Table of Content CHAPTER 1: Laws of Motion Activity 1.1 Launch Pad 1 Sci-Core Activity 1.2 Sei-c Acitivity 1.3 Launch Pad 2 Sci-Core Brain Checkup Self Check CHAPTER 2: Work, Power and Energy Activity 2.1 Activity 2.2 Sci-Core Check Your Understanding Brain Checkup Self-Check CHAPTER 3: Sound and Light Activity 3.1 Sci-Core Activity 3.2 Self-Check Check Your Understanding CHAPTER 4: Heat Activity 4.1 Sci-Core Activity 4,2 Self-Check CHAPTER S: Electricity sci-Lore Activity 5 Self-Check Bibliography Seared with CanScomer a 2 15, 16 16 20 4 SeRERS s2 32 sé Sexe gstIn the Philippines, the jeepney is considered the king of the road. Other than being a public utility vehicle, it can also be considered physics in disguise. One may not see it, but forces are acting even on a parked jeepney while its driver is taking his lunch and also when it moves on a km national road with a speed limit of 60-|~. Just like in any other vehicles, passenger safety in jeepneys is very important; that is why the Seat Belts Use Act of 1999 (Republic Act 8750) was enacted and implemented. This requires all motorists public and private to use seat belt devices and all vehicle manufacturers to install such devices. There is one major reason for this safety. How can a vehicle be safer for passengers when itis equipped with seat belts? define force operationally infer why a moving body keeps its state of motion predict the effect of friction on the motion an object draw free body diagrams collect, record, and interpret data on the relationship between a. mass and acceleration b. net force and acceleration construct graphs showing the relationship between a. mass and acceleration b. net force and acceleration perform an experiment describing the nioti of an object in a circular path2 partner and identify what the picture: ‘each Item have In common: The first letter has been given for you. To help you out, your teacher will reveal another letter for each item. Once you have determined the word, define it based on the pictures. a aie WS | (one word) M (one word) A (two words)Before you go any further in learning about forces and inertia, perform this simple activity on inertia. This is useful as a demonstration on one of the laws of motion. Materials: Hard-boiled egg, raw egg Procedure: 1. Take the hard-boiled egg. Spin it on a flat surface. While it is spinning, slowly stop it by putting one of your fingers on top the egg, Once the hard-boiled egg stops, take your finger off it right away. 2. 3. 4. Do the same activity for the raw egg. 5. Observe what happens as soon as you take your finger off the raw egg. Figure 1.1.1 Gulde Questions: 1. What happened to the raw egg as soon as you moved your fingers off it? 2. Why do you think did this happen? 3. Did you find the activity interesting? Why or why not? 4. How do you think will this activity help you understand the lesson better? * Figure 1.1.2 Children playing tumbang presoipino game shown in figure 1.1.2 has been enjoyed by many Filipino children. With their slippers, children aim to hit the tin can which is two to three meters away from the base (where the children stand). This is popularly known as tumbang preso. (In the Visayas, this is called tumba-patis.) Have you tried playing this game with your friends? You may have not realized it but this game has a lot of physics concepts in it. One of these is the concept of force. Force is a push or a pull. It can change the motion of an object. The tin can topples or rolls on the ground when a player hits it. From being at rest, the can moves because force is applied. What are the other forces that act on the tin can? Fill in table 1.1.1, and describe each type of force that you can recall. Table 1.1.1 Types of Force Now, consider figure 1.1.3. This shows the different forces acting on the tin can while it was still at rest. eee wed. The normal force (F,) is an upward force that acts perpendicular to the surface. On the other hand, the downward force is called the gravitational force (F_), which is equal to the weight of the tin can. As discussed in’ your previous science classes, gravity pulls the object toward the center of Earth. Take note that although not in the diagram, static friction (F) is also present in the tin can. However, in physics, you do not have to draw every detail of an object or a body to show the forces acting on it. Diagrams may not necessarily be drawn to scale. A dot can oo already represent the object, and the arrows denote the forces, Gravitational This representation is called the free body dlagram (FBD) an force (F) tration that icists to the forces acti istration physicists use to analyze acting On e133 — |Instead of drawing the whole tin can, you can also use the sample FBD in figure 1.1.4. The FBD shows that the lengths