Chapter 3

Properties – Water
Carl L. Yaws

The results are given in Table 3. The initial entries in the table are phys- based on literature methods and proprietary procedures developed
ical and critical properties. This includes molecular weight, freezing by the author.
point, boiling point, density, refractive index, and acentric factor for A comparison of calculated and data values is shown in
the physical properties. Critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, Figures 3-1–3-11 for representative properties. The graphs disclose
and compressibility factor are provided for the critical properties. favorable agreement of equation and data.
Subsequent entries in the table provide coverage for properties
which vary with temperature. This includes vapor pressure, density
EXAMPLE
of liquid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity,
viscosity, and thermal conductivity. For the subsequent entries, re- In an engineering analysis, the liquid viscosity of water at 400 K is
gression coefficients (A, B, C, ……) are given for the temperature required. Calculate the liquid viscosity at this temperature.
dependency. The range of application is denoted by minimum and Substitution of the coefficients from the table and temperature
maximum temperatures (TMIN and TMAX) in the adjacent columns. into the equation for liquid viscosity yields:
Temperatures outside the range of application should not be used. log10 nliq = A + B/T + C T + D T2
The next column provides the code for the tabulation which is based =− 11.6225 + 1.9490E+03/400 + 2.1641E-02 × 400
on both experimental data and estimated values. The last several – 1.5990E-05 × 4002 = −0.6519
columns provide representative values for the property. For gas, the nliq = 10−0.6519 = 0.223 centipoise
table applies to gas at low pressure. For liquid, the table primarily
applies to liquid at saturation.
The format for the tabulation is constructed for rapid usage. For
each property, the equation showing the temperature dependency is
given on the row for the property. The regression coefficients for use
in the equation are provided in the adjacent rows. These displayed
regression coefficients in the adjacent rows can be used for quick
calculation of the property value at the temperature of interest.
In the data collection, a literature search was conducted to iden-
tify data source publications for chemical compounds. Both experi-
mental values for the property under consideration and parameter
values for estimation of the property are included in the source pub-
lications. The publications were screened and copies of appropriate
data were made. These data were then keyed into the computer to
provide a database of physical properties for compounds for which
experimental data are available. The database also served as a basis
to check the accuracy of the estimation methods.
Upon completion of data collection, estimation of the proper-
ties for the remaining compounds was performed. The estimates are FIGURE 3-1  Vapor Pressure of Water

The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800834-8.00003-7
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 811
 FIGURE 3-2  Density of Water

FIGURE 3-5  Heat Capacity of Gas for Water

FIGURE 3-3  Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water

FIGURE 3-6  Heat Capacity of Liquid for Water

FIGURE 3-4  Surface Tension of Water FIGURE 3-7  Heat Capacity of Solid for Water

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 FIGURE 3-10  Thermal Conductivity of Gas for Water
FIGURE 3-8  Viscosity of Gas for Water

FIGURE 3-9  Viscosity of Liquid for Water FIGURE 3-11  Thermal Conductivity of Liquid for Water

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 Table 3 Properties of Water

1. Physical Properties
ID NAME CAS No MW, g/mol Tfreeze, K code Tboil, K code T, C den@T, g/cm3 ref index @T acentric factor state
1712 water 7732-18-5 18.015 273.15 1 373.15 1 25 0.997 1.3325 0.3449 colorless liquid

2. Critical Properties
NO NAME CAS No TC, K code PC, bar code VC, ml/mol code rhoC, g/ml code ZC code
1712 water 7732-18-5 647.13 1 220.55 1 55.95 1 0.3220 1 0.229 1

3. Vapor Pressure log10P = A - B/(T + C) P - mm Hg, T - C)

NO NAME CAS No A B C TMIN, C TMAX, C code P@TMIN P@25 C P@100 C P@TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 8.05573 1723.6425 233.08 0.01 373.98 1,2 4.58 23.82 760.00 1.646E+05

4. Density of Liquid density = A B - (1 - T/C)^D (density - g/ml, T - K)

NO NAME CAS No A B C D TMIN TMAX code den @TMIN den @25 C den @ TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 0.32500 0.27000 647.13 0.23000 290.00 647.13 1,2 1.000 0.997 0.325

5. Enthalpy of Vaporization HVAP = A (1 - T/B)C (HVAP - kjoule/mol, T - K)

NO NAME CAS No A B C TMIN TMAX code HVAP@TMIN HVAP@25 C HVAP@100 C HVAP@TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 54.0000 647.13 0.3400 273.15 647.13 1,2 44.815 43.773 40.316 0.000

6. Surface Tension sigma = A (1 - T/B)C (sigma - dynes/cm, T - K)

NO NAME CAS No A B C TMIN TMAX code sigma@TMIN sigma@25 C sigma@100 C sigma@TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 134.834 647.13 1.0000 273.16 647.13 1,2 77.919 72.712 57.085 0.000

7. Heat Capacity of Gas CP = A + B T + C T2 + D T3 (CP - joule/(mol K), T - K)

NO NAME CAS No A B C D TMIN TMAX code Cp@TMIN Cp@25 C Cp@TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 33.174 -3.2463E-03 1.7437E-05 -5.9796E-09 150 1500 1,2 33.060 33.598 47.356

8. Heat Capacity of Liquid CP = A + B T + C T2 + D T3 (CP - joule/(mol K), T - K)

NO NAME CAS No A B C D TMIN TMAX code Cp@TMIN Cp@25 C Cp@TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 -22.417 8.7697E-01 -2.5704E-03 2.4838E-06 273 585 1,2 75.969 76.392 108.226

9. Heat Capacity of Solid CP = A + B T + C T2 + D T3 (CP - joule/(mol K), T - K)

NO NAME CAS No A B C D TMIN TMAX code Cp@TMIN Cp@50 K Cp@TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 -0.262 1.4052E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3 273 1 0.180 6.764 38.121

10. Viscosity of Gas ngas = A + B T + C T2 + D T3 (ngas - micropoise, T - K)

NO NAME CAS No A B C D TMIN TMAX code ngas@TMIN ngas@25 C ngas@TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 22.8211 1.7387E-01 3.2465E-04 -1.4334E-07 150 1500 1,2 55.72 99.72 530.32

11. Viscosity of Liquid log10 nliq = A + B/T + C T + D T2 (nliq - centipoise, T - K)

NO NAME CAS No A B C D TMIN TMAX code nliq@TMIN nliq@25 C nliq@TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 -11.6225 1.9490E+03 2.1641E-02 -1.5990E-05 273.15 646.15 1,2 1.702 0.882 0.050

12. Thermal Conductivity of Gas kgas = A + B T + C T2 + D T3 (kgas - W/(m K), T - K)

NO NAME CAS No A B C D TMIN TMAX code kgas@TMIN kgas@25 C kgas@TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 5.6199E-03 1.5699E-05 1.0106E-07 -2.4282E-11 150 1500 1,2 0.01017 0.01864 0.17461

13. Thermal Conductivity of Liquid kliq = A + B T + C T2 (kliq - W/(m K), T - K)

NO NAME CAS No A B C TMIN TMAX code kliq@TMIN kliq@25 C kliq@100 C kliq@TMAX
1712 water 7732-18-5 -3.5667E-01 5.0570E-03 -6.1071E-06 273.15 635.00 1,2 0.5690 0.6082 0.6800 0.3920

code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate

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