

of 43.87 cm, followed by the roosters in barangay Buwaya with a mean height of 40.45

cm, roosters in barangay Mabaca with a mean height of 39.25 cm, roosters in barangay
 14

Gawa-an with a mean height of 39.4 cm, and Lastly, barangay Poblacion has the shortest

with a mean height of 37.2 cm.

Hens in barangay Poblacion has the tallest stature with a mean height of 32.64 cm,

followed by the hens in barangay Tawang with a mean height of 31.9 cm, hens in barangay

Mabaca with a mean height of 31.01 cm, hens in barangay Buwaya with a mean height of

30.77 cm and lastly, barangay Gawa-an have the shortest hens with a mean height of 28.42

cm.

The roosters in Western Balbalan have an average body height of 40.03 cm and 30.94

cm for the hens. The data shows that hens are generally shorter in stature than roosters.
 15

C. Body Length

Figure 5. Body length of rooster Figure 6. Body length of hen

Table 3. Average body length for of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Barangay Mean (rooster) Barangay Mean (hen)

cm Cm
Poblacion Poblacion
40.5 38.6
Mabaca Gawa-an
40.12 37.95
Buwaya Tawang
39.9 37.9
Tawang Buwaya
39.9 37.2
Gawa-an Mabaca
39.6 36.85
Average Body 40 Average Body 37.7
Length Length

Body Length

In figure 5 and 6 show that the researcher measures the body length of a rooster

and a hen using a measuring tape.

Table 3 shows that barangay Poblacion have the longest roosters with a mean body

length of 40.5 cm, followed by the roosters in barangay Mabaca with a mean body length

of 40.12 cm, the roosters in barangay Buwaya and barangay Tawang has a same mean with
 16

body length of 39.9 cm and lastly, barangay Gawa-an has the shortest body length with a

mean body length of 39.6 cm.

Hens in barangay Poblacion has the longest stature with a mean body length of

38.6 cm, followed by the hens in barangay Gawa-an with a mean body length of 37.95 cm,

hens in barangay Tawang with a mean body length of 37.9 cm, hens in barangay Buwaya

with a mean body length of 37.2 cm, and lastly, barangay Mabaca have the shortest body

length of hens with a mean body length of 36.85 cm.

The roosters in Western Balbalan have an average body length of 40 cm, whereas

the hens have an average body length of 37.7 cm. The data shows that roosters have a

longer body length than hens.

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D. Chest Circumference

Figure 7. Chest circumference of rooster Figure 7. Chest circumference of hen

Table 4. Average chest circumference of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Barangay Mean (rooster) Barangay Mean (hen)

Cm Cm
Poblacion Poblacion
30.62 30.19
Tawang Mabaca
28.75 27.55
Gawa-an Buwaya
28.4 27.25
Mabaca Gawa-an
27.66 26.6
Buwaya Tawang
26.27 26.45
Average Chest 28.34 Average Chest 27.6
circumference circumference

Chest Circumference

Figure 7 and 8 show that the researcher measures the chest circumference of a rooster

and a hen using a measuring tape.

Table 4 shows that roosters in barangay Poblacion have the greatest chest

circumference with a mean of 30.62 cm, followed by the roosters in barangay Tawang with

a mean of 8.75 cm, the roosters in barangay Gawa-an with a mean of 28.4 cm, the roosters
 18

in barangay Mabaca with a mean of 27.66 cm, and lastly, roosters in barangay Buwaya

have the least chest circumference with a mean of 26.27 cm.

The hens in barangay Poblacion have the greatest chest circumference with a mean

of 30.19 cm, followed by the hens in barangay Mabaca with a mean of 27.55 cm, hens in

barangay Buwaya with a mean of 27.25 cm, hens in barangay Gawa-an with aa mean of

26.6 cm and lastly, the hens in barangay Tawang have the least chest circumference with a

mean of 26.45 cm.