of the arrows are equal, which means that the normal force and gravitational force acting on the tin can are equal. In other words. Fy, and F. are Belated forces. When forces are balanced, the object is efther at rest or in steady motion (constant velocity). Going back to tumbang preso, the slippers caused the motion of the tin can making it the unbalanced force. This will be discussed further in the next lesson. Ofcourse, the tin can struck by the slipper will not continue to roll forever. There will come a time when it will stop. If it hits | a-corner, it will stop rolling. A player may also catch the tin Pousti can and stop it from moving, In both cases, unbalanced forces on are present. The unbalanced force in the first situation is the corner, while in the second situation, it is the force applied by the player. BIO IDEA Tumbang preso verifies Newton s first ‘An object at rest remains at rest or law of motion. Imagine a modified version of tumbai an object in motion remains in motion peso. Instead of having an empty tin ei unless acted upon by an outside force. you and your friends will have a tin can full of pebbles. Obviously, the tin can with pebbles is much heavier than the empty tin can. Will it be easier to make the tin can with pebbles change its state of motion (being at rest)? Will you be able to make it move with one hit? The tin can with pebbles will probably move after being hit, but it would not be as easy as with the empty can (if you apply the same force for both situations). 7 +—e—— > The reason for this is inertia. This is the tendency of a bod i i this is ly to resist change in motion. The empty tin can is lighter, which means that It can easily topple with one bit Therefore, less mass means less inertia, and more mass means more inertia. : Here are other street games. With a partner, draw an Fl explain how each shows the law of inertia. an FBD for each game, and 1, pukpok palayok 2. sipa or sepak takraw 3. dampa 4, holen 5. tsato Seared wih CanScomerwords listed are cohurnn the etymology (origin) of the word has been written. In the third column, define the word based on its etymology Etymology Table Etymology Definition Force fortis (Latin; strong) Acceleration accelerationem (Latin; a hastening) Mass, masse (Old French; lump, heap. pile) Velocity velocitas (Latin; swift) _L oe ‘When the paper frog was at rest on the table, you can say that the forces acting on it are balanced, as explained in the previous lesson. The air blown caused the paper frog to move. Therefore, the force exerted by the air is the unbalanced force. Look at figure 1.2.2. 7 +e > Figure 1.2.2 FBD of a paper frog at rest Seared with CanScomerNewt study figure 123 F Figure 1.2.3 FBD of the paper frogs when air was blown onto them Notice that friction (F,) and applied force (F,,,) due to the blown air were added in the FBD. The applied force exerted by the air bfown is greater than the frictional force. This means that the net force is not zero. Going back to the paper frogs, when you applied greater force, the net force became greater as well. As a result, the paper frogs moved farther and faster. In other words, the paper frogs have greater acceleration when there is greater net force. Therefore, the acceleration (a) of a body is directly proportional to the net force (F,..) acting on it. = Foge Another factor that can affect the acceleration of a body is mass. In the previous activity, the two paper frogs that you made have different masses. If the same amount of force was applied to the two frogs, the lighter frog will move faster or farther. Therefore, the acceleration (a) of a body is inversely proportional to its mass (m). (oe m Combining the two relationships, you have ace Fo. m This is the mathematical statement for Newton s second law of motion. In equation form, ° s BIO IDEA as fom m Rearranging the equation, Anobject accelerates when there is an unbalanced force acting on it. Fee = Ma The greater the mass of an object, the greater is the force needed to The unit for net force is newton (N). One 3 -celerate it newton is equal to 1 eS Seared wih CanScomerSample problem 1: Compute the net force acting on a 1 200-kg cag accelerating at 3.45, Given: m=1200 kg a=340 Required: F, Equation: F,, = ma Solution: /nle\ Fiz, = ma Fag=(1 200 kgh3.4 my Figure 1.2.4 = 4080N Sample problem 2: What is the acceleration of a 100-kg crate experiencing 1 500-N net force? Given: m= 100kg F.,=1500N Required: a Equation: (Refer to the triangle.) Solution: Seared wih CanScomeree rumen 2 2 25-4 Sore was applied to a 6-kg toy cart, causing it to accelerate to WE Prem - >-"te's a 10-N frictional force, compute its acceleration. Tee ammner sce 2 =~ ple plug-and-chug. Construct an FBD first. There are four eS 2 AT roma force (F,), gravitational