Kend riya

vidhyalaya no:1
Tirupati - 517507

Physics Investigatory project

Electromagnetic
induction
SUBMITTED BY

B.L.SAI VIGHNESSH

XI A

111112

{2019-20}

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 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1. Introduction.
2. Faraday’s Experiment.
3. Law’s of “Electromagnetic induction”.
4. Lenz’s Rule
5. Expression for Motional e.m.f
6. Mutual Induction
7. Coefficient of Mutual Induction
8. Self Induction
9. Coefficient of Self Induction
10. Eddy Currents
11. Application of Eddy Currents
12. Bibliography
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As a student of Class XI, I did this project on a part of my

studies entitled to "ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION". I
owe a deep sense of gratitude to my Physics Teacher whose
valuable advice, guidance and helped me in doing this project
from conception to completion.

At the same time, I cannot forget to express my thankfulness to

our school Principal for extending his generous, patronage and
constant encouragement.

Finally I thank my parents for helping me economically and my

friends for giving me a helping hand at every step of the project.
 

Signature of the Student

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 1.Introduction:

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI): In 1831 Michael Faraday

discovered the effect called “ ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION”
just converse to the magnetic effect of electric current.
When a coil made of copper wire is placed inside a magnetic field,
magnetic flux is linked with the coil. Faraday found that when the
magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed, an electric current starts
flowing in the coil, provided the coil is closed one. The current and
electromagnetic force, so produced are called induced current and
induced electromagnetic force. The induced current and the
electromagnetic force in the coil last only so long as the magnetic flux
linked with the coil keeps on changing.
Thus electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of production of
electric current in a coil when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is
changed.

MICHAEL FARADAY
(1791-1867)

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 2.Faraday’s Experiment :

The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the discovery

of the electromagnetic induction.

When the strength of magnetic field is varied :

Consider two coils P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is connected
with galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When tapping key is
pressed and when it is released galvanometer shows deflection showing
the presence of induced current.

Explanation: 
When the tapping key is pressed then magnetic flux linked with the coil
S changed because of increase in magnetic field of coil P and induced
current is produced and when it is released magnetic flux is again
changed and induced current is produced. But when the tapping key is
kept pressed then the magnetic flux linked with coil do not changed and
induced current do not produce so galvanometer shows no deflection.

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 3.Laws of “Electromagnetic induction”

The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic induction are

known as “Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction”. These are
stated as below :

1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire or a coil

or an electric circuit in general) changes, induced electromagnetic force
is produced.

2. The induced electromagnetic force lasts as long as the change in

magnetic flux continuous.

3. The magnitude of induced electromagnetic force is directly

proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the
circuit.

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 4.Lenz’s Rule :
Lenz’s rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of induced
current produced in the circuit.

Lenz’s law states that the induced current produced in a circuit always
flows in such a direction that it opposes the change or cause that produce
it.

Let us now apply Lenz’s law to find the direction of flow of induced
current in the circuit.

On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in clockwise direction
and magnetic lines of force are directed from left to right. Then magnetic
flux linked with the coil S changed. The direction of induced current
should be such that it should oppose the direction of flow of magnetic
field lines. So induced current in the coil S is in the direction opposite to
the magnetic field in P.
Hence, direction of induced current in coil S is from right to left. So
induced current in coil S should flow in anticlockwise direction.

5.Expression for Motional e.m.f :

Consider that a uniform magnetic field B confined to the region PQRS
and a coil ABCD is placed inside the magnetic field. The direction of
magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the coil and in inward
direction.
Consider that at any time t, the part BA’ = CD’ = x(say) of the coil
inside the magnetic field. If l is the length of the arm BC of the coil, then
area of coil inside the magnetic field at any time t.
A = BCX CD’ = lx

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Therefore magnetic flux linked with the coil at any time t.
= BA = Blx
Suppose that the coil is pulled out of the magnetic field with velocity .
As the coil is pulled out magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. The
time rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil is given by:
If is induced e.m.f. produced, then

= -Bl
The negative sign shows that induced e.m.f. opposes to the coil being
pulled out of magnetic field.

6.Mutual Induction:
Consider two coils P and S are placed very close to each other. Coil P
consists of battery and tapping key and coil S consists of galvanometer
G. When the key of coil P is pressed then magnetic flux is building and
induced e.m.f. produced in it opposes the flow of magnetic flux. Because
coil P and coil S are very close to each other. So magnetic flux also
changed in coil S and induced current is produced which opposes the
direction of flow of magnetic lines of force in coil P.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is produced in a
coil as a result of change in current or magnetic flux linked with a
neighboring coil is called mutual induction.

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 7.Coefficient of Mutual Induction :

Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and be the magnetic

flux linked with coil S
I
= MI
M = Coefficient of mutual induction.
Let be the induced e.m.f. in coil s.

=
M = 
The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a rate of
change of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil induces an e.m.f. of
1 volt in neighboring coil.

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 8.Self Induction:
Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When key K is
pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing through it and induced
e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced e.m.f. is opposite to that of
growth of current. On the other hand when key is released the current in
the coil decreases and e.m.f. is produced in opposite direction. Thus
during both growth and decay of current an opposite induced e.m.f. is
produced. This e.m.f. is called back e.m.f.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced
electromagnetic force is produced in the coil as a result of change in
current or magnetic flux linked with the coil is called self-induction.

9.Coe fficient of
Self Induction
:
Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil and
magnetic flux linked with the coil.
I
= MI
L is called coefficient of self-induction.
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Let be the induced e.m.f.



 (-vie sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)

M =  
 
Self-inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of change of
current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of one volt.

10. Eddy Currents :

Eddy currents are the currents induced in a conductor, when placed in a
changing magnetic field. They are also known as Foucault’s Currents.
Following experiment explain the origin of eddy currents. Introduce a
soft iron core inside a solenoid and connect it to the source of alternating
current. Place a metallic disk over soft iron core.

Explanation :

 When the circuit is switched on the current starts growing and hence
magnetic flux linked with disk also increases.
Thus disk is converted to small magnet. If soft iron’s upper face acquires
north polarity, then metallic disk’s lower surface acquires north polarity
and due to repulsive force metallic disk placed over soft iron core is
thrown up into the air.

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 11.Application of Eddy Currents :

1. Dead Beat Galvanometers :

The oscillation of a moving coil galvanometer generally take a long time
to die out. But by winding its coil on a metallic frame made of copper or
aluminium the galvanometer can be made dead beat. It is because, due to
production of eddy currents in a metallic frame. The coil of
galvanometer comes to rest very soon.

2. Speedometer :
In speedometer, a small magnet is geared to
the main shaft of the vehicle. The magnet is
mounted in an aluminium cylinder with the help of hair springs. Due to
rotation of magnet eddy currents are produced which led the drum to
oppose the motion of relating magnet drum experience torque and gets
deflected at certain angle.

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 3. Electric Brakes :
A metallic drum is coupled to the wheels of train: so that when train
rotates drum also rotates. In order to stop the train magnetic field is
applied to rotating drum. The eddy currents produced oppose the motion
of drum. Since drum is connected to wheels of train, it comes to halt.

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 12.Bibliography:

1.help from internet:

www.sciencefare.com

www.mycbseguide.com

2.help from books:

Referenced from H.C.VERMA

Referenced from NCERT physics

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