The roosters in Balbalan have an average chest circumference of 30.53 cm while

the hens have 28.21 cm. The data shows that the roosters have greater chest circumference

than hens.
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E. Shank Length

Figure 9. Shank Length of rooster Figure 10. Shank length of hen

Table 5. Average shank length of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Barangay Mean (rooster) Barangay Mean (hen)

Cm Cm
Poblacion 9.7 Poblacion 8.85
Gawa-an 9.25 Tawang 8.5
Buwaya 9.2 Mabaca 7.95
Tawang 9.2 Buwaya 7.8
Mabaca 9.1 Gawa-an 7.75
Average Shank 9.29 Average Shank 8.17
length length

Shank Length

Figure 9 and 10 show that the researcher measures the shank length of a rooster

and a hen using a measuring tape.

Table 5 shows that the roosters in barangay Poblacion have the longest shank length

with a mean of 9.7 cm, followed by the rooster in barangay Gawa-an with a mean of 9.25

cm, the roosters in barangay Buwaya and barangay Tawang with a mean of 9.2 cm and
 20

lastly, the roosters in barangay Mabaca have the shortest shank length with a mean of 9.1

cm.

The hens in barangay Poblacion have the longest shank length with a mean of 8.85

cm, followed by the hens in barangay Tawang with a mean of 8.5 cm, followed by barangay

Mabaca with a mean of 7.95 cm, the hens in barangay Buwaya with a mean of 7.8 cm.

Lastly, the hens in barangay Gawa-an have the shortest shank length with a mean of 7.75

cm.

The roosters in Western Balbalan have an average shank length of 9.29 cm and the

hens have 8.17 cm. The data shows that the rooster has a longer shank length than the hens.
 21

F. Wingspan

Figure 11. Wingspan of rooster Figure 12. Wingspan of hen

Table 6. Average wingspan of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Barangay Mean (rooster) Barangay Mean (hen)

Cm Cm
Mabaca Poblacion
42.1 40.2
Poblacion Gaw-an
41.9 36.58
Gawa-an Buwaya
40.46 35.9
Tawang Mabaca
39.7 35.3
Buwaya Tawang
38.2 35.03
Average Wingspan 40.47 Average 36.61
Wingspan

Wingspan

Figure 11 and 12 show that the researcher measures the wingspan of a rooster and a

hen using a measuring tape.

Table 6 shows that the roosters in barangay Mabaca have the longest wingspan with

a mean of 42.1 cm, followed by the roosters in barangay Poblacion with a mean of 41.9

cm, followed by the roosters in barangay Gawa-an with a mean of 40.46 cm, followed by
 22

the roosters in barangay Tawang with a mean of 39.7 cm. and Lastly, the roosters in

barangay Buwaya has the shortest wingspan with a mean of 38.2 cm.

The hens in barangay Poblacion have the longest shank length with a mean of 40.2

cm, followed by the hens in barangay Gawa-an with a mean of 36.57 cm, followed by the

hens in barangay Buwaya with a mean of 35.9 cm, followed by the hens in barangay

Mabaca with a mean of 35.3 cm. Lastly, the hens in barangay Tawang have the shortest

wingspan with a mean of 35.08 cm.

The roosters in Western Balbalan have an average wingspan of 40.47 cm, and 36.61

cm for the hens. The data shows that the wing span of roosters are longer than that of the

hens.
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G. Beak Length

Figure 13. Beak length of rooster Figure 14. Beak length of hen

Table 7. Average beak length of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Barangay Mean (rooster) Barangay Mean (hen)

cm Cm
Tawang Gawa-an
3.38 3.09
Poblacion Poblacion
3.3 3.06
Gawa-an Tawang
3.26 3.03
Buwaya Pantikian
3.24 3
Mabaca Talalang
3.23 3
Average 3.28 Average Beak 3.03
Beak Length Length

Beak Length

Figure 13 and 14 show that the researcher measures the beak length of a rooster

and a hen using a measuring tape.

Table 7 shows that the roosters in barangay Tawang have the longest beak length

with a mean of 3.38 cm, followed by the roosters in barangay Poblacion with a mean of

3.3 cm, followed by the roosters in barangay Gawa-an with a mean of 3.26 cm, followed
 24

by the roosters in barangay Buwaya with a mean of 3.24 cm. lastly, the roosters in barangay

Mabaca have the shortest beak length with a mean of 3.23 cm.