force (F), applied force (F._), emenena wr: = Fy F, a. 5 Figure 1.2.5 FBD for sample problem 3 How do you solve now for acceleration? Because mass is already given in the problem, you need to determine only the net force to solve for acceleration. Recall that net force is the sum of all the forces acting on the toy cart. Because the vertical forces acting on the body cancel each other out, you can say that F, = F,. Frag Figg F) The frictional force is negative because it is directed to the left. Figg = 25 N#(-10 N) Fg = 15N In this problem, you need the equation g = ‘nt, (Refer to the triangle.) Solve the following problems by yourself. Sample problem 4: A net force of 18 N is exerted on a book which accelerates at 6” Determine the mass of the book. s Seared wih CanScomerSample problem 5: In a physics lab, Phil and Pina use a force of 3 N to gush 20.75-r< cart to make it accelerate. While in motion, the cart experiences a frictional force of 0.80 N. Compute the acceleration of the cart. . When you are done with the problems, work with a partner and discuss some situations where the law of acceleration applies. One example is that when a jeepney suddenly stops in the middle of the street and the driver cannot restart it, volunteers push the vehicle-to the side. Once they do so, the vehicle moves. If this instance happens to a tricycle and the same amount of force is applied by the volunteers, the tricycle will easily be pushed to the side. Now, get your pen and paper ready and list other applications or everyday situations that is related to the lesson. » POP-SCI e—_—________—- 1 Thereseemstobea construction boomin the Philippines, ' as one tower after the other is being built. Contractors may } probably think of a good use for the Atwood s machine. { Have you ever heard about it? This device is widely used | inthe world to demonstrate the law of acceleration. This was | invented by George Atwood in 1784. Look at figure 1.2.8. This is a representation of the Atwood s machine, composed | of a frictionless pulley and two masses hanging from the lley. | n How do you think this may be used in construction | areas? Probably contractors constructing condominium units can answer this question. | { Figure 1.2.8 Seared wih CanScomerUnscramble each of the clue words. Copy the letters in the numbered cells to other cells with the same number. CITRENOA 15 16 20 20 4 NORTICTEINA 17 oo 13 7 9 8 23 7 11 119 TIONOM 12 18 26 QULAE 14 21 10 2 SOTPIOPE 3 22 24 25 Hidden Message ECO Goo eo COE) PLL) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Ce CTT PT | 26 27 22 Figure 1.31eee Consider the following situations: ‘Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for fishes to swim, 1. You are sitting on a chair. birds to fly, and space rockets to 2. Aphysics textbook rests on the table. _—_—go out of Earth. 3. Acaris parked on the ground. What do these situations have in common? in all three cases, there are two bodies that exert force on one another. You may not be aware of it but while sitting down, forces are also present. Obviously, you exert a downward force on the chair (which is ‘equal to your weight). The chair also exerts an upward force on you. The same is true with the book and the table and the car and the ground. Each of them exerts force on the other in opposite direction. Seared with CanScomer aAll these three scenarios can be explained by Newtons thitd law of motion | In some cases, this law is called the law of action-reaction or the law of interaction. | Going back to the previous examples, you can simply say FOr. an char FOIE rat on ou Fore en ane * FOP eon ot Force,,, = FOPCE yung The traditional games in the Philippines are, in a way, physics in disguise. In other words, they can be a fun way to learn physics. Here are some traditional games. Pukpok Palayok A pot full of candies is attached to a string. Blindfolded children line up with only one goal in mind hit the pot. The Physics behind It The tension along the plastic string is an upward force while the gravitational force is downward. Force, tng ont * FOTCE 4 on sng ‘Tug of War The children in the picture play their hearts ‘out in a game of tug-of-war. Most fiestas in the Philippines iriclude this exciting game. Figure 1.3.2 A blindfolded girl tries to hit the pot in the game pukpok palayok The Physics behind It =m Players need to push their feet to the ground - to be able to pull the rope. Force, FOrCE yt on grind * FOFCE pee once . Figure 1.3.3 Children playing tug-of-war ® Seared wih CanScomerThe next picture shows a Filipino tradition of literally transferring a house from « original location to a new location. Figure 1.3.4 Filipino men helping each other carry a bahay kubo This is called bayanihan. The admirable men in the picture are showing what