GOUSE William - ITS Abordo de Vehiculos

Vehicle
Technologies:
On-Board and Connected to
“X”
Witnessing the Revolution
S. William Gouse
swgouse@gmail.com
Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Today’s Agenda
OPEN DISCUSSION – we are all customers of road transport

infrastructure
• Introduction - WHY?
(Too lengthy?)
• HOW?
• Overview of vehicle architecture, past and current
• Trends in vehicle capabilities, intelligence
• Developments and Developers
• Benefits
• Challenges
• Concerns

WHY? – Why this topic to this
group?
• Can you design a kitchen without knowing how to cook?
• Can you build a farm without knowing what you will grow?
• Road transport is built for use by pedestrians, non and

motorized vehicles, for the mobility of people, goods, and
delivery services.

Purpose of In-Vehicle Systems -
Efficacy
• Mobility
• Comfort / Convenience
• Safety
• Productivity / Efficiency
• Security
• System Satisfaction

Why?

Why?
• Allow better, more efficient

use of the existing
infrastructure.
• Collect and provide driver,
operator, “authorities”,
traveler, shipper and
receiver, with information.
• Collect and provide system
operators, responders,
information services, police
with information.

Why?
• Improve the performance

of private, commercial,
municipal, public transit,
emergency service, law
enforcement, and military
vehicles and operations.
• Tool to improve a variety of
maintenance, construction,
operations, and restoration
functions.

Why?
• Assist in keeping traffic

flowing, by reducing
crashes, supplying data
such as road conditions,
obstacles and debris,
avoiding and adding to
congestion, minimizing
risks, automating toll
collection and credential
verification.

Why?
• Increasing safety by
avoiding or mitigating
severity of crashes and
enhancing the ability to
respond to, clear incidents
and render aid to victims.

Why (continued) – TIME!
• Congestion
• Travel Time / Level of Service
• Maintenance
• Construction
• Incident
• Identification
• Clearance Time
• Restoration Time
• Response
• Arrival
• Appropriate Response
• Transport
• Damage

Introduction (continued): How?
• Sensors
• Computers
• Communication
• Cooperation
• Institutional Framework

How (continued)?
• How to Use and Re-use

Components & Systems
• How to Use and Re-use
Software
• How to Define a Set of
Rules (Biomimicry?)
• How to Mix Order and
Chaos
The calm and the crazies…
• How to Prioritize Between
Different Warnings and
System Actions

How (continued)?
• How to Build a Flexible

System, Where New
Functionality Can be Added
• How to Interface With the
Driver in a Consistent and
Efficient Manner
• How to Interface With the
Infrastructure in a
Consistent and Efficient
Manner
• How to Improve
Functionality for the User,
by Combining Functions

Mix.. Non -
Homogeneous
Traffic
Discussion (evolution or disruptive

change):
Vehicle or User Types
Vulnerability
Skills
Levels of performance
Narrowing
Broadening
Safety
Solving problems
Creating problems
Efficiency

Today’s Orientation
• Vehicles • System Integration
• Types • Integrated Systems
• Classification • Aftermarket
• Purpose • Stand-Alone
• Functions • Synergy
• Users / Customers • System Types
• History • Control
• Original Systems • Information
• Growth • Infotainment / Entertainment
• Proliferation • Compliance & Payment
• Imbedded
• Standards
• International • Major Initiatives
• Proprietary • Developments
• Protocols • Demonstrations
• Standards (IBR)
• Efficacy • Regulations
• Empty Promises or Solutions?

