CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
This research is study on the relationship between father’s involvement in influencing

the development of their children’s emotional quotient and personality. This chapter

will cover the background of the research, statement of the problem, research questions,

objectives of the research, population and sampling, significance of the research,

limitation of research, research conceptual framework and definitions of operational

and definitions of conceptual.

1.2 Background of the Research

Malaysia is confronting the develop country and it push the woman to be working

together in achieving the successful country(Abdullah & Hussin, 2012). This statement

is support by the job statistic and labour by Ministry of Human Resources (MOHR,

2017) shows about 14 million Malaysians are worker and 5 million and half of them are

woman. The number statistic of working woman is increasing by time. In 2010 the

number of working woman increase slightly but it keeps growing(MOHr, 2017).As a

consequences, the father needs to actively participate in child rearing to helps his wife

(Atkinson & Blackwelder, 1993).

Not many research had been done by the researchers regarding this topic where

the father involvement will influence the development of their children than a mother

involvement (Goodman et al., 2014; Kramer, 2012; Kroll et al., 2016). One study by

Rushing & Sparks (2017), state that a working mother met their needs of maintaining

or stabling their career by getting a helping hand from her husband. According to
Kroll et al. (2016), the early father involvement will create a paternal positive parenting

beliefs and increased frequency of creative play were significantly related with lower

risk of subsequent behavior problems.

According to Cook, Buehler, & Fletcher, 2012; Mechanic & Barry (2015),

friendship competence in adolescent is influence by their relationship with parent and

if not they will have some issues regarding their psychosocial. Besides, children also

will be responded based on the father behavioral control (Kramer, 2012). Moreover, the

personality and behavior also will be easy to be followed by children based on their

parent personality (Cook et al., 2012; Fong & Yuen, 2014; Hanim & Jalal, 2005;

Kramer, 2012; Mechanic & Barry, 2015; Schofield et al., 2012; Snyder, Shapiro, &

Treleaven, 2012; Sturman & Mongrain, 2005; Vaughn et al., 2015). The father

parenting is also as important like mother parenting when the child is still young

(Taubman BenAri & Spielman, 2014).

Besides, Michael E. Lamb in his book (Michael E. Lamb, 2010a), stated that study

on paternal focus on engagement had shifting in its interpretation from total engagement

time to positive engagement activities. It means that a quality time is one of the factors

that will gives an effect to the child development. In addition to his studies on focusing

on engagement, Lamb had included the qualitative parenting dimensions which are

warmth and responsiveness, control and authoritative parental style.

Thus, this research is study about the relationship between paternal involvement

over the children’s emotional quotient and personality.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Paternal involvement has encourage a more positive attitude by the mother towards

motherhood and also affect the mental well-being of the family (Twamley et al., 2013).
Is there is any relationship with the children itself? Recently, the studies on father

involvement and their roles is arising because of the children show some outcomes with

their behavioral (Gariepy et al., 2017; Kramer, 2012), personality (Ya Nez et al., 2017)

and academic performances (Enlund & Aunola, 2015; Huang & Gove, 2015).

As refer to research that had been done in United Kingdom (Kroll et al., 2016),

the quality of parenting, rather than the splitting up of routine care between parents was

related with child behavioral outcomes. In a simple word, results suggest that the

father’s quality of parenting, rather than frequency or share of routine care is associated

with lower risk of child behavior problems (Ya Nez et al., 2017). This finding is

coherent with a recent analysis of data from a large Australian cohort (the Longitudinal

Study of Australian Children, LSAC), which reported that child behavior was positively

associated with quality of parenting by the father (warmth, self-efficacy and good co-

parental relationship), but not with father’s contact time, after adjusting for mother’s

parenting and many other potential confounders (Mcintosh, Smyth, & Kelaher, 2013).

In Malaysia, one research had been done in recognizing whether there is

significant relationship between father presence with child personality and the effects

towards family value (Amla Saleh et al., 2010). This research finding shows fathers

were perceived by their children as responsible and supportive of their mothers although

the children felt that fathers were unfriendly and had little communication with them.

Besides, their fathers did not help in school works and the correlation between fathers’

involvement in parenting and children’s academic performance and self-concept was

rather low. In addition, most of the participants are coming from low income Malay

family. This suggests that the role of father in parenting need to be studied further.

Thus, this research is aimed to investigate the relationship between father’s

involvement and emotional intelligence and personality of their children.

1.4 Objectives of the Research
The main objectives of this research are to identify is there any significant relationship

between the father involvement with their children emotional quotient and personality.

The specific objectives of this research are:

1. To identify the level of engagement in father involvement among medical

student of Tamhidi Centre USIM.

2. To identify the dimension of emotional quotient among medical student of

Tamhidi Centre USIM.

3. To identify the types of personalities among medical student of Tamhidi Centre

USIM.

4. To identify the relationship between father involvement and emotional quotient

among medical student of Tamhidi Centre USIM.

5. To identify the relationship between father involvement and personality of

medical student of Tamhidi Centre USIM.

1.5 Research Questions

Based on objectives of this research, there are five research questions had been

developed. There are:

1. What is the level of engagement in father involvement among medical student

of Tamhidi Centre USIM?

2. What are dimensions of emotional equation among medical student of Tamhidi

Centre USIM?

3. What are the types of personalities among medical student of Tamhidi Centre

USIM?
 4. What is the relationship between father involvement and emotional quotient

among medical student of Tamhidi Centre USIM?

5. What is the relationship between father involvement and personality of medical

student of Tamhidi Centre USIM?

1.6 Population and Sampling

The samples in this study is chosen based on the previous research which is done to the

medical students in Universiti Sains Malaysia USM (Arifin, Bahri Yusoff, & Naing,

2012). Thus, researcher chooses medical students of Tamhidi Centre Universiti Sains

Islam Malaysia (USIM) as the sample for this research. Furthermore, the samples of

this research have same education background which is medical study with the previous

research. The number of population in this study was 117. According to (Krejcie &

Morgan, 1970), the sample for 120 population is 92. The researcher needs 117 medical

students of Tamhidi Centre USIM in this study and also for pilot study.

1.7 The Significance of the Research

This research is very important because of it can be one of the guidelines or knowledge

for the therapist, psychologist and counselor. Hopefully, it can be a huge contribution

for Tamhidi Centre USIM to identify their medical student’s emotional quotient and

personality and family involvement, especially the father involvement in their studies.

Next, by exploring this area, it also can improve the quality of parent, family and

community agencies. Besides, it also contributes to the development of education

modules or programs for the medical student’s in Malaysia. Generally, it will contribute

to the Ministry of Education in Malaysia and the Ministry of Women, Family and

Community Development.
 Furthermore, this research can be sources of information for the researchers to

do research in this area of studies since not many research had been done based on this

topic.

1.8 Research Hypothesis

HO 1: There is no significance relationship between father involvement and emotional

quotient.

HO 2: There is no significance relationship between father involvement and personality.

1.9 Limitation of the Research

This research is limited for the medical students to get accurate and authentic data. The

data only been done on 157 medical students of Tamhidi Centre USIM based on the

research topic. So, this research just describes the phenomena in the population alone.

Therefore, the findings only can be generalized to the population of medical students of

Tamhidi Centre USIM or which have similarities from the demographic characteristics

of the population.

As for the instruments research, the researcher uses the instruments such as

Inventori Penglibatan Bapa (IPB), Universiti Sains Malaysia Emotional Question

(USMEQ-i) and Ujian Personaliti Warna (IPW) that had been used by other researchers

because of the time is limited for the researcher to construct new instruments. But, the

instruments use in this research had been alter suitable for the Malaysian context,

especially in medical student context and adolescent. However, this study only involves

the variables such as the father involvement, personality and emotional quotient of the

children. These variables had been chosen as referring to the previous research and the

theoretical framework. Besides, the finding only focuses only medical students in
Tamhidi Centre USIM and cannot be generalized to the other medical students at

another university in Malaysia.