the law of interaction is. The weight of the house exerts downward onto the shoulders of these men. In return, their shoulders (and hands) exert an upward force to the house. Force, = Force, hows on shoulders and hans ment shoukser and hands on houseDiscuss these are terms related to the concept of uniform ci » the word puzzle In your notebook, write the meaning of each term. werms with a partner. zooeu tT Kui Zzix1zZ,O}N Qouwuxn oO x >piulmji>i river a i a wior>zastrz+-roairao< a ee en ee ye apo ee >a Ope ent ha 1d wa Dene ZO rajaixjrjvl sz} ox oOruwer-\z2 2 >fut r Gre ura ula U;Olslal> Oo 2 lioeT istefefe[aate siateLAUNCH R&D Never take your one-peso coin for granted. It can teach you a thing or two about uniform circular motion. Find out through this simple acti Materials: Hanger, one-peso coin Procedure: 1. Get a hanger and a one-peso coin. 2. Place the coin on the hanger as shown in figure 1.4.2. Make sure that the hanger has a flat spot where you can place the coin. 3. Balance the coin on the hanger before rotating the hook. 4. Count the number of loops you can make Se eee without dropping the coin. meas Guide Questions: 1. Were you successful in accomplishing this activity? a. If yes, how many loops did you make? What did you do to make the loops before dropping the coin? b. Ifo, what could have been done to do this successfully? 2. Why do you think did the coin fall off? Why did it stay in its place? 3. Identify the forcels) demonstrated in the activity, Cite the direction(s) as well. Between Manila and Quezon city is [XO DRA a small roundabout popularly known as Mabuhay Rotonda. Other than being a Athletes running around a famous landmark in Metro Manila, it can track or vehicles going through a also help demonstrate a physics lesson roundabout with constant speed uniform circular motion (UCM). Consider Gemonstrate uniform circular motion a jeepney making one complete revolution around Mabuhay Rotonda. The time it takes for the jeepney to do so is called the perlod (7), which is usually measured in seconds. Ww/ Recall the equation for speed of bodies along a straight line. . speed =aistance Peed time In circular paths, the-distance is the circumference, and the time Replacing the equation, circumference speed =———_—_—— period In symbols, This is the equation for the speed of a body in circular motion, where r is the radius of the circular path and T is the period. Sample problem 1: Each wheel of the tricycle you are riding has a radius of 0.35 m. If it makes 0.45 revolutions per second, what is its speed? In this problem, you will use the equation 2ar sot The radius of the bicycle wheel is given while the period is not. What you know is that the wheel makes 0.45 revolution per second. Remember that a period is the time it takes to make one revolution. To determine the period, simply get the reciprocal of 0.45 revolutions per second. second seconds T= OO = 2.22 0.45 revolution revolution Substituting the given in the equation, 2ar salt i 22(0.35 m) 2.22 seconds s-0991% s Sample problem 2: A runner is training in a circular portion of a field, with a speed of 6.8. In 2.1 seconds, he covers one-fourth of the total distance he has to run to s complete one revolution around the field. What is the radius of the circular path? tn this problem, you will have to manipulate the equation to solve for the radius. a Seared with CanS2a T of. Qn ‘You only need to determine the period to solve for the radius of the path. You know that the runner covers one-fourth of the circular path in 2.1 seconds. Because there are four quarters in one revolution, you have to multiply 2.1 seconds by 4. T=(2.15)(4)=8.45 s r Substituting the given, 2a r=9.09m ‘The first part of the lesson emphasized that speed is constant in the equation, not the velocity. It is because when a body goes around a circular path, its direction changes. Remember that velocity is a quantity that considers magnitude and direction. ‘Thus, there is a change in velocity, because there is a change in direction. Recall that acceleration is the change in velocity over time. You may say that a body moving in uniform circular motion is accelerating. This is called centripetal acceleration (a) given by the equation a where v is the velocity and ris the radius. Centripetal acceleration is directed toward the center: of the circle because the word centripetal means center-seeking. It came from the Latin words centrum (center) and petere (to fall or rush out). Because the body moving in uniform circular motion is accelerating, there must be a net force, as explained by Newtons law of acceleration. This net force is called centripetal force (F.). Therefore, Because F,,, = ma, then Seared with CanScorerSample problem 3: A 1 200-kg car moves in a circular track of radius JO m at 1st ‘Compute the centripetal force. pm my (1.200 t«)(152) Fe 30m F,-9000N Sample problem 4: A 3-kg ball attached to a string is being rotated about a circle of radius 5 m. The centripetal force causing the ball to accelerate is 60 N. Compute the speed of the ball. Manipulate the equation to solve for the speed of the ball, (60 NYS m) 3kg v=10™ 3 Now, try these problems by yourself. 