The hens in barangay Gawa-an have the longest beak length with a mean of 3.09

cm, followed by the hens in barangay Poblacion with a mean of 3.06 cm, followed by the

hens in barangay Tawang with a mean of 3.03 cm. Lastly, the hens in barangay Mabaca

and barangay Buwaya have the shortest beak length with a mean of 3 cm.

The roosters in Western Balbalan have an average beak length of 3.28 cm while the

hens have an average beak length of 3.03 cm. The data shows that roosters have longer

beak length than hens.

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2. Qualitative variables

A. Feather Morphology

Figure 15. Feather morphology of rooster Figure 16. Feather morphology of hen

Table 8. Feather morphology category of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Feather n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage

morphology

Normal 50 100% 50 100%

Feather Morphology

Figures 15 and 16 show that the researcher describes the feather morphology of a

rooster and a hen.

All of the samples taken from Western Balbalan, hens and roosters, have normal

feather morphology of 100%.

 26

B. Feather distribution

Figure 17. Rooster feather distribution Figure 18. Hen feather distribution

Table 9. Feather distribution of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Feather n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage

Distribution
Normal 50 100% 50 100%

Feather Distribution

Figure 17 and Figure 18 show that the researcher classifies the feather distribution

of a rooster and a hen.

Based on the results from the five selected barangays in Western Balbalan,

Kalinga, 100% have normal feather distribution.

 27

C. Plumage color

Figure 19. Black breasted red rooster Figure 20. Partridge hen

Figure 21. Silver rooster Figure 22. Buff hen

 28

Figure 23. White rooster Figure 24. Fawn hen

Figure 25. Columbian rooster Figure 26. Black hen

 29

Figure 27. Red rooster Figure 28. Salmon hen

Figure 29. Silver laced hen

 30

Table 10. Plumage color of native chicken in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Rooster Hen
Plumage color n=50 Percentage Plumage color n=50 Percentage
Black breasted 30 60% Partridge 19 38%
red
Silver 10 20% Buff 10 20%
White 5 10% Fawn 9 18%
Columbian 3 6% Black 7 14%
Red 2 4% Salmon 4 8%
Silver laced 1 2%

Plumage color

Figures 19-29 show the plumage color of the roosters and hens in the seven

selected barangays in Western Balbalan, Kalinga.

Five (5) plumage colors were observed among the 50 roosters as shown in table 10;

30 were black breasted red, 10 were silver, 5 were white, 3 were columbian and 2 were

red. Six (6) plumage colors were observed among the 50 hens; 19 were partridge, 10 were

buff, 9 were fawn, 7 were black, 4 were salmon, and 1 were silver laced.

Black-breasted red was observed to be the most dominating plumage color among

the roosters and partridge was the most dominating plumage color among the hens. Eleven

(11) plumage colors were observed in both rooster and hen. There were specific plumage

color to specific sex of the chicken as shown above.

 31

D. Skin color

Figure 30. Yellow skin rooster Figure 31. White skin hen

Table 11. Skin color of native chickens in Balbalan, Kalinga

Skin color n=50 (rooster) Percentage N=50 (hen) Percentage

Not pigmented 36 72% 40 80%
(White)

Yellow 14 28% 10 20%

Skin color

Figure 28 and Figure 29 show that the researcher observes the skin color of a rooster

and a hen.

Based on the data in table 11 gathered by the researcher in the five selected barangays

of Western Balbalan, 72% of the native rooster chickens have no pigment in their skin 28%

of the rooster yellow skin and the hens 80% have no pigment in their skin 20% has yellow

skin. The data shows that not pigmented has the greater number of native chicken in

Western Balbalan.
 32

E. Shank color

Figure 32. Yellow shank rooster Figure 33. Yellow shank hen

Figure 34. White shank rooster Figure 35. White shank hen

Figure 36. Black shank rooster Figure 37. Black shank hen
 33

Table 12. Shank color of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Shank color n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage

White 16 32% 12 24%
Yellow 23 46% 10 20%
Green 8 16% 23 46%
Dusky yellow 1 2% 2 4%
Black or slate 2 4% 3 6%

Shank color

Figures 32-37 show the different shank color of the roosters and hens in Western

Balbalan, Kalinga.