Vehicles / Equipment Categories
• Motorcycle / Scooter
• Trike (delta / tadpole)
• Automobile
• Mini Bus
• School
• City / Transit Bus
• Articulated Bus
• Bi-articulated
• Coach

Categories (con’t)
• Recreational Vehicle
• Light Truck
• Medium Duty Truck
• Heavy Duty Truck
• Tractor
• Trailer Chassis
• Road-railer
• Trailer
(Containers / Totes)

Fundamental Purpose
Transport People

• Transport Freight

• Perform a Service

Recreation

Functions
• Active Safety
• Passive Safety
• Fuel Management
• Emissions Control
• Enforcement
• Incident Notification

Functions
• Payment Systems
• Entertainment
• Information
• Business Services
• Comfort
• Convenience

Users / Customers
• Driver • Law Enforcement

• Private • First Responder
• Commercial
• Municipal / Government • Emergency Responder
• Passenger • System Operator
• Non-Motorized Transport • Revenue Collector
• Pedestrian • Information / Data Provider
• Animal • Military
• Mechanized

Automation
Evolution – Driver Assistance
Mechanical
Routine
Repetitive
Simple
Difficult
Complex Mechanics
Complex Decisions
Exceptional Performance
Exception Memory
Constraints
Creativity

History

History
• Earliest Original Systems

• Radio
• Clock

History

History
• Earliest Original Systems

• Radio
• Clock
• Cigar Lighter
• Speed and Distance Measurement
• Automated Transmissions / Gear Selection
• Power Assisted Steering & Brakes
• Throttle / Fuel Supply – Speed Control
• Climate, Headlamps, Windscreen Wiper Sensing Controls

History (continued)
Growth – Evolution to Infrastructure Cooperative

• Mobile Communications – Alphanumeric and Voice Satellite
/ Cellular, DSRC - IFF / Electronic Toll Collection
• Anti-lock Brake Systems, Electronic Brake Control Systems,
Traction Control Systems
• Roll Over Warning, Roll Stability Control, Stability Control
Systems
• Forward, and Side Looking Systems: Vision, Radar, Sonar
• Blind Spot Detection
• Parking Distance Control
• Lane Keeping / Departure Warning Systems

Manufacturers’ Timeline
• 1886: Karl Benz Obtained

Legal
Permits to Drive on Public
Roads
• 1888: Karl Benz Offers
Benz Patent Motorwagen
• 1912: Cadillac Self Starter
• 1939: Oldsmobile
Hydramatic automatic
transmission

• 1951: Chrysler First
Hydraullic Steering Assist
• 1958: Imperial First Cruise
Control
• 1970: Imperial “Sure-
Brake” Antilock Brakes
• 1974: General Motors Air
Cushion Restraint System
• 1988: Chevrolet Heads Up
Display

Manufacturers’ Timeline
• 1998: Freightliner Forward

Looking Radar, Lane
Departure Warning
Systems, Adaptive Cruise
Control
• 1998: Mercedes Benz In-
car Internet Access
• 1998: Freightliner TruckPC
& TruckWeb

• 2002: Toyota Nightview
Infrared Vision System
• 2005: Volvo Blind Spot
Detection
• 2006: Lexus Sonar Self
Parallel Parking
• 2008: Mercedes Benz
Attention Assist Drowsy
Driver Alert
• 2010: Mercedes Benz
Traffic Jam Assist
• 2010+: Everybody is in it…

Vehicle Safety Technology Evolution

SAE INTERNATIONAL© 36
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
(ADAS)
• Types
• Information / Training
• Cooperative
• Control
• Automated
• Safety
• Stress Reduction
• Driving / Motor Vehicle
Operating Task

Examples of ADAS
• Lane Departure Warning

• Rollover Warning
• Radar Warning
• Blind Spot Detection
• Parking Assist
• Lane Keeping Assist
• Stability Control
• Traction Control
• Collision Mitigation Braking
• Traffic Jam Assistant

Detailied System Example
Cruise Control
• Speed Measurement
• Speed Selection
• Throttle or Fuel Supply
• Transmission Control
• Brake Activation (Engine, Service
Brakes)
• Load Sensing
• Ascent / Descent
• Forward Looking
• Terrain and Roadway Geometry Data /
Geographic Information System
• Origin to Destination Predictive
Analysis

Automation
Fever
• Audi
• Freightliner
• Mercedes
• Lexus
• Honda
• Hyundai
• Entrepreneurs
• Google
• Aftermarket
• Everybody…

How Will We Get There?