Overall, the research should be further and some of the instruments should be built

to match with the variables.

1.10Research Conceptual Framework

Based on a research problem statement, some variables had been chosen to be variables

of this research. There are three variables in this research which are father’s

involvement, emotional quotient and personality.

As we refer to the Father's model of development developed by Lamb (2010), is

considered to provide the best and most recent understanding of the measurements of

father's involvement which is difficult to understand (Finley & Schwartz, 2004;

McBride et al., 2002). The Lambs Model (2010), describes the involvement of the father

in the care of the following five categories. First, the engagement is the involvement of

the father in interacting with the child in various activities. Second, reliable contact

which means direct and indirect father interactions. Third, responsibilities are a situation

where the father is responsible for providing welfare and attention to children. Fourth,

indirect care is when the father engaging with purchasing and arranging children goods,

services, fostering peer relationship and non-peer community relationship.

Additionally, this model also focuses on the key focus in measuring father's time

involvement with children's lives (Lamb, 2010). They also introduce factors that

determine the involvement of the father, namely motivation, skills, social support, and

training (Lamb, 1997; Lamb et al., 1985). They suggest that optimum father

involvement will exist if the father has high motivation, sufficient parenting skills,
receiving social support for his or her care, and not attenuated by work and other

matters.

Next, the least of research had been done in Malaysia focusing in the area of

emotional quotient (Arifin et al., 2012) while, there are many research regarding the

intelligence quotient (Moenikia & Zahed Babelan, 2010; Mohd Ismail et al., 2017;

Nachiappan et al., 2014). This research used assessment tools to assess children’s

emotional quotient (Che Su Mustaffa, Nuredayu, Munif Zarirrudin, 2011). The

emotional quotient domains of the USMEQ-i were developed based on the mixed model

approach and grouped into seven dimensions which were emotional control, emotional

maturity, emotional conscientiousness, emotional awareness, emotional commitment,

emotional fortitude and emotional expression (Saiful et al., 2010). One construct was

designed to measure the tendency of respondents to over rate themselves and it is called

as faking index domain. The items of USMEQ-i were framed from literature review.

The items were designed and developed primarily in the Malay Language based on the

compatibility and suitability of the medical profession, local culture and local values.

According to founder of True Colors, Don Lowry (1989), he developed the

personality concepts and apply the color metaphors of orange, gold, green and blue to

the four temperaments (Cooper, 2009). Don Lowry has been using a model of

personality introduced by Keirsey to be the basis for creating True Colors. True Colors

made by Lowry this is a type of game cards based on personality involving four types

of colors, namely Gold, Green, Blue and Orange. Gold color represents someone who

follows rules, the Green color symbolizes someone who is interested in intuition

thinking, the Blue color symbolizes a person who values intuition Orange feeling and

color symbolizes a person who loves the experience.

 Based on True Colors color personality cards by Don Lowry, another David

Keirsey student, CarolynKalil, (2011)has written a book titled Follow Your True Colors

to the Work With Love (Beastley, 1999). In this book, has stated that "the best way to

improve your self-concept is to do what you like". He also mentioned that there are four

types of personality classified as The True Color System of Gold personality showing

a person who is planning, the Green personality makes knowledge as a power, the

personality of Blue is a caring and personality of Orange is an action-oriented person.

According to Sidek Mohd Noah (2005), he has developed a measuring instrument

called Ujian Personaliti Warna (IPW) based on True Color by Down Lowry. The items

of personality have been detailed according to the dominant properties of each type of

personality in the inventory. According to him, the color personality through his

inventions can be divided into four, namely the personality of Gold, Green, Blue and

Orange. According to him, the Gold color defines the personality that is responsible

while Green personality have high curiosity. Besides, the Blue personality is romantic

and love, harmony and Orange color have skillful and passionate.

Figure 1.1 Research Conceptual Framework

Father Involvement
fatherhhgfghfgfghjhgjngf

hfdFather involvement

Interaction
Interaction Communication Responsibility
Responsibility

EmotionalQuotient
Emotional quotient(EQ)
(EQ) Color Personality
Color Personality

1. Emotional Control 11. Gold

 Based on the research, conceptual framework in Figure 1.1, the independent

variable is the father’s involvement, which is will identify the level of engagement in

interaction, communication and responsibility of the father towards the children.

Besides, dependent variables are emotional quotient and personality. The emotional

quotient of the children will be measured in seven dimensions which are emotional

control, emotional maturity, emotional conscientiousness, emotional awareness,

emotional commitment, emotional fortitude and emotional expression. Lastly,

children’s personality will be identified according to their personality color through

Ujian Personaliti Warna which are Gold, Blue, Green and Orange.

1.11Definition of Operational
There are some of the definitions of some terms derived from the research variables.

There are:
1.11.1 Father Involvement

The Lambs Model (1997) describes the involvement of the father in the

care of the following three categories. First, the engagement is the

involvement of the father in interacting with the child in various

activities. Secondly, a reliable contact which means a direct and indirect

father interaction. Thirdly, responsibility is where the father is

responsible for providing welfare and attention to children. Additionally,

this model also focuses on the key focus in measuring father's time

involvement with children's lives. They also introduce factors that

determine the involvement of the father, namely motivation, skills,

social support, and training (Lamb, 1997; Lamb et al., 1985).

1.11.2 Emotional Quotient

The emotional quotient domains of the USMEQ-i were developed based

on the mixed model approach and grouped into seven dimensions which

were emotional control, emotional maturity, emotional

conscientiousness, emotional awareness, emotional commitment,

emotional fortitude and emotional expression (Saiful et al., 2010). One

construct was designed to measure the tendency of respondents to over

rate themselves and it is called as faking index domain. The items of

USMEQ-i were framed from the literature review. The items were

designed and developed primarily in the Malay Language based on the

compatibility and suitability of the medical profession, local culture and

local values which are corresponding for medical students.

 1.11.3 Personality

According to Sidek Mohd Noah, he builds the Inventori Personaliti

Warna (IPW) and the personality items had been categorized based on

dominants behavior for each personality in this inventory (Jusoh, 2006).

According to him, the color personality through its inventions can be

divided into four color personalities which are Gold, Green, Blue and

Orange. This inventory is derived from True Colors by Don Dowry

model of personality introduced by Keirsey to be the basis for creating

True Colors. True Colors made by Lowry this is a type of game cards

based on personality involving four types of colors, namely Gold, Green,

Blue and Orange (Adrian, 2007).

1.12Definition of Concept
1.12.1 Father Involvement
Father (or paternal) involvement is initially defined by(Michael E.

Lamb, 2010a), the paternal involvement concept is including three

primary components which are positive engagement activities, warm

and responsive and control towards their children. It also includes two

auxiliary domains which are indirect care and process responsibility.

1.12.2 Tamhidi Medical Student

This student is chosen based on their good academic performance which

are they got all A’s in their SPM result. The programTamhidi Perubatan

is served for student to follow the next studies which is degree of medical

and surgery USIM after they finish their studies with a good result.

Moreover, this degree will be conducted in a cooperation with university

from east such as University of Al-Azhar, Mesir.

 1.12.3 Adolescent
The word of adolescence is coming from the Latin word which is

adolescere, which means “to grow” or “to grow to maturity”. In other

word adolescence is a condition where the childhood transition to

adulthood (Rice & Dolgin, 2005). According to World Health

Organization, adolescence period is between the ages of 10 and 19 years

old. It begins with the onset of physiologically normal puberty, and ends

when an adult identity and behavior are accepted.

1.12.4 Emotional Quotient

Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is defined as the ability to perceive, express,

understand, motivate, control and regulate emotion. Emotionally

intelligent people are self-aware (Saiful et al., 2010).