In table 12, data gathered by the researcher in the five selected barangays of Balbalan

shows that the predominant shank color of roosters is yellow (46%), followed by white

colored shank (32%), and followed by green (16%). And fallowed by black slate (4%) and

lastly dusky yellow has (2%) the lowest in roosters.

The predominant shank color of the hens is green (46%) fallowed by white (24%)

and fallowed by yellow (20%) and fallowed by black slate (6%) and lastly dusky yellow

has (4%) the lowest in hen.

 34

F. Earlobe color

Figure 38. Red earlobe rooster Figure 39. Red earlobe hen

Figure 40. Red and white earlobe rooster Figure 41. Red and white earlobe hen

Figure 43. White earlobe hen

Table 13. Earlobe color of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Earlobe color n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage

Red 27 54% 26 52%
Red and White 23 46% 22 44%
Not pigmented 0 2 4%
(White)
 35

Earlobe color

In figures 38-43 show the different earlobe colors of the roosters and hens observed

in selected barangays of Western Balbalan, Kalinga.

Three earlobe colors, namely, red, red-white and not pigmented were observed both

in the roosters and hens from the selected barangays. The red earlobe color was

predominant for both roosters and hens with a percentage of 54% for the roosters and 52%

for the hens, followed by red-white with 46% for the roosters and 44% for the hens. Lastly,

white earlobe was observed 4% from hens.

 36

G. Comb type

Figure 44. Single comb rooster Figure 45. Single comb hen

Table 14. Comb type of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Comb type n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage

Single comb 50 100% 50 100%
Rose comb 0 0 0 0
Buttercup 0 0 0 0
comb

Comb Type

Figures 44-47 show the comb type of the roosters and hens in Western Balbalan,

Kalinga.

Three comb types (single comb, rose comb, and buttercup comb) were observed

among native roosters in the selected barangays. Single comb type was found to be

dominant among the hens and roosters in the selected barangays with a percentage of 100%

for the roosters and 100% for the hens as shown in table 14.
 37

H. Comb size

Figure 48. Large comb rooster Figure 49. Small comb hen

Figure 50. Medium comb rooster Figure 51. Small comb rooster

Table 15. Comb size of native chickens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga

Rooster Hen
Comb size n=50 Percentage n=50 Percentage
Small 0 0 37 74%%
Medium 14 28% 13 26%
Large 36 72% 0 0
 38

Comb Size

Figures 48-51 show the comb size of the native chicken in the five selected

barangays in Western Balbalan, Kalinga.

Seventy two percent (100%) of the rooster samples have large comb size, 28% have

medium comb size, and while 74% of the hens have small comb size, 26% have medium

comb size as shown in table 15. Roosters have relatively larger comb size than hen single

comb was more dominant among the hens rather than the rooster. Among the samples,

roosters have relatively larger comb size than hens. The black breasted red plumage color

was observed to be the dominant plumage color among the roosters, while partridge

plumage color was the dominating plumage color among the hens.
 39

Chapter V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Based from the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Quantitative findings showed that the roosters in Western Balbalan, Kalinga have

an average body weight of 1.43 kg, 40.03 cm for the average body height, 40 cm for the

average body length, 28.34 cm for the average chest circumference, 9.29 cm for the average

shank length, 40.47 cm for the average wingspan and 3.28 cm for the average beak length.

2. Quantitative finding with regards to the hens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga have

an average body weight of 1.18 kg, 30.94 cm for the average body height, 37.7 cm for the

average body length, 27.6 cm for the average chest circumference, 8.17 cm for the average

shank length, 36.61 cm for the average wingspan and 3.03 cm for the average beak length.