Standards
• Open Systems Interconnection

(OSI)
• SAE and ISO – International for
Control Modules
• SAE J1939
• ISO 11898
• ISO 11992
• SAE 1708 / 1587
• Architectures and Standards for
Vehicle I.D., Toll, Clearance,
Border Crossing
• Proprietary
• Vehicle Equipment Manufacturer
• Aftermarket
• Consumer Product

SAE International: Levels of
Automation

Systems Integration
• Integrated Systems • Aftermarket
• Driver Information • Navigation
• Concierge • Audio
• Driveline Control • Video
• Vehicle Handling and Stability • Vehicle Performance
• Notification and Location • Interlock
• Synergies
• Driver Information / • Stand Alone
Communication
• Hand held IOS / Android
• Vehicle Stability / Weight /
Credentialing / Tolling • GPS Systems
• Emissions Control / Cruise • Navigation
Control / Fuel Economy • Enforcement
Optimization • Transponders
• On-board Diagnostics /
Compliance Verification /
Prognostics
• Crash / Incident / Exception
Recording

Interrelationship Principles
• Subsidiary
• Hierarchy
• Parallel
• Priority

Vertical Functions
• Safe Speed and Following

Functions
• Lateral Control Support
Functions
• Intersection Safety
Functions
• Vulnerable Road Users and
Collision Mitigation
Functions

Horizontal Functions
• Integration of Different
Safety Functions
• Sensor Fusion
• Vehicle Map Interface
• Cloud Data Access
• Legal Aspects
• Testing, Validation,
Compliance
• Awareness,
Communication, Education,
Training

System Developers
• Vehicle Manufacturers
• Equipment Suppliers
• Device Manufacturers
• Hardware / Software
Manufacturers
• Third Party Application
Developers & Providers
• System Operators

System Types
• Control
• Information /
Entertainment
• Compliance & Payment
• Imbedded
Enabling Technologies
• Communication
• Processing
• Data Storage
• Software
• Sensors

Electrical / Electronic System
• Electrical
• To provide power
• Charging Battery
• Drive Motors
• Hybrid
• Electric
• Perform Tasks
• Starting motor
• Provide “Spark”
• Fuel Pump
• Radio
• Seat, Lock, Window,
Mirror, Antenna,
Windscreen Wipers,
Heater / Air Conditioning
Blower
• Lamps, Lights, Signaling
• ……

Electrical / Electronic System (cont.)
• Electronic System
• Provide Power,
Communication, and Control
• Includes providing electric
power and also:
• Sensing
• Computing / Analysis
• Decision Making
• Data Storage
• Reporting / Record
Retention
• Diagnostics
• Control

Electronic Control Unit
• Definition
• Purpose / Function
• Types

Control Module Examples
• Engine Electronic Control • Steering

Unit / Module – E-ECU/E- • Lighting
ECM
• Cruise
• Transmission
• Stability
• Differential
• Suspension
• Airbag / Restraint Systems
• Axle
• Body
• Seat
• Instrument Cluster/ Driver
Message Center • Climate
• Door • Traction
• Brake • Tire

Electronic On-Board Recorders / Event
Data Recorders
• EOBR
• Record Hours Of Service
• Provide Regular Reports
• Compliance Format
• Customer Format
• Regular Retrieval
• EDR
• Records Anomalies
• Triggering Methods
• Data Retrieval

Prior to Networks
• Dedicated Wires
• Solenoids
• Switches
• Indicators
• Cumbersome to Coordinate
Systems
• High Power Consumption
• Large Mass and Space Allocations
– “Packaging”
• Service, Diagnostic, & Repair
Challenges
• Limited Expansion & Evolution of:
Performance/Functions/Features

Controller Area Network (CAN)
• System of Wires, Fiber

Optics, Connectors and
Software
• Outward Simplicity
• Inward Complexity
• Capabilities