14. A60-kg tourist tries horseback riding in Tagaytay. The horse has a mass of , He moves around a circular path with a radius of 10 m at a rate of st. 500 kg. Compute the centripetal force. During a town fiesta, children line up for the merry-go-round, which has a 2. radius of about 1.8 m. This ride makes a complete revolution in 4.2 seconds. Compare the centripetal force experienced by a 30-kg child 1.0 m from the center to the centripetal force experienced by a 60-kg man seated 1.8 m from the center. Seared with CanS& Brain Checkup Encircle the letter of the best answer. 1. Speed is calculated by ume acceleration Gq a speed - 5, ©. speed = Te distance time D speed = ine 4d. speed = eeleration 6G 2. What is the average speed of a motorcycle that traveled 100 km in two hours? 100 km 50km de} 2 7 oa oh b oorkmh «= 4. SOkmh @ 3. Which of the following is a scalar quantity? a. Acceleration b. Velocity ¢. Speed d. Force 4. Which of the following is a vector quantity?” 6 a Velocity. Speed . Mass d. Time 5. Imagine a car that ts parked. The car then accelerates at a rate of 12 m/s in 3 swing 1s its acceleration? 2 033m b3m’s ¢. 4mvs 4.4 avs? 6. Which of the following is a contact force? 6G a. Gravitational force ¢. Friction b. Electromagnetic force 4. Strong force or nuclear force 7. Friuonis 6 equivalent to inertua ¢. an object's resistance to force b. an object's resistance 10 motion _d._ a noncontact force 8. All are examples of noncontact forces except 6 the force that allows you to walk on the ground and not slip . the force that gives out an explosion when an atomic bomb is detonated c. the force that generates electric current using a magnet 4. the force that keeps the moon in orbit around Earth 6 9. Newton's first law of motion states that __ a ici ian ine oper fn ho it han fet independemne from external force Seared wih CanScomer. acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of a net force, and it follows Oo the direction ofthat net force, Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass ‘an object & all objects will continue to stay in its state of rest or in linear motion unless acted ‘on by an external force © 4. cach and every action has an equal and opposing reaction 10. Which statement is nor truc about inertia? a tis the object’s property to resist motion. 1b. Mincreases as the mass increases. ©] cM eccreencs onthe mans ines 4. Iti present in all objects, whether in rest or in motion. 11. The law of acceleration is a. The first law of motion ‘¢. The third law of motion b. The second law of motion d. None of the above 12. Which of the statements is nor true about the law of acceleration? 2. Itis inversely proportional to the magnitude of a net force. b. It follows the direction of the net force. ¢. His inversely proportional to the mass of an object. 4. It is directly proportional to the magnitude of a net force. 0 ivi te cccirtn Of 2 1 000-kg vehicle if its engine gives off a force of $ 000 newions? 2 002 ms* b. 0.05 avs © 5N a Sms 14. How much force does a 20 000-kg jet plane develop to accelerate 1 m/s*? & 200N b. 2000N ¢. 20000N 4.200000 N 15. The law of interaction states that action and reaction forces are a 2. opposing and equal at all imes b. opposing but not equal if they are exerted by two objects with different masses €. opposing and equal only for objects at rest 4. opposing but never equal Oe a 067k b. 0.67N © 6kg- 4. 6N Qo" In a circular motion, an object spinning on its own axis is making & centripetal force ¢. revolution b. conrhagal fore 4. rotation18. A revolution is . © 8 spin around an object's ais La circular motion around an external axis. 19. The velocity of an object going around a circular path is actually its . &. tungential velocity c. velocity b. rotational velocity d. acceleration 20. All of the following are units used for rotational speed except a meters per second ¢c. radians per second b. rotations per minute d. degrees per second 21. Which statement is true about rotational velocity? a lis different with varying distances from the axis. 'b. Its the same with varying distances from the axis. ¢. tis the same as tangential speed. itis not present when an object is making a revolution. 22. Which statement is not true about tangential speed? It is the same as linear speed. 'b. [tis the same as rotational . ¢. changes with varying distances from the axis. d. Iincreases as one moves away