UNIVERSTTY OF TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Address of the report

)Audio Amplifiers)

‫ أحمد إحسان فائق‬:‫االسم الطالب‬

‫ثانية‬/‫ كهرباء‬:‫المرحلة‬/‫القسم‬
Analog Electronics :‫المادة‬
 Audio Amplifier

What is Audio Amplifier?

A basic power amplifier that is designed to take input as the low strength audio signal
and generate the output signal that consists of the high strength value. This process of
amplification is utilized in the various domains where an electrical signal is converted
to an acoustic signal. This type of amplifiers is known as audio amplifiers. Any
circuit which processes the audio signal has the audio amplifier both at the input and
also at the output. For example, if a microphone receives a sound wave input signal it
need a pre-amplification of the signal before processing it further and similar before
sending an electrical signal to a speaker it needs to be amplified.
Component used:

• IC
• Capacitors
• Capacitors (Ceramic)
• Resistors
• Power supply
• Stereo jack
• Copper clad
• Speaker

Audio Amplifier Circuit:

The circuit of the audio amplifier consists of a transistor a device to apply the input
signals and a speaker at the output. The transistors are connected based on the
necessity. The important factors that need to be considered while designing a audio
amplifier is gain, noise, frequency response and distortion. Higher the gain higher
will be the distortion and noise however a negative feedback would reduce the gain
of the amplifier.
How Amplifier Work?

There are two separate circuits inside the amplifier where the output circuit is
powered by the amplifier's power source, which gets its energy through a battery or
by plugging it into an electrical outlet. If the amplifier is running on alternating
electric current, then the current constantly changes its direction. This power source
will convert this alternating current into a constant current where the direction of the
current is the same and does not change. After this stage, the output current in the
circuit is used to make the effort to move the speaker cone to make the sound. As for
the input circuit it is concerned with receiving the electrical acoustic signal from the
microphone and is used to interfere in the output circuit by means of a variable
impedance that adjusts the DC so that the potential difference becomes a reflection of
the original acoustic signal frequencies.

In most types of amplifiers, an intermediate stage is used between the input circuit
and the output circuit, a stage called the pre-amplifier, where the small audio signal is
amplified to be suitable for the output circuit and better affects the output circuit
when working to adjust the battery current, and there are other types that are used in
it More than one stage to zoom in to gradually amplify the electrical acoustic signal
before it reaches the speaker.
Types of amplifiers:

➢ There are many types of amplifiers available. But they can be distinguished by
the type of signal they amplify. They can also be classified by the type of
function they perform.

There are three categories of amplifiers depending on the property of their output.

• Voltage Amplifier
• Current Amplifier
• Power Amplifier

1-Voltage Amplifiers:

These are most common amplifiers used in the electronic devices. These amplifiers
increase the amplitude of the output voltage of the signal.

2-Current Amplifiers:

These amplifiers increases the amplitude of the input current compared to the input
current waveform.

3-Power Amplifiers:

The purpose of the power amplifiers is to increase the power i.e. the product of output
voltage and current is greater than the product of input voltage and current.

Either the voltage or current at the output may be less than the input, the overall
voltage or current product will be greater than the input. When an AC signal is
applied to the amplifier, only a part of it is amplified.
Depending on the portion of wave amplified, these are classified into four classes.
They are:

• Class A
• Class B
• Class AB
• Class C

➢ Amplifies can be further classified based on the signal they amplify. They are
as follows:
• Audio Frequency Amplifiers (A.F. Amplifiers):
• Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers (I.F. Amplifiers):
• Radio Frequency Amplifiers (R.F. Amplifiers):
• Ultrasonic Amplifiers
• Wideband Amplifiers:
• Direct Coupled Amplifiers (DC Amplifiers):
• Video Amplifiers:
• Transistor Amplifiers:
Applications of Amplifiers:

1-Audio Amplifiers

The low values of signals that are generated from the microphones or any disks
etc…are amplified with the help of voltage amplifiers. Other than this the amplifiers
are known for performing the various functions such as Equalizers, tone corrector and
so on.

2-Intermediate Frequency of Amplifiers

These amplifiers are known for operating in the mid-frequency ranges. These act as
tuners in the circuits of radio sets, in the TV sets and so on. The purpose behind such
kind of amplifiers is to provide the major values of the amplification of the signals in
TV and the radar before the information carried out by the signals gets separated
from the signals of radio.

3-Radio Frequency Amplifiers

These give very low noise and are preferred as the turners. These are preferred at the
initial stages of the receivers. To drive the antennas of the respective transmitter these
are used.

4-Ultrasonic Amplifiers

In this, the amplifier operates at the range of ultrasonic waves. The practical
examples of this are seen in the ultrasound scanning for diagnostic services. These
are also used in the remote control systems. But the limitation is that the system
functioning should in the range of ultrasonic frequencies.
5-Direct Coupled Amplifiers

To amplify the frequency signals with the lowest values. The output obtained at one
stage is coupled to another so that the frequency of the signal is increased. In the
systems that are designed for measurement and the various control systems, these
kinds of amplifiers are used.
References:

• Electronics, 2nd Ed: amplifiers and feedback

• Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits: the mosfet amplifier
• Introduction to Circuit Analysis and Design : operational amplifiers
• Audio Power Amplifiers.
• Audio Power Amplifier design handbook.