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Fluid Mechanics & Machines PDF
Fluid Mechanics & Machines PDF
Areoy © inlet £ ueeE @ = Bore faph eae mag ele vse, Gea eas one|F. Venturi heed er] Pressure Difference h = Ven tur’ heook Ae G Eoin eve av h- B-B -xfi-Ga] Grea) 7 el aoe 6 ae = Spust of Ped > ane mG] G = Sprgrority of Piura Fe Gm = Spgr of menomeser Ian's L Orifrce meta + Norrie meter we a et Same Phenomenon a Venturi meta bat it is Cheaper. M om Prtet tube iB Used Le mesure Velocty of tre Ie quad J Actual velocrty Ff flo eh = Vin Wetrleny apa asa Vortex Flow a) Free vortex Flaw Fy, No Externet torque required ke pokale Le Pluie macs > Flows of liquid ote around a Ctroulor bend in a pipe \ > Fw of fqud through a hole provided ot tre bottom of the Contairen \ > A vohirpoel in a Riven & Flow of Plurd in & Centrifugal Pump-Gas = Rote sf Chenge of anyiter momenten B- Cmva) =o ce Giese o> [Wir = Ganctert | Oe eee sf fie A acess seats Radiol distence foo “Gente toi ee a tl [a a +e ea 5 +| by Forced Vortex Flow ee de Some External torque S required be votate He Plurd moss. > Flow of hquie incide the Impeller of o Cenkrifiigad pump. + Flow of water Chroush a sunner of a burbine * Velocity of flow of any Iquid Partcle lye wr | a Us = Contant angular Ve locity ) eal Height of Parsboletd formes = YE afar Percea Vortex Pte in On Open tank a Fat) of. iguic. (eve e& Centre = Rese of [Nqued [evel ok endy , Notes: Vk ae (Free vortex Flee) oa CFeecee vortex Ptovs). * Time Requires ko Empty the tahle ts Some gy Ori fre. Orifiees £ Mouth pieces Ori fice "Ts an opening having Cloted Perimeter, made in the walle 67 bettom
Empty Ene ton _ 2ayii T= Casa TQ Mouth prece erat perk tebe tees non CSE to the or/Prce = < Of Same hameler, Hnrowgh which alto Plus mey dchege. | “| Rorda's 6) Re-entront Mouthpiece iS On Internal mouthpiece. ©) Rordats Mouthpiece Bvrning Free | Fe Fluted deecntt touch the Sreley of moutn pie ce 9) | = | Lengén -f- mouth prea = Diometer ef or Rice eat b) Border Mouthpiece Bunning Fall NE Fura Pits vp the Whole moutmpiece: Dy ce "Length of montn pica = 3x Diameta ef ove, eS %) Discherge Ehrough a Mout piece Q = Caa S2gh [SURE eet oe er erate | + | External movthpiece | ogss| — | Q Tnternal movin piece | | z | (@ Running Free | 52 O52 f-o © Ronnig Fal | one 1-0 ong 3 | Convergent, Divergent + | o.ang | a= | Convengent Cum IDivegente ES lo L |_ Mourmpiece.te] and Weirs [The Size 4 made -f motervols Mo hes 9 a TS Seeme different for Nobchs weir 4. Notch: - Rut Pheromencn is Some Is an openicgy Provited On tre bop Side £ the taime , Ee Aischerge over fleas — Ujoter. PNokcher mack
Haif tre height ef we!
PT hy wound edge Coxner.
Cretu) Boa
ne Rood. Crect
°
en ects
Weir
> Sub merges Wweirs 64) Drowned YU
Water levek on the Dfs of weir % above the Cres .
u. Ogee weir H
A weir, Generally Used a Spiliosey ohe Bam
gee vieiy
Ventilation of weirs (Due t Nappe)
tue & Dis neppe, Av will Beckees, FereIly Vacuum poressan ,
net ees een eee ane
Here: Wecmiloeent ore (pecieles ee tity ease tna cee L]
9 Free Nappe =
TR Ere obragprent pressure exists beneath Ene Noppe. =
©) Depressea Noppe
TF Eke orarune beled tre akppe ie Ve Ce Vocuim pecuay [4 |
> Adherng 67) Clinging Nopee on
Due te tre Complete mennned of air Cly Suckin presse) vie
tne Nappe wilt adhese to the Surface of weir Wall,Velocity opprach (va)
The Velocity wlth which water apprches o Nobeh/twerr
Dischoge Ehrovgh the notch 6) Weir Ss Al
Va = =
Cross-Sectional area ef Channel.