Diagnostics
• On-board Diagnostics
(OBD)
• OBD II
• Prognostics

Examples of Variables
• Temperature • Light
• Voltage • Meteorological
• Pressure • Road Geometry
• Velocity • Object Proximity
• Acceleration • Fluid Level
• Braking • Emissions Chemistry
• Yaw • Fuel Quality
• Roll • Sound
• Steering Angle • Geographic Position
• Friction • Collision
• Time • many more…

Connectivity / Communications

Active
Safety
Automated Human
Vehicle Factors
Vehicle
Connectivity
Communi-
Cyber cation
Security (DSRC)

Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Entertainment,
Infotainment, Vehicle
System Management
• Power supply
• Data Storage Expansion
• Data Access
• Data Transfer
• Software Transfer
• Examples
• Plethora of Vehicles Provide
USB Power Supply
• Ford Sync & MyFord Touch
• Truck PC

Satellite and Cellular Systems & the
Cloud
• Original Equipment • Aftermarket

Manufacturer • Ryder RydeSmart
• GM OnStar • Qualcomm
• Lexus Link • XATA
• Mercedes mbrace • GM Onstar
• BMW Assist • Progressive Snapshot
• MyFord Touch

Wireless
• Bluetooth Devices
• Credentials
• Compliance Requirements
• Vehicle Data
• Software Updates
• Near-term Future – Vehicle to ? One and Two Way
Communication
• Low Speed
• High Speed

Some Other
Examples
• On-Board
Diagnostics
(vehicle, power
unit and trailers,
cabin)
• Tire Pressure
Monitoring

Handheld / Tablet Devices
• Multifunction
• Examples
• IOS
• iPad
• iPhone/iPod
• Android
• Tablet
• Smartphone
• Limitations (minimal)
• Power
• Functionality
• Virus
• Security
• Lifecycle
• Customers
• Consumers
• Commercial
• Municipal
• Military
• Configuring Driver Cluster
(master-slave role)
• Major Industry Issue:
SECURITY!

Dedicated Short Range
Communications
• One-way
• Two-way
• Short-Medium Range
• Europe
• 30MHz of Spectrum in
5.9GHz
• USA
• 75MHz of Spectrum in
5.9GHZ

Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) Protocol
• What it is:
• A system of real time wireless

communication (Wi-Fi) using
Dedicated Short Range
Communication (DSRC) in the 5.9Ghz
band between:
• Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)
• Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I)
• How does it work?
• Messages transmitted 10 times/sec (300m

range)
• Basic Safety Message: vehicle position, speed,
heading, acceleration, size, brake system
status, etc.
• Privacy is protected (vehicle location is NOT
recorded or tracked)

SAE DSRC Standards Activities
SAE J2735 – Dedicated Short Range Communications Message Set Dictionary

• Supports interoperability
• Defines standardized message sets
• Defines formats for basic safety message set dictionary
Copyright (c) 2014 SAE International. All rights reserved.

SAE J2945 (WIP) – Dedicated Short Range Communications Minimum Performance
• Specifies minimum communication performance requirements
• Defines message transmission rate, channel usage, optional data usage in various situations
Examples of Driver Alerts

• Forward Collision Warning • Lane Change Warning
• Emergency Electronic Brake • Do Not Pass Warning
Light • Right Turn in Front
• Intersection Movement Assist • Signal Phase and Timing
• Blind Spot Warning • Curve Speed Warning
Source: www.motortrend.com

SAE ITS Standards Development
and DSRC
• 5+ year effort for ITS standards development
• Work performed by SAE Subject Matter Experts )SMEs) working in concert with the
SAE DSRC Technical Standards Committee
• Key Deliverables

• SAE J3067, Candidate Improvements to Dedicated Short Range Communications
(DSRC) Message Set Dictionary [SAE J2735] Using Systems Engineering Methods,
published in August, 2014
• Specifies dialogs, messages, and the data frames and data elements that make
up the messages specifically for use by applications intended to utilize the 5.9
GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications for Wireless Access in Vehicular
Environments, communications systems.
• Next Step – develop J2945.x tracks
• Future Work – Next Revision of SAE J2735 (NextGen), Dedicated Short Range
Communications (DSRC) Message Set DictionaryTM