1.12.5 Personality
Personality is described by Schultz & Schultz (2009), in their book

Theories of Personality, “The unique, relatively enduring internal and

external aspects of a person’s character that influence behavior in

different situations”. Basically, the personality is also changing

according to their environment or situations.

1.13 Conclusion
In conclusion, this research is important for the father of medical student of Tamhidi

Centre USIM. It also can be a suggestion for them about how their involvement will

affect their children, especially in their behavior, emotional, and also their child’s

personality. Thus, this research can also be the first study of the relationship between

father involvement with their children who is studying in the medical field.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
This chapter will describes about the theoretical framework which is the attachment

theory by Bowlby, the emotional intelligent theory and personality temperament theory

and also previous study. Besides, the study of father involvement in another country

and our country also included. Some of the literature review on father involvement,

parenting on late adolescent children, emotional quotient and personality is included.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.2.1 Attachment Theory
Theory of father involvement is guided by attachment theory by (Bowlby, 2008).

Attachment theory has long been a predominant framework for understanding early

parent-child relationship functioning(Snyder, Shapiro, & Treleaven, 2012). Bowlby

suggested that adaptive patterns of parent-child interaction in the early years promote

the development of secure relationships between children and their caregivers. As such,

this early relationship can serve as a source of emotional security that promotes healthy

functioning across many domains of development (Thompson, 2008). Although a

vast body of work has elucidated the origins and significance of individual differences

in mother-child attachment, far less research exists on the antecedents and outcomes

associated with father-child attachment security (Snyder et al., 2012). Despite increased

interest in fathers’ contributions to child and family development, the parenting

behaviors responsible for a secure father-child attachment relationship are not yet well-

elaborated. In this way, the mother serves as an initial

template for human presence, the human face and voice, units of meaning of human

behavior, and the relationship between one’s own behavior and someone else’s

behavior. This mother–child loop teaches the infant ground rules for relationships,

including social pace, conversational guidelines, attunement, and self-regulation. In

attachment terminology, the infant develops an ‘‘internal working model’’ for how

relation- ships work and how one is to act within them through internalizing these early

experiences with his mother.

Furthermore, there are four major categories of attachment, with corresponding

characteristics, associated behaviors, and implications for later development, have been

discerned for children: secure, (insecure) avoidant, (insecure) anxious/ambivalent, and

(insecure) disorganized (Bretherton, 1992; Schore, 2001). Attachment patterns have

generally been found to persist once developed, both because parents tend to treat

children in the same way, and also because such patterns tend to be self-perpetuating

(Bowlby, 1988).

Attachment theory and research have long privileged the role of sensitivity for

mother-child attachment security, with research suggesting that mothers who respond

to their children’s cues in a warm, prompt, and appropriate manner are more likely to

have children who are securely attached to them (Ijzendoorn & Wolff, 1997).

Nonetheless, the evidence linking paternal sensitivity to father-child attachment

security is somewhat mixed (Ijzendoorn & Wolff, 1997). Instead of exclusively

focusing on qualitative aspects of parenting such as sensitivity, much research on

fathering behavior has been concerned with father involvement, traditionally defined as

the amount of time fathers spend with their children (Pleck, 2010).

Although father involvement appears to have profound consequences for

development, Sarkadi et al., (2008) stated that it has rarely been implicated as a
predictor of attachment security. Thus, the degree to which qualitative (sensitivity) and

quantitative (involvement) aspects of fathering behavior simultaneously contribute to

father-child attachment security remains unknown. The present study attempts to

integrate these domains by examining associations among father-child attachment

security, paternal sensitivity, and father involvement from 1 to 3 years of age (Brown,

Mangelsdorf, & Neff, 2012). Bowlby’s (1969, 1982) ethological theory of attachment

assumes that children in secure relationships use their caregiver as a “safe haven” and

“secure base” from which to explore their environments. Attachment theorists believe

that over time children develop representations, or "internal working models", of their

early experiences with their caregivers that will guide both intra and interpersonal well-

being (Bowlby, 1969; 1982).

Although Bowlby emphasized the importance of a secure attachment to one’s

primary caregiver, a role almost exclusively reserved for mothers in most species, some

early attachment research revealed that many infants are likely to be distressed upon

separation from either parent (Kotelchuck, 1976) and direct attachment-related behavior

toward both mothers and fathers upon reunion(Lamb, 1976). Thus, although father-

child attachment remains understudied, it appears that attachment relationships can and

do form in most father-child dyads (Lamb, 2002).

Furthermore, father child attachment security has been implicated in numerous

child outcomes, such that securely attached children show fewer behavior problems

(Verschueren & Marcoen, 1999), greater sociability (Sagi, Lamb, & Gardner, 1986),

and more reciprocated friendships (Verissimo et al., 2011)than those in insecure

relationship. Certainly, father-child attachment security seems to be important for

children’s non-clinical outcomes, and could well lower their risk for internalizing and

externalizing forms of psychopathology (Phares et al., 2010).

 According to Abd. Aziz Mahayudin (2011), in his research there are only three

types of paternal involvement that he observes which are interaction, communication

and responsibility. While in the books of Michael E. Lamb (2010), there are five types

of paternal involvement which are positive engagement, warmth-responsiveness

control, indirect care and process responsibility. He had referred the previous book of

Lamb (1997) which is not involved the five types of paternal involvement. The latest

edition are discussing the roles of fathers varying across time and (sub) cultural context

(Lamb, 2010).

2.2.2 Bar On Emotional Intelligence (2000)

The emotional intelligence model is mixed based on a variety of properties psychology

in addition to the mental abilities model (Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey, 1999). An early

approach by Goleman (1995) begins with five domains which are knowing emotionally,

managing emotions, self-motivation, identifying emotions of others and controlling

emotions. These five basic categories are developed by incorporating 25 different

competencies. Then the five domains have been renamed as (a) self-awareness, (b) self-

regulation, (c) motivation, (d) empathy, and (e) social skills (Goleman, 1995; Mayer et

al., 1999). Goleman has been speaking more widely and states that emotional

intelligence is one of the key factors responsible for one's success (Goleman, 1995).

In addition, the Bar-On Model is considered non-cognitive intelligence. This

model emerged as the most comprehensive and inclusive construct (Bar-On & Parker,

2000). Five broad categories of this model include (a) Intrapersonal skills, (b)

interpersonal skills, (c) adaptation, (d) stress/stress management, and (e) general-mood

arrangements (Mayer et al., 1999).

 Next, each category is divided into individual competencies. In these five

categories, it includes some of the main factors as follows: (a) have self-awareness and

self-understanding, emotionally and personally, and emotionally self-reliant, (b)

consciously understand and appreciate the feelings of others to strengthen and

maintaining a constructive relationship, (c) evaluating an individual's feelings

accurately in response to external signs and actions in line with the appropriate personal

and interpersonal problem solving, (d) to face stressful situations and to effectively

control the emotional self-esteem, and (e) be positive, optimistic, and have the ability

to please yourself and others (Bar-On & Parker, 2000). Figure 2.1 shows the Bar-On

Emotion Intelligence Model.

Figure 2.1: The Bar-On Emotion Intelligence Model (2000).

• Self-regard
• Emotional self-awareness
Intrapersonal
• Assertiveness
Skills EQ
• Independence
• Self-actualisation

• Empathy
Interpersonal
• Social responsibility
Skills EQ
• Interpersonal relationship
Stress- • Stress tolerance
Management
EQ • Impulse control

• Reality testing
Adaptability
• Flexibility
EQ
• Problem solving

General- • Optimum
mood EQ • Happiness
 2.2.3 Personality Temperament Theory
The study of scientific study of personality had been discussed a long time ago in the

late 1930s (Schultz & Schultz, 2009). The temperament theory describes four

organizing patterns of personality and is based in descriptions of behavior that go back

over twenty-five centuries. It tells the “why” of behavior, motivators, and sources of

deep psychological stress. Knowing temperament patterns tells the core needs and

values as well as the talents that individuals are more likely to be drawn to develop.