“The heoc wise dhe be velocly approach,
Ta = Nee 5
2g
® Replace Cu) in Porevle - cohen Co) of Concrderes
Replece |H > Clt+ ha) |
[H? = aMrshedieean nace
End Contrations fr Rectagguion eine
Effective lens st Cres e of Weir 67) Nee Lh
=CL-o-in henner tnd
G-oink) Care)
* ;
) Re ploce CL) in Pocrevio, whan End Gentroobay Can. deua
Replece | L > CL-oint)
Discharge formulas (Wwrereut Vat naileoners ann
charge | 3)
ulay No&th 6) weir
1 Rectang
a =e atgt We (Le fengen tnerr/noten fopenseg ) |
Francis Formula
Q = hee Lust (1 Ca > 0623)
Razin's Formula
@ = mSyln
ae (crm 2 ones + SE? )
Q. Trianguor Notch 6 weir
at “
Q = 15 C4 [ag ban ye
Right angle Errcagle
ee fers Wve Ge TanQ =1 4 Assume Ca> 0-6 )
Bs Trapersicat Notch 6) weir
Q = E64, RACH 4 HH Cor OS bane HW
Cipolleber with Erd Contraction
Q = 5% Lu (Ton #12)
4 Broad Crestes weir
Q = Cath Jegch-») aE
: H
LQ wer © ee Ge he S4) noe
Qo = joc f
Ry te By | =5. Submerged 6) Drones weir
a
@ = Ses, BL(H- Wy) 4 ca, Lh TECH 4*
G Ogee Spillwoy wey te
Renee ee (C= Cecthiciene ot Spitiiaey )
D Time Requires t+ Empty 0 [Reservelr * tank
1. Rectangulor Notch/werr ee pent
BA Su al Wot aboe Crect
7 oe Ste Ju = Pinot height
Water above Crest
2+ Triangular Nokh user (Duc be Sir fice bentin )
ti to
\ \
BA ee A = Area ct Reservoir
7
eee re A
# Error in Discharge (4a) due t Evrorin Heod( 3h)
Effece of Discharge due t+ Error | d= Error wor mode, while
| meosurig. Ene heeel over
oe = 2 ain (Rectogular) the Nokch
| do = Evror wy meele while
ea S = ee (Trrargalor) | Meosurigg Che [Di schege
Limittyg volues ue b Fervor GP too ye Blaor #0 Head
® Dischage = 2288 So igo = % Ener in Dicege
Head = HEH
Disehage | Over ¢ oO Stepped Neth
a 22alg [uct n + dh) + Lo CH SW) +te ui? |
® Advantages of Trangular Nw ove Rectegqulon Nae
Has no end Conbrac Hons =
4 Nappe Emerging, hy tre Som hope for ait the heady
Hence, Cy iS Potrty Conctant for all heady,
> More accurate Por low dischages
> The effect of Va 8 less
> For Right -ongled trioggle, Dec choge Caluilodion te
So simple Co Qe IvzAe™ )
KL
KL
—l,——Dimension Arolycis
gs Forces
0) Lnertio Force (FH)
= Mass (ks) x ACRerPan(mIgec) = £8 mex Se = PLeve
b) vescous force CH)
= Sheer Stress KAvea =( Xa -mx(Beye™ = AVL
© Elacberty fora (Fe)
2 Bulle medubs of broly 2eiren = Keo FRE
4) Pressure Force (Fe) =p
a ws = Pr@y) -
oa pressure A Rreo
2) Grovity force CH) :
spose (tg) 4g = RpulnPrd ied,
P) Surfece Tension Force )
= Surface Tension(o) x unie fengt» sot
a. Dimension less Numbers
a) Renolds Number (Re) = Ee Re ee alec
AV AA v
b) Cauchy Numb a RUEGy ee een eee
oe trae ee ee
ae E/P Velie Sound in Pluss
Mach Number (ma) = Be a a )
(3) ie Cc
Euler Number (Ex) = iE -{ eee
WP
Newken Number =
3 Peeve
) Froude Number (Fr) cs eal
e) Weber Number Ce) = FC oe
Be Signifreance of Mach Number
Subsonic Flew Ma