2015: Rapid Standardization to
Support Rulemaking
• Europe: European Norm (EN) 453 mandates standardization
• First release 2013
• Issues in ‘mitigation’ / interference with 5.8 GHz tolling

• North America: Impending Notice of Public Rulemaking (NPRM)
• NPRM in 2016, potential mandate 1 – 2 years afterward, wide scale deployment
• IEEE and SAE issued letters to expedite and complete by end of 2015
• IEEE 1609.2 (security), 1609.3 (networking)
• SAE J2735 (message sets), 2945.1 (minimum performance,
including congestion control)
• Some convergence: ETSI ITS TC WG1 and SAE DSRC TC:
• Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control/Platooning
• Vulnerable Road Users
• Other Committee Interests

• V2P Vulnerable Road Users
• ISO 19091 Harmonization: Signal Request / Signal Priority Messages
• Eventual Inclusion of J3067 Information Report (FHWA Contract)

Additional DSRC Applications
• Electronic Toll Collection

• Vehicle Credentialing
• Vehicle Condition Reporting
• Emergency Warning Systems
• Signal Preemption
• Corridor / Guide way Access
Control
• Cooperative Cruise Control
• Cooperative Collision
Avoidance
• Multi-mode Intersection
Control
• In-vehicle messaging

US DOT - NHTSA Decision on V2V
• On February 3, 2014 DOT Secretary Anthony Foxx announced that the DOT
will issue a regulatory proposal to require an onboard DSRC-based V2V
communications technology on future cars and light trucks

• On August 18 the USDOT issued an Advanced Notice for Proposed
RuleMaking (ANPRM) to begin Implementation of V2V Communications
Technology
• NHTSA expected to issue a Notice for Proposed RuleMaking (NPRM) by 2016
• GM announced 2017MY Cadillac CTS will be equipped with V2V
communications technology
• US DOT will announce plan for V2V for heavy truck ???
• Guidance for V2I to be issued in 2015
• Recent announcements indicate US DOT wants to accelerate process

New DSRC task force for vulnerable road users
(pedestrians/cyclists):
SAE J2945-X– early start at defining DSRC

‘Vehicle2Pedestrian’ application requirements,

channel use and message set and potential test
procedures.
To include Pedestrian Safety Messages (PSM) to
support interoperability among various types
of handheld devices, vehicles, and vehicle-
pedestrian applications. Source: www.motortrend.com

Cargo
• Manifest
• Electronic Placard
• Electronic Notification
• Asset Management
• Emergency Responders
• Seals
• Container
• Trailer
• Monitoring Systems
• Temperature Control and
Recording

Cargo Communication
• Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID)
• Dedicated Short Range
Communications (DSRC)
• Wireless Mesh Networks
• Navigation

Commercial Vehicles: Truck and Bus Committee
Activities in Connected
Vehicles
• J3081: Recommended Practice for • Communication Link
Heavy Vehicle Operator Controls
Prioritization and Conflict Message Prioritization
Resolution: Work In Progress at • Essential to avoid conflicting
ballot stage
messages being received
• Growing desire for simultaneously.

implementation of advanced
vehicle control technologies in • Intelligent control strategy to be
Commercial Vehicles represents used within the system to assure
operator input challenges. safe operation regardless of data
• Shift from Traditional Mechanical link
Control Systems to Electronic J3081 provides specific
Control Systems to reduce vehicle recommendations to avoid
emissions and improve vehicle potential conflicts between
safety. operator control inputs vs.
• “Drive-by-wire”
• Examples: automatic traction control,
advanced system control
automated mechanical transmissions, inputs.
adaptive cruise control and hybrid systems
technology.