According to Linda V. Berens (2006), the human community can be regarded as

a system, holistic in nature, seeking survival. Throughout the ages, observers of human

behavior have repeatedly identified four major patterns or configurations of behavior.

Such holistic sorting of behavior patterns has been recorded for at least twenty-five

centuries. In 450 b.c., Hippocrates described four such dispositions he called

temperaments a choleric temperament with an ease of emotional arousal and sensitivity,

a phlegmatic temperament with cool detachment and impassivity, a melancholic

temperament with a very serious, dour, and downcast nature; and a sanguine

temperament full of impulsivity, excitability, and quick reactivity.

During the Middle Ages, Philippus Paracelsus described four natures whose

behaviors were said to be influenced by four kinds of spirits: nymphs, sylphs, gnomes,

and salamanders. Most twentieth-century psychologists abandoned holistic observation

of human behavior for a microscopic examination of parts, fragments, traits, and so on.

To them, all human beings were basically alike, and individual differences were due to

chance or conditioning.

Moreover, most twentieth-century psychologists abandoned holistic observation

of human behavior for a microscopic examination of parts, fragments, traits, and so on.

To them, all human beings were basically alike, and individual differences were due to
chance or conditioning. There are two German psychologists, Ernst Kretschmer and

Eduard Spränger, were among the few to continue to view individuals holistically in

terms of patterns. Inspired by their work, a modern psychologist, David Keirsey, noted

common themes in the various observations and the consistent tendency of human

behavior to sort itself into four similar patterns. Linda Berens continues to expand the

understanding of the four temperaments through her unique contributions including the

core needs, values, talents, and behaviors of the four temperament patterns as illustrated

by the Temperament Targets (Zuckerman et al., 1993). These four major patterns are

referred to as temperaments. They describe the ways human personality interacts with

the environment to satisfy its needs.

2.3 The Study of Fathering

In Islam, the father’s role is a great importance (Tarazi, 2001). The Quran and Hadith

clearly stated that father is the head of the family, the breadwinner, the educator and the

source of authority. The Al-Quransets forth several examples of prophet-fathers, as well

as the sage Luqman. Luqman has guiding his sons and carrying out his paternal

functions with justice, wisdom and righteousness. If the father has a concern about his

ability to support his children, Allah (SWT) gently reassures him, saying:

“And do not kill your children out of fear of poverty, we provide sustenance for them

and for you. Truly, killing them is a great sin.

(Qur’an 17:31:6; 151)

These verses forbid both abortion and the killing of children due to difficult

circumstances. The other versus of Qur’an explicitly refers to a man’s obligation to

support his wife and children.

“The men are qawwamun over the women in that Allah has made the one of them to

excel the other and in that they spend of their property (for the support of their families)”

(Qur’an 4:34)

The Arabic term “qawwam” means one who stands firm in his own or another’s

business, or affairs, looking after their best interest. In this sense the husband is

responsible for the maintenance, protection and overall leadership of the family

(qiwamah) within the framework of consultation and kindness.

As father is the busiest person in the family, they often difficult for them to

provide for his family and also to have an enough time to spend with his children.

However, among Muslim we have a support system for fathers as well as the mothers.

When the Muslim community reflects the Islamic ideal of father, the children can

respect him as a loving father who works hard on their behalf. The children also idealize

and admire their parents and have an instinct to see only the good in them (Tarazi &

Siddiqui, 1995).

The study of father involvement or the study that is related with paternal

involvement is increasing (Hawkins et al., 2002). As stated by Hawkins, the study of

father involvement now becoming more richer and the tools for measuring the father

involvement needs to be sensitive to affective, cognitive, and direct and indirect

behavioral components of involvement. This is because there were changing occur

between the parenting style of father now and previous father at the back.

Furthermore, more research had been done by using correlation studies, studies

of father absence and divorce and studies of involved fathers (Lamb, 2010). In

correlation studies, they study about the correlation between paternal and filial

characteristics. Some of the results shows that when the relationships between

masculine father and son is good, the boys were indeed more masculine and there is no
correlation with father that have warm and intimacy that is seen as the feminine

characteristics.

In Malaysia, the study of father involvement is starting to be focus than before

(Hamidah, 2013). One research by Hamidah (2013) study on the relationship between

emotional intelligence and parenting style among school going teenagers, besides

determining whether significant differences exist between level of emotional

intelligence based on demographic factors namely gender and school location. This

study also focuses to identify whether there is relationship exists between effect of

parenting style and the intrapersonal and interpersonal skills of teenagers.

This study aims to measure parental involvement in term of discussion,

supervision and communication between parent and children at home. One hundred and

eighty (180) students from poor family in Selangor state had been selected as

respondents of this study. Descriptive findings revealed that discussion between parent

and children at home was at medium level, supervision between parent and children

was at low level while communication between parent and children was at medium

level. Result of Pearson correlation shows that discussion supervision and

communication at home had positive correlation with students’ academic achievement.

A regression analysis show that overall parental involvement contributes to students’

academic achievement is 74.5%.

Besides, there is no significant relationship in emotional intelligence were found

in terms of gender and school location. Pearson correlation analysis showed that a

significant relationship existed between effect of parenting and the intrapersonal and

interpersonal skills of the teenagers. Meanwhile, multiple regression analysis showed

that the intrapersonal and interpersonal variables as predictors of emotional intelligence

differed according to parenting style.

 Next, the study of father involvement had been richer by adding another subject

in relation to the father involvement. Father also as the husband has the power to

influence children behavior as mentioned in the study of Kroll et al., (2016). The

paternal positive parenting beliefs at age 9 months and increased frequency of creative

play at age 5 years were significantly associated with lower risk of subsequent behavior

problems (SDQ total difficulties) in both boys and girls. This study also used a

longitudinal research in order to obtain the best result for their research.

Apart from that, one of the research was discussed the involvement of fathers in

parenting in relationship with their children’s development (Amla Saleh, 2010). This

study is only involved one of the state in Malaysia. So, it involved many sample

responded to questionnaires on aspects of father’s parenting. An analysis of correlation

coefficient between fathers’ involvement in parenting and academic achievement and

self-concept of the adolescents were performed. Frequency count, percentage and mean

were also calculated to examine the parenting involvement among fathers. Results

indicated that fathers were perceived by their children as responsible and supportive of

their mothers.

However, the respondents felt that their fathers were unfriendly and had little

communication with them. They also expressed that their fathers did not help them in

their school works. The correlation between fathers’ involvement in parenting and their

children academic performance and with their self-concept was rather low. This implies

that the roles of father in parenting need to be examined further. However, as the

majority (75 percent) of the respondents was Malay and they came from low SES with

below than RM1000 a month. Therefore, the results are only reflecting the Malay low

income group. Studies with more representative sample are therefore recommended to

verify the support the present findings.

 Lastly, the recent research on father involvement also reviews on the father

marital satisfaction and intimacy. Study in China, showed that fathering self-efficacy

and marital satisfaction were significant positive predictors of father involvement,

whereas marital satisfaction moderated the effect of fathering self-efficacy on father

involvement. It is thus important to improve martial satisfaction and enhance fathering

self-efficacy for promoting father involvement (Kwok et a., 2013). The researchers

suggest in order to gain a more comprehensive picture, future studies of father

involvement may benefit by adopting a longitudinal research design, including the

mothers and children as informants, and addressing other parenting correlates such as

parenting stress and spousal support.

