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Neurophysio
Neurophysio
Claire R. Berbano. MD
Glial Cells
2 major types:
Astrocytes
2 subtypes:
Axonal Transport
nerve cells have low threshold for excitation wherein the stimulus could
either be electrical, chemical or mechanical
Wallerian Degeneration
Neurotropins
produced by astrocytes
transported to cell body via retrograde transport where they foster the
production of proteins necessary for neuronal growth, development and
survival
NeuroPhysiology
Nervous System
Components
a.) somatic NS
b.) autonomic NS
Nervous System
myelencephalon – medulla
metencephalon – pons/cerebellum
mesencephalon – midbrain
diencephalon – thalamus/hypothalamus
telencephalon – cerebrum
Cerebrospinal Fluid
choroid plexus
foramina of Magendie/Luschka
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
subarachnoid space
arachnoid granulations/villi
Blood-Brain Barrier
not present in pituitary gland, pineal gland, choroid plexus and some parts of
hypothalamus
Blood-Brain Barrier
Functions:
inflammation, irradiation and tumors may destroy the blood-brain barrier thus
permitting entry of noxious substances
Intracranial Pressure
Sensory Receptors
Sensory Transduction
Sensory Receptors
Classification of receptors:
Mechanoceptors – touch and pressure
Pacinian Corpuscle
Ruffini’s Corpuscle
Meissner’s Corpuscle
Merkel’s Disk
disk-like nerve endings that form synaptic connections with small receptive
fields
Pain Receptors
nociceptors, free nerve endings (III,IV)
report skin pain, visceral pain (poorly localized) and deep somatic pain (ex.
headache)
Pain Receptors
Fast pain
Slow pain
Pain Receptors
Pain Sensations
Pain Sensations
Referred pain – pain referred from a viscus to a somatic structure that shares
the same embryologic dermatome
NeuroPhysiology
Synaptic Transmission
Arrangements:
Neuromuscular Junction
The synapse between axons of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Acetylcholine
Adrenergic Transmission
COMT is found in smooth muscle, liver and kidney tissues; not found in
adrenergic nerve endings
Formation of Norephineprine
transient depolarization
(IPSP)
transient hyperpolarizations
moves membrane potential away from threshold
increase Cl conductance
Electrical Synapses
AP is transmitted from one cell to the other by the direct flow of current
Biogenic Amines
Histamine – hypothalamus
Amino Acid
GABA and glycine both generate IPSP via ligand gated Cl channels
Nitric Oxide
Botulinum Toxin
– Curare
– decreases EPP
Neostigmine
Hemicholinium