Commercial Vehicles: Truck and Bus Committee Activities in Connected
Vehicles: Active Safety. Both Documents approved at Level 1 Ballot
• J3045 Lane Departure Warning Test

Procedure
• Establishes a uniform, powered • J3029 Forward Collision Avoidance
vehicle test procedure for lane and Mitigation (FCAM) System
departure warning systems used in Vehicle Test Procedure
highway commercial vehicles greater
• Establishes uniform powered vehicle

than 10,000 lbs.
test procedure for forward collision
avoidance and mitigation systems
used in highway commercial vehicles
• Human Machines Interface and coaches greater that 10,000 lbs.
(HMI)/Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI)
challenges:
• All warning systems ( audio, visual • HMI/DVI considerations similar to
and haptic) are being further J3045
researched:
• DVI design principles: Interfaces
must be effective without increasing • Phase 2: Companion Standard for
distraction Performance Specifications
• Phase 2: Companion Standard on
Performance specifications

Market Introduction and
Penetration
• Sensor System Performance
• System Maturity
• Customer Awareness
• Costs
• Competing Technologies
• Economy
• Institutional Issues

Legal & Operator (Institutional)
Issues
• Shift of Responsibility (HUGE!)

• Vienna Convention
• Principle of “Controllability”
• Driver Choice
• Evolutionary
• Intuitive / Minimum Tuition
• Privacy & Data Policy

Challenges
• Minor and Major Failures
• Cost: Especially Regarding Complex Tasks and Sophisticated

Capabilities
• Robust and Integrated Development Process as Vehicle Safety and

Comfort Systems, Communication Systems, and Infrastructure
Systems and Operations Such as Traffic Management,
Enforcement, Emergency and Maintenance Response are
Different Organizations, Different Specialties
• Development Intervals and Product Introductions

Challenges (continued)
• HMI: How to Interface with Drivers, Operators, Users in
Consistent and Efficient Manner?
• How to Improve the Functionality For the Driver, Operator, User

by Combining Functions?
• Complexity: To Obtain and Realize Increased Functionality.

Different functions need to have synergistic and integrated
relationship. A balanced and elegant design solution, intuitive
and not complex, is essential.

Challenges (continued)
• Component Selection: The Optimal Solution May Not be

Additive; A Sensor Configuration for an Integrated Function
May Not Necessarily Equate to Accessing the Sensors of
Individual Functions
• Competition: Components, Systems, Processes,

Communications Can be in Competition for Resources,
Timing, Actions, Controls; These Issues May Require
Standards, Recommended Practices, Regulations

Mobility Scenarios
definition of “mobility”!
• Inner-city or Intra-city
• Urban
• Extra-Urban
• Suburban
• Rural
• Intercity
• Interstate / Interprovincial
• International
• Intercontinental

Congestion: Prevention / Mitigation
• Recurring Congestion
• Capacity
• Inadequate Design
• Demand
• Non-recurring Congestion
• Maintenance / Construction
Functions
• System or Component Failure
• Crashes
• Restoration
• Closure
• Clearing
• Restoration

Mitigation and Avoidance
Process and Challenges
• Collision • Congestion
• Perception • Perception
• Decision Making • Decision Making
• Proactive Maneuver • Proactive Maneuver
• Evasive Maneuver • Notification
• Braking
• Actions
• Lateral Control
• Notification
• Actions

Case Studies
Open Discussion:
• Incident
• Weather
• Crash
• Infrastructure Failure
• Recurring Congestion
• Expedited Mobility
• Special Event

Questions?
• Technical?
• Philosophical?
• Societal?
• Your Car?
• swgouse@gmail.com

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Vehicle

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

OPEN DISCUSSION – we are all customers of road transport

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• Road transport is built for use by pedestrians, non and

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• Allow better, more efficient

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• Improve the performance

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• Assist in keeping traffic

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• How to Use and Re-use

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• How to Build a Flexible

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Discussion (evolution or disruptive

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• Driver • Law Enforcement

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• Earliest Original Systems

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• Earliest Original Systems

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Growth – Evolution to Infrastructure Cooperative

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• 1886: Karl Benz Obtained

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• 1998: Freightliner Forward

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• Lane Departure Warning

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015

• Open Systems Interconnection

Diplomado en Diseño e Implementación de Proyectos ITS 2015