2.4 Parenting on Late Adolescent

Based on Arnett (2000), the age of emerging adulthood or late adolescent is 18 to 25

years old. It is a period where distinct period demographically, subjectively, and in

terms of identity explorations. In a western country more research on late adolescent is

concerning about the alcohol, drug abuse, delinquent behavior and also about their

sexual activity (Arnett, 2000; Bronteet al., 2006; McCambridge, McAlaney, & Rowe,

2011; McLean, 2005). In addition, Arnett had stated that Erikson rarely discussed

specific ages in his writings. In addition, his theory of human development across the

life course did not include a separate stage that could be considered analogous to

emerging adulthood. However, he also commented on the prolonged adolescence

typical of industrialized societies and on the psychosocial moratorium granted to young

people in such societies "during which the young adult through free role

experimentation may find a niche in some section of his society" (Erikson, 1968, p156).
 Thus, Erikson seems to have distinguished without naming a period that is in some

ways, adolescence and in some ways young adulthood yet not strictly either one, a

period in which adult commitments and responsibilities are delayed while the role

experimentation that began in adolescence continues and in fact intensifies. Another

theoretical contribution can be found in the work of Daniel Levinson (1978). Levinson

interviewed men at midlife, but he had them describe their earlier years as well, and on

the basis of their accounts he developed a theory that included development in the late

teens and the twenties. He called ages 17-33 years old the novice phase of development

and argued that the overriding task of this phase is to move into the adult world and

build a stable life structure.

During this process, according to Levinson, the young person experiences a

considerable amount of change and instability while sorting through various

possibilities in love and work in the course of establishing a life structure. Levinson

acknowledged that his conception of the novice phase was similar to Erikson's ideas

about the role experimentation that takes place during the psychosocial moratorium

(Levinson, 1978, pp. 322-323). Perhaps the best-known theory of development in the

late teens and the twenties is Kenneth Keniston's theory of youth. Like Erikson and

Levinson, Keniston (1971) conceptualized youth as a period of continued role

experimentation between adolescence and young adulthood. How- ever, Keniston wrote

at a time when American society and some Western European societies were convulsed

with highly visible youth movements protesting the involvement of the United States in

the Vietnam War (among other things). His description of youth as a time of "tension

between self and society" (Keniston, 1971, p. 8) and "refusal of socialization" (p. 9)

reflects that historical moment rather than any enduring characteristics of the period.
 More importantly, Keniston's (1971) application of the term youth to this period

is problematic. Youth has a long history in the English language as a term for childhood

generally and for what later became called adolescence (e.g., Ben Amos, 1994), and it

continues to be used popularly and by many social scientists for these purposes (as

reflected in terms such as youth organizations). Keniston's choice of the ambiguous and

confusing term youth may explain in part why the idea of the late teens and twenties as

a separate period of life never became widely accepted by developmental scientists after

his articulation of it. However, as I argue in the following sections, there is good

empirical support for conceiving this period proposed here as emerging adulthood as a

distinct period of life.

Selfhout et al. (2010), current study focuses on the emergence of friendship

networks among just acquainted individuals, investigating the effects of Big Five

personality traits on friendship selection processes. Sociometric nominations and self-

ratings on personality traits were gathered from 205 late adolescents (mean age=19

years) at 5 time points during the first year of university. SIENA, a novel multilevel

statistical procedure for social network analysis, was used to examine effects of the Big

Five traits on friendship selection. Results indicated that friendship networks between

just-acquainted individuals became increasingly more cohesive within the first 3

months and then stabilized. Whereas individuals high on Extraversion tended to select

more friends than those low on this trait, individuals high on Agreeableness tended to

be selected more as friends. In addition, individuals tended to select friends with similar

levels of Agreeableness, Extraversion, and Openness.

While study on 451 white adolescent found evidence for an indirect link between

parent personality and later adolescent personality through positive parenting (Schofield

at al., 2012). Researchers had investigated the degree to which parent positive
personality characteristics in terms of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional

stability predict similar adolescent personality traits over time, as well as the role played

by positive parenting in this process. The results suggest that parents may play a

significant role in the development of adolescent personality traits that promote

competence and personal well-being across the life course. This research is a

longitudinal research which requires assessment for three occasions in two years gap.

So, the traits personality changes can be seen clearly for the researcher.

Besides, study on late adolescent is popular because of in this period, the late

adolescent is strengthen their personality in reaching the early adulthood (Michael E.

Lamb, 2010b). (Michael E. Lamb, 2010a) described some interesting differences in the

ways in which mothers and fathers relate to their adolescent sons and daughters. In a

parent-adolescent relationship, mothers shown to engage in more shares activities with

daughters than with sons while fathers are tended to be engage with sons and generally

less contact with daughters and generally have a distant relationship with their children

than mothers do.

In addition, according to Rice & Dolgin (2005), recent decades, adolescence in

United Stated has become greatly prolonged. Individuals in their twenties have control

over their own income and more money. They are being raised by the parents and delay

the marriage. Some of them did not marry yet in their 30’s. the internet, cyberspace also

give a great impact on adolescent development. Unfortunately, many inappropriate

materials for children and adolescents have also become available on the internet. The

unintended exposure to pornography can be unsettling and even dangerous.

2.5 Emotional Quotient

Based on Daniel Goleman, Mayer and Salovey offered the first formulation of a concept

they called “emotional intelligence.” The emotional quotient (EQ) is defined by the

emotional equivalent of an IQ or the individual’s skill level at reading, understanding,

and empathizing with the emotions of others. All of us have known in our lives people

who are very empathetic and easy to talk to these people have a high EQ. We all have

also met people who are self-centered and "clueless" when it comes to other people's

feelings these people would be considered to have a low EQ.

In this country, one study in emotional quotient in Cameron Highland shows that

the development of emotional quotient is vital for the youth soft skills development.

The study is actually focusing on the interpretation as active method through the Method

of Hermeneutics Pedagogy. A result shows that the level of soft skills development

among Indians was higher than the Malays, Aborigines and Chinese. Soft skills

development consists of motivation, community programs, production and education.

Besides, in Malaysia Science University (USM) had study on emotional quotient.

The study is focusing on their medical students. This is because being a medical doctor

is not only about diagnosing and treating medical illnesses, but also about caring and

being able to work as a team. Among the 10 golden rules of good medical practice are

to practice with kindness, ethics and honesty, having good communication with patients

and relatives and maintaining good relationship with colleagues (Ethical Code &

Guidelines). These soft skills are deemed important parts of patient care.

In addition, Saiful et al. (2010) stated that a good attitude and coping ability are

also important qualities required in new members of medical professionals so called

house officers, as inability to cope with workloads would cause intense pressure to these

house officers. So, researchers take the sample of first year medical students. There are

three theoretical approaches of EQ in this study which are the specific ability approach,
the integrative approach and the mixed-model approach. The findings suggest EQ may

predict important outcomes in several areas. Some of them are high emotional quotient

of the individual will help them to have a better relationship for children, a better social

relationship for adults, individuals are perceived more positively by others. Besides,

high emotional quotient will have a good family and intimate relationship, good

academic achievement, a better social relationship during work and psychological well-

being.

Next, a research done by Hamidah (2013), with title The Relationship Between

Emotional Intelligence and Parenting Styles In School Teenagers. This study objective

is to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and parenting styles

among adolescents, as well as to see whether there is a difference in emotional

intelligence based on demographic factors such as gender and school location. This

study also aims to identify whether there is a relationship between parental care and

interpersonal skills and intrapersonal skills. The ultimate goal is to examine whether

intrapersonal and interpersonal skills are the predictors of teenage emotional

intelligence in authoritative, authoritarian and permissive care styles.

The selection of the sample was conducted using a randomized random sampling

method. A total of 998 form four students attending the eight national secondary schools

were involved in this study. Four instruments were used in this study which are

Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Shutte, 1998) to measure the level of emotional

intelligence and Questionnaire of Baumrind's parent’s style (1967) to measure parenting

styles. Besides, researcher used Intrapersonal and Interpersonal (Tapia, 2001)

questionnaire to measure self-control skills, communication skills, adaptive skills and

social responsibility skills and lastly the Rosenberg Self Appraisal Questionnaire (1979)

to measure adolescent self-esteem skills.