3. Roosters in Western Balbalan, Kalinga have a normal feather morphology,

normal feather distribution, have a single comb type, have a large comb size. Yellow shank

is the dominating shank color, white is the dominant skin color, and red is the dominant

color of ear lobe. In terms of plumage color, black breasted red was observed to be the

dominant plumage color for roosters.

4. Hens in Western Balbalan, Kalinga have normal feather morphology and normal

feather distribution; comb type is single and size is small is the dominant size, relatively

smaller than the males. Green is the dominating shank color. The dominating skin color is

white and have red ear lobe. The dominant plumage color for hen is partridge.
 40

Recommendations

The researchers recommend to do a similar study in other municipalities of Kalinga

to determine and establish the phenotypic characteristics of native chicken in the Province

and be compared to the other native chickens in the Cordillera Administrative Region.
 41

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resources—the development and prospects of DAGRIS. Proceedings of the

Conference on Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource

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http://www.tropentag.de/2003/abstracts/full/28.pdf

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and agriculture organization of the United Nations. http://agris.fao.org/agris-

search/search.do?recordID=PH2007M00037

Bejar, F. et al (2015). Management practices and morphological characterization of the

inidenous (native) chicken in Samar province. Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural

Research, 4(5), 075-092.

 42

http://wudpeckerresearchjournls.org/WJAR/pdf/2015/December/Bejar%20et%20al.

pdf.

Bondoc OL (1998). Biodiversity of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources in the

Philippines. IAS-CA/UPLB and PCARRDDOST.

Crawford RD (1990). Poultry Breeding and Genetics. New York. Elsevier.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2003). Status of the

Philippine Animal Genetic Resources. A Country Report. Rome. Italy. FAO.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2007). Global Plan of

Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. Commission

on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1404e.pdf

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO).

(2012). PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ANIMAL GENETIC

RESOURCES. FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH GUIDELINES NO.

11. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2686e/i2686e00.htm

Lambio, A. (2000). Philippine Native Chickens. The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 83,

1,112-117. http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/Downloads/STII-S-

00544.1_A2379_112-117_280452.pdf; date accessed: December 9, 2019

Lawless, R. (2008). The dynamics of food and the Kalingas: an account of a people in the

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 43

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Philippines. Part 1. pp 39-43.

 44

Appendix A. Discrete or qualitative variables

1 2 3
Feather Normal Frizzle Silky
morphology

1 2 3 4 5 6
Feather Normal Naked- Feathered Muffs Crest Vulture
Distribution neck shanks and beard hocks
and feet

1 2 3 4 5
Plumage Black Black Columbian Crele Fawn
color breasted red
6 7 8 9 10
Golden Mille fluer Mulberry Partridge Red
laced
11 12 13 14 15
Red pyle Salmon Silver Silver laced Silver
penciled
16 17 18 19 20
Wheaten White Brassiness Dusky Wingbar

1 2 3
Skin color Not pigmented Yellow Blue-black
(white)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Shank White Yellow Blue Green Black Brown
color

1 2 3
Earlobe color Not pigmented Red White and red
(white)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Com Singl Pe Ros Walnu Cushio Strawberr Duple v- Doubl
b e a e t n y x shape e
type d