 The results showed that the level of emotional intelligence of adolescents in all

dimensions was high. In addition, there is no significant difference in levels of

emotional intelligence in terms of gender and school location. The Pearson Correlation

Analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between the effects of parents'

caring styles on intrapersonal and interpersonal skills. Multiple regression analysis

shows that the intrapersonal and interpersonal variables that are the predictors of

emotional intelligence are different in parental care.

Furthermore, study on emotional is initially study on emotional intelligent and

then goes to emotional quotient. Both studies aim to identify how the individual control

their emotion. Studied by Abdullah, Elias, Mahyuddin, & Uli (2004) is Emotional

Intelligence and Academic Achievement among Malaysian Secondary Students. Based

on the concept and model of Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ) by Mayer, Salovey,

and Caruso (1997), the researchers discuss how the mechanism of EQ can enhance

students' emotional competency which in turn improves their learning in the classroom.

This study was conducted in 5 secondary schools in the state of Selangor,

Malaysia and it is aims to examine students' overall level of EQ and the relationship

between students' level of EQ and their level of negative affect (anxiety, anger, and

frustration) towards specific school tasks and academic achievement. Research findings

indicate that there is linear negative relationship between students' level of EQ and their

level of negative affect towards specific school tasks, and positive linear relationship

between EQ and academic achievement. Findings also indicate positive relationship

between EQ and gender differences.

2.6 Personality
According to Khairul Anwar (2008), a Muslim students must have a akhlak in studying.

In his book, he stated Mu`awiyah (May Allah be pleased with him) reported:

The Messenger of Allah said,

“When Allah wishes good for someone, He bestows upon him the understanding of

Deen.”

(Shahih Bukhari)

As refer to written by Shaykhul-Islam Muhammad Tahir-ulQadri (2006), in his

article the Almighty Allah, has created a balance between all abilities of human

personality. Any kind of imbalance and extremist development and any kind of

disregard of one aspect and high concentration on any other of these faculties and

dimensions has been considered un-Islamic. Allah has commanded Muslim three kinds

of rights. The first right is the rights of Allah and his Prophet. Second, the right of self

or our own life and the third is rights of people. So, for a good Islamic life, Allah wants

a balance between all kinds of rights. That is why the extremist advancement in spiritual

life has been declared as rahbaniyya. Rahbaniyya means self-denial. It is forbidden in

Islam.

In addition, in the book of Suwaid (2015), had mentioned that a Muslim scholars

Imam al-Ghazali had state that “The child is trust in the hands of his parents. His pure

heart is the raw pearls, not yet carved or formed”. The Prophet Muhammad SAW also

said that:

“No babe is born but upon Fitra (as a Muslim). It is his parents who make him a

Jew or a Christian or a Polytheist."

(Sahih Muslim, Book 033, Number 6426)

Study in personality is vibrant and warm in this era of globalization. The research

by Schofield et al., (2012), study the parenting personality and positive parenting that
effect teenager personality development. Researchers found that hostile or coercive

parenting behaviors are viewed as inhibitors of pro-social development and risk factors

for behavioral problems. Consistent with this perspective, parenting behaviors such as

coercion and harshness are associated with children’s oppositional and aggressive

behaviors, self-regulatory deficits, and psychopathology. Therefore, it is reasonable to

expect that parental warmth and harshness may be, respectively, positively and

negatively associated with positive personality development during adolescence.

Furthermore, researchers of this study investigated the degree to which parent

positive personality characteristics in terms of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and

emotional stability predict similar adolescent personality traits over time. As well as the

role played by positive parenting in this process. Mothers and fathers of 451 White

adolescents were assessed on three occasions, with 2year delays between each

assessment. Parent personality and observed positive parenting both predicted 12th

graders personality. Moreover, researchers found indication for an unintended link

between parent personality and later adolescent personality through positive parenting.

The results suggest that parents may play an important part in the development of

adolescent personality traits that stimulate a competence and personal well-being across

the life course.

Besides, there is one comparative study on personality of medical student Medical

Student of Universiti Sains Malaysia by Azman, Yaacob, Yusoff, & Noor in a year

2014. This study was done on 197 medical students of interview group and 199 medical

students of non- interview group to compare personality traits score between the two

different selection methods to enter medical school. Personality traits were measured

using a validated personality inventory which was the USMaP-i. A significant

difference of mean personality traits’ score was found between the two groups. Medical
students selected through interview had higher score in extroversion, conscientiousness,

agreeableness and openness as well as lower score in neuroticism compared to non-

interview group. This finding provides evidence on positive impacts of interview

process on personality traits of future medical student. In Malaysia to take the medical

program in a university require a high achievement in Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM)

(Tamhidi Perubatan). The students are considered intelligent.

Other study in Malaysia focusing on personality of late adolescent is study by

Adrian (2007), which is study on first student of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

(UNIMAS). The research purpose is to determine the relationship between color

personality and career interest personality. 127 first year UNIMAS students have been

chosen using Stratified Random Sampling Technique participated in this research. A

questionnaire form with three main section which included demographic factors, Color

Personality Inventory (IPW) and Self-Directed Search Inventory (SDS) had been

distributed to collect data for this research. The findings were analyzed using SPSS

version 11.5 and descriptive statistic was used to measure the frequencies of

demographic factors. Apart from it, inferential statistic which included Pearson

Correlations, ANOVA, and t-Test were used to test null hypothesis of this study.

The result revealed that only Orange color personality and Enterprising career

interest personality shown no significant relationship while other color personality and

career interest personality that being tested shown significant positive correlations

relationship. For demographic factors, programmed factor has significant relationship

with the career interest personality but gender factor only shown significant relationship

with Realistic career interest personality. Lastly, a race factor shows that there was no

significant relationship with the entire career interest related with personality.
 Above and beyond, one study in National University of Malaysia (UKM) had

studied on personality trait orientation of engineering students at UKM, alumni and the

current students participating in the UKM-UDE double degree program. It is

hypothesized that personality trait profile might be different between these respondents

due to different academic, social and cultural background the students experienced. A

total number of 54 respondents (19 alumni, 12 current students and 23 potential UKM

engineering students) were involved in the research.

The researchers used the 44 Big Five Inventory to assess the personality profile.

Data were analyzed designated some significant differences as predictable. The current

UKM-UDE engineering students were high on Neuroticism than those of UKM

engineering students and UKM-UDE alumni. The alumni and current UKM-UDE

students scored lower on Extraversion compared to the current local UKM engineering

students. Current and the alumni of the UKM-UDE students scored higher on Openness

than the current UKM engineering students. Overall results propose that environmental

and socio-cultural factor play significant role in the development of personal

characteristics.

Lastly, Simanowitz & Pearce (2003), state in their book Personality Development

about pattern of attachment effect on secure child which makes them less demanding

and more rewarding to care for than an anxious child, once established tend to become

self-perpetuating.

2.7 Conclusion
Overall, the recent research of father involvement is using the first inventory that had

been built by the previous researchers in measuring the father interaction with their

children and most research are study in a longitudinal study. Not much study on this
topic and the psychologist and behaviorist also focus more on maternal or parent

involvement. Next, emotional quotient with father or parents also had not been study

properly in Malaysia but studied by only looking at individual rather relate it with the

father involvement or environment. Besides, the personality study also had been

changes according to the period.

 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter will depict the methodology of this research. The purpose of this chapter

is to delineate the methodological approaches employed by this thesis. The researcher

will look at several aspects of the method used in the study. These aspects include

research design, location, population and sampling, data collection and procedure,

instrument and measurement, method of data analysis, pilot study, validity and

reliability assessment instrument.

3.2 Research Design

Research design is the set of methods and procedures used in collecting and analyzing

measures of the variables specified in the research problem research (Labaree, n.d.).

The course of this thesis was steered by a quantitative research approach. Quantitative

research is utilized a survey method involved quantitative surveys (Salkind, 2014).