1 2 3
Comb size Small Medium Large
 45

Appendix B. Quantitative variables

Beak length centimeter

Body weight kilogram

Body height centimeter

Body length centimeter

Circumference of the chest centimeter

Shank length centimeter

Wing span centimeter

 46

Appendix C. Qualitative data

Feather morphology n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage

Normal 50 100% 50 100%
Feather Distribution n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage
Normal 50 100% 50 100%
Plumage color n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage
Black 0 0 7 14%
Black breasted red 30 60% 0 0
Buff 0 0 10 20%
Columbian 3 6% 0 0
Fawn 0 0 9 18%
Partridge 0 0 19 38%
Red 2 4% 0 0
Salmon 0 0 4 8%
Silver 10 20% 0 0
Silver laced 0 0 1 2%
White 5 10% 0 0
Skin color n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage
Not pigmented 50 100% 50 100%
(White)
Shank color n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage
White 11 22% 22 44%
Yellow 32 64% 24 48%
Blue 0 0 0 0
Green 0 0 0 0
Black 7 14% 4 8%
Brown 0 0 0 0
Earlobe color n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage
Not pigmented
(white) 1 2% 1 2%
Red 33 66% 37 74%
Red and white 16 32% 12 24%
Comb type n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage
Single comb 36 72% 50 100%
Buttercup comb 2 4% 0 0
Rose comb 12 24% 0 0
Comb size n=50 (rooster) Percentage n=50 (hen) Percentage
Small 2 4% 50 100%
Medium 8 16% 0 0
Large 40 80% 0 0
 47

Appendix D. Quantitative data

Rooster Barangay Mean Barangay Mean

kg kg
Body Weight Tawang 1.68 Poblacion 1.30
Gawa-an 1.48 Gawa-an 1.25
Poblacion 1.37 Tawang 1.19
Mabaca 1.33 Buwaya 1.14
Buwaya 1.31 Mabaca 1.04

Average Weight 1.43 1.18

cm cm

Body Height Tawang Poblacion

43.87 32.64
Buwaya Buwaya
40.45 31.9
Gawa-an Mabaca
39.4 31.01
Mabaca Buwaya
39.25 30.77
Poblacion Gawa-an
37.2 28.42
Average Height 40.03 30.94
cm cm
Body Length Poblacion Poblacion
40.5 38.6
Mabaca Gawa-an
40.12 37.95
Buwaya Tawang
39.9 37.9
Tawang Buwaya
39.9 37.2
Gawa-an Mabaca
39.6 36.85
Average Body Length 40 37.7
cm cm
Chest Circumference Poblacion Poblacion
30.62 30.19
Tawang Mabaca
28.75 27.55
Gawa-an Buwaya
28.4 27.25
Mabaca Gawa-an
27.66 26.6
Buwaya Tawang
26.27 26.45

Average Chest Circumference 28.34 27.6

cm cm
Shank Length Poblacion 9.7 Poblacion 8.85
 48

Gawa-an 9.25 Tawang 8.5

Buwaya 9.2 Mabaca 7.95
Tawang 9.2 Buwaya 7.8
Mabaca 9.1 Gaw-an 7.75
Average Shank Length 9.29 8.17
cm cm
Wing span Mabaca Poblacion
42.1 40.2
Poblacion Gawa-an
41.9 36.57
Gawa-an Buwaya
40.46 35.9
Tawang Mabaca
39.7 35.9
Mabaca Tawang
38.2 35.08
Average Wing span 40.47 36.61
cm cm
Beak Length Tawang Gawa-an
3.38 3.09
Poblacion Poblacion
3.3 3.06
Gawa-an Tawang
3.26 3.03
Buwaya Mabaca
3.24 3
Mabaca Buwaya
3.23 3
Average Beak Length 3.28 3.03
 49

Appendix E. Measuring the body weight

 50

Appendix F. Measuring the body height

 51

Appendix G. Measuring the body length

 52

Appendix H. Measuring the chest circumference

 53

Appendix I. Measuring the beak length

 54

Appendix J. Measuring the shank length

 55

Appendix K. Measuring the wingspan

 56

Appendix L. Describing the feather morphology, distribution and plumage color

 57

Appendix M. Describing the shank color

 58

Appendix N. Describing the skin color

 59

Appendix P. Describing the comb size and comb type

 60

Appendix O. Describing the earlobe color

 61

CURRICULUM VITAE

DALINGAY CHESTER L.

Date of Birth: March 23,1994

Place of Birth: Poblacion Balbalan, Kalinga

Home Address: Poblacion Balbalan, Kalinga

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Catholic

Parents:

Name of Father: Dalingay Patricio D.

Name of Mother: Dalingay Margarita L.

Siblings:

Brothers: Charlie, Darwin, Pj,

Sister: Rose mary

Educational Background:

Elementary: Balbalan Central Elementary School

Secondary: Saint Theresitas High School

College: Kalinga State University

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

Major Field: Animal Science

Minor Field: Crop Science