According to Creswell (2013), a survey design provides a quantitative or numeric

description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that

population and from sample results, the researcher generalizes or draws inferences to

the population that discussed the effect or impact.

This research design is a correlational study and descriptive study. A correlational

study look at the relationship between the variables (Privitera, 2016). According to

Salkind (2014), correlational research provide some indication as how two or more

variables are connected to each other or share in common or how well a specific

outcome might be expected by one or more information. Other than that, the
researcher used a descriptive method which descriptive research define by Creswell (2013)

refers to the type of research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given

topic.

According to Nelson & Allred (2005), survey questionnaire is focus on people, facts

about them or their opinions, attitudes, motivations, behaviors and relationships among

variables under study related to these people. Besides, the variables in this research are father’s

involvement, emotional quotient and personality. The father’s involvement is the independent

variable. Based on (Salkind, 2014), independent variable shows treatments or conditions that

the researcher has direct or indirect control over to test the effects on a particular outcome

while, dependent variable is measure that reflects the outcomes of a research study (McLeod,

2008).

Based on book write by Williams, Patterson, & Eddwards (2014), the family therapist

share the common belief that relationships are more important in overall health and need

attention in the therapy room. But in this research, researcher did not have enough time and

budget to run the costing methods in conducting this research. The emotional quotient and

personality is the dependent variables in this research. So, in this research, the researcher is

measuring the children’s emotional quotient and personality to see whether the father’s

involvement had cause an effect on them.

3.3 Instrument and Measurement

There are three instruments that are used by researcher to measure the variables in this research

which are Inventori Penglibatan Bapa (IPB) by, Inventory of USM Emotional Quotient-i

(USMEQ-i) by Saiful Bahry and Inventori Personaliti Warna (IPW) by Sidek Noah. In

addition, instrument is a test which is a measurement device or technique used to quantify

behavior (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2009).

3.3.1 Inventori Penglibatan Bapa (IPB)

The first instrument is Inventori Penglibatan Bapa (IPB). This instrument is using scale in

order to measure the father’s involvement. Besides, this inventory is measured the main

constructs in father involvement which are focusing, responsibility and easy to reach. The first

construct is focusing where contains of subconstruct which are (a) ‘full attention’ with four

items, three items for each subconstructs (b) ‘praise and affection’, (c) ‘support to mother’, (d)

‘spending time and talking together’, (e) ‘school encouragement’, (f) ‘teaching responsibility’

and (g) ‘encouragement in religious’. While the second construct, the responsibilities have two

subcontracts which (a) ‘preparation’ and (b) ‘development of skills and future’ that present two

items for each. Then, the third construct easy to contact contain only two items to describe

subcontracts of (a) ‘support reading and homework’. The Table 1 below shows the constructs

and subconstructs Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI).

Table 1: The Constructs and Subcontracts Inventori Penglibatan Bapa (IPB)

No. Construct Subconstructs Items

1 Focusing (a) Full attention 1, 6, 14 & 15
(b) Praise and affection 4, 8 & 13
(c) Support to mother 5, 7 & 17
(d) Spending time and talking together 10, 16 & 24
(e) School encouragement 12, 28 & 29
(f) Encouragement in religious 20, 25 & 26
(g) Teaching responsibility 9, 18 & 27
2 Responsibilities (a) Preparation 3 & 11
(b) Development of skills and future 19, 22 & 23
3 Easy to contact (a) Reading support and homework 2 & 21

This measurement is chosen from the research that had been done by Abd. Aziz

Mahyuddin et al., (2010). He had translated the original version of Inventory of Father

Involvement into Inventori Penglibatan Bapa (IPB) to make its suitable for Malaysian context.

According to him, the original version of IFI is based on the inventory that measures constructs

in Lamb's father engagement model (Hawkins et al., 2002). He stated the value of Cronbach's

alpha shows each item has a high value between .69 until .87.
 According to Abd. Aziz Mahayudin et al., (2011), the original version inventory of

Father Involvement contains of 26 items. After some changes of the construct focusing, this is

addition on three items in subconstruct ‘encouraging religious’ makes the items be 29. The

three new items that is adding in IFI to measure the aspect of father involvement in encouraging

the religion are explained in the Table 2 as follow:

Table 2: The modified Items in Inventori Penglibatan Bapa (IPB)

No of Item The Modified Items

9 Bapa saya menyediakan bimbingan agama kepada saya
18 Bapa saya membawa saya bersama ke Masjid
27 Bapa saya menggalakkan saya supaya mematuhi peraturan-peraturan
agama

Abd. Aziz Mahayudin et al., (2011) then build the new items because of there is the needs

to add new items. This is due to the items in IFI did not fulfilling task requirements and to

adjust the item to be in line with local socio-cultural culture. There are three processes involved

in adding the item for religion encouragement in the ‘focusing’ construct. The first process the

studies on adding the new item, the researcher had referred to two experts in Islamic education

field. Then, the item's eligibility from the respondent must be tested so researcher had given

the instruments to the one group of teenagers and they understand the items exactly. Lastly, the

validity and reliability of the three items need to be tested with analyzed the validity and

reliability get from the pilot studies. The Cronbach’s alpha for the three items are high which

is 0.944 until 0.946.

There are 29 items in this inventory and all of the items are positive which participants

respond on a 5-point scale from 1 to 5. The scale is starting from one-point scale until five.

The first scale is never engaged, the second is less engaging and the third is sometimes engage.

The fourth one is often involved oneself and the fifth scale is always involved. The minimum

score for each item related to construct are based on three minimum interpretation score which
are low, moderate and high as seen in Table 2. The bench mark for low is the min score in

range 1.00 until 2.33, while for moderate score refer to min score in range 2.34 to 3.66 and the

min score for high scale are 3.68 until 5.00 are in the highest rate of father involvement with

the child. The Table 3 below shows the min score and interpretation of Inventori Penglibatan

Bapa (IPB).

Table 3: The Min Score and Interpretation of Inventori Penglibatan Bapa (IPB)

Min Score Interpretation

1.00 until 2.33 Low level
2.34 until 3.67 Moderate level
3.68 until 5.00 High level

3.3.2 Inventory of USM Emotional Quotient (USMEQ-i)

The second instrument used in this research is USMEQ-i. It was designed specifically to

measure emotional quotient of Malaysian candidates that apply to enter medical program in

Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) (Arifin et al., 2012). Furthermore, the samples of this study

are chosen because of this inventory aims. According to Tamhidi Perubatan, they were selected

to enter the medical program based on their high and good results in Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia

(SPM). The samples of this study are used for late adolescent who is 18 years old. This

inventory contains of 46 items (Saiful et al., 2010).

Table 4: The Dimensions of Emotional Quotient and Items in USMEQ-i

Dimensions of Emotional Item Total No of

Quotient Items
Emotional Control 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 25, 32, 38 & 44 9
Emotional Maturity 14, 23, 30, 33, 34, 37, 42 & 43 8
Conscientiousness 5, 9, 17, 20 & 26 5
Emotional Awareness 22, 28, 29, 40 & 41 5
Emotional Commitment 15, 16, 36 & 45 4
Emotional Fortitude 1, 3, 31 & 46 4
Emotional Expression 2, 8, 19 & 35 4
Faking Index 6, 13, 18, 21, 24, 27 & 39 7
 Moreover, the seven dimensions of emotional quotient are the constructs of this

inventory. The faking Index also one of the construct in this inventory that makes the USMEQ-

i have 8 constructs. Based on Table 4, there are seven dimensions of emotional quotient in

USMEQ-i. The first construct is emotional control which presents nine items while the second

constructs is emotional maturity that present eight items. Besides, the third and fourth

constructs is emotional conscientiousness and emotional awareness have same number of items

which is five. Then, the four items for each construct of emotional commitment, emotional

fortitude and emotional expression. Lastly, the constructs for faking index contains of seven

items.

Table 5: The Mean Domain Score of USMEQ-i

Min Score Interpretation

1.00 until 1.20 Low score
1.21 until 2.80 Average score
2.81 until 4.00 High score

Based on Table 5, the mean domain three scores for emotional quotient are 0 until 1.20

is low, 1.21 until 2.80 is average and 2.81 until 4.00 is high. According to Saiful et al., (2010),

by having a high score in a particular emotional quotient domain does not represent a similarly

high emotional quotient of the person, because different domains are needed for different tasks

and often at different periods in a person life. By knowing the emotional quotient, a person

would have a chance to choose a better career job, task or profession as well as provide a deeper

understanding of themselves. Besides, it also could help a person to improve their weak points

to be a better person.

Table 6: The Group of Faking Index

Groups Score
Low 0.00 – 2.00
Average 2.01 – 2.99
High 3.00 – 4.00
 While based on Table 6, the values score of each level of the group faking index had been

stated. The score of low level is 0 until 2, while average score is 2 until 2.99 and lastly the high-

level score of faking index is 3 until 4.

Based on manual of USMEQ-i written by Saiful et al., (2010), the faking index items is

measure the tendency of respondents to over rating themselves or so called as the ‘faking-good’

tendency. The faking good items have been validated on 469 students and found to be valid

and reliable items. The low scores indicate that there is no tendency of overrating him or

herself. Results of the test are reliable and show the true colors of the respondent.

Then, the average scores indicate that there is some tendency of overrating of the

respondents. Results of the test are reliable and have acceptable accuracy. Next, the high scores

indicate that there is tendency of over rating of the respondents. High scores do not indicate

respondents are cheating, but rather the tendency of over rating themselves based on what they

wish to be in the future. Therefore, respondents who is score high on this scale, it is respond to

statements that describe respondents as they are generally now, not as they wish to be in the

future (Saiful et al., 2010).

3.3.3 Inventori Personaliti Warna (IPW)

Besides, the researcher also used color personality assessment tool to measure the children

personality. This inventory is used by most of the school’s counselors to measure the student

personality in Malaysia (Malek Muhamat Said, n.d.). This inventory had been developed using

a rational approach based on color personality theory introduced by Don Lowry through True

Colors activity cards (Jusoh, 2006).

According to Sidek Mohd Noah (2005), the original draft of this tool contains 120 items

that each color personality type is represented by 50 items. But after the process of building

the size of the finished tool only 100 items that are really good and significant have been loaded

into the final form. Additionally, this tool has a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer format and it shows the
characteristics of individual personality. It has four scales that represent the personality of the

colors of gold, green, blue and orange with 25 items for each construct.

The respondents used to produce the questionnaire were 88 students consisting of

Bachelor of Education (Guidance and Counseling), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM),

Terengganu in 1997. Alpha Cronbach's reliability coefficient obtained is .72. However, alpha

Cronbach’s reliability coefficient has increased to .84 after the second pilot study.

According tohis writing in 1998, individuals with Gold personality are said to be

parenting, tradition, responsible, practical, sane minds, trustworthy, loyal, traditional or

conservative, life-oriented and regulatory and paying attention. The main keyword Gold

personality is the follow the rule and responsible.

While individuals with Green personality are inclined and competent in various fields

tend to be creative, competent in carrying out their duties perfectly, curiosity, understanding

concept, knowledgeable, based on theory, wise and proficient, long intellect, complex, calm

and patient, philosophical, principled and logical based. The main keyword Green personality

is to have high curiosity.

Moreover, Blue personality individuals symbolize pure, friendly, compassionate,

compassionate, unique, capable people's feelings and feelings, caring and loyal, friendly,

artistic, person-to-person, cheerful, happy, affectionate, passionate and have a sense of

sympathy. The key to personalities is romantic and love harmony.

Lastly, Orange personality define is individuals with vibrant, skillful, spontaneous,

passionate, passionate, realistic, non-influential, sentimental, open-minded, enthusiastic

experience which is dangerous but fun, courageous, persevering, acting on the insistence of the

mind, enjoying fun, jesting, fearless and skillful. The main character of Orange's personality is

to love traveling.

3.4 Location
This study is center on Tamhidi Centre, The Islamic Science University of Malaysia USIM,

Negeri Sembilan. This area was taken as the target sample of the study which is medical

students of Tamhidi Centre. Moreover, they are closed to samples of the previous research

which is apply on medical students.

3.5 Population and Sampling

The subject population consisted of Medical students of Tamhidi Centre in Islamic Science

University of Malaysia, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. The samples in this study is chosen based on

the previous research which is done to the medical students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (Arifin

et al., 2012). Thus, researcher choose medical students of Tamhidi Centre USIM as the sample

for this research. Furthermore, the samples of this research have same education background

which is medical study with the previous research. The number of population in this study was

117. According to Krejcie & Morgan (1970), the sample for 120 population is 92. So, the

researcher needs 117 medical students of Tamhidi Centre USIM in this study and also for pilot

study.

3.6 Data Collection and Procedure

This quantitative study used the data collection in this study by survey methods. It involved the

distribution of questionnaires survey to the all target group. At first before approaching the

samples, the researcher had asked permission from the director of Tamhidi Centre Universiti

Sains Islam Malaysia. After gets the permission, then a researcher gets a help from the

coordinator of medical program of Tamhidi Centre to distribute and collect the data. Then,

researcher get a phone number of one of medical student of Tamhidi Centre and researcher had

booked a time for distribute and collect the data.

In collecting the data, the researcher use in-person survey. In-person survey is a method

that can successfully get participants to respond to a survey because the researcher is physically
present while participants complete the questionnaire (Privitera, 2016). The period of collecting

the data is about one hour and half. After distribute the questionnaire, researcher guides the

participants to answer the questionnaire properly. All of the participants answer the survey in

a fast and most of them did not have a problem in answering the questionnaire. At the end of

the session, researcher thanks the participants and gave them one packet of biscuit as a token

of appreciation.

3.7 Method of Data Analysis

The data had been analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

According to Levesque & SPSS Inc. (2007), SPSS also can be used in descriptive study. There

are differences between qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis. Besides, the

researcher also uses SPSS to measure the reliability of instruments in pilot study and actual

study. Next. Researcher also examines the frequency and relationships between variables in

this study. Besides, researcher also will find the relationship of the variables with the

demographic of the samples.

3.8 Pilot Study

The pilot study recruited 25 students of Medical students of Tamhidi Centre, who were not

included in the sampling frame for the main research. Nevertheless, such sample shared the

demographic characteristics of those in the main study. Pilot testing was conducted one week

early than the samples get to answer questionnaires (Salkind, 2014). The researcher also used

a Cronbach’s alpha in measuring the inventories reliabilities. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha is

a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a set of items are as a group(S.

Nelson & D. Allred, 2005). It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability. A "high" value

for alpha does not imply that the measure is one-dimensional. In addition, it used to measuring

internal consistency.
 Besides, Cronbach’s alpha is not a statistical test but it is a coefficient of reliability (or

consistency). Table 8, Table 9, Table 10 shows the reliability of the instruments. All of the

instruments show high values in Cronbach’s Alpha which are .941, .937 and .810.

Table 7: The Reliability Statistics of Inventori Penglibatan Bapa (IPB)

N of Items Cronbach's Alpha

29 .941

Table 8: The Reliability

Statistics of USM Emotional Quotient USMEQ-i

N of Items Cronbach's Alpha

46 .937

Table 9: The Reliability Statistics of Inventori Personaliti Warna (IPW)

N of Items Cronbach's Alpha

100 .810

3.9 Conclusion
As a conclusion, this chapter of quantitative study used a survey study in collecting the data.

The researcher discussed in great detail how researcher conducted the study, the research

design, how researcher selected the sample and the data collection techniques and procedure.

The reliability of instruments in the pilot study also had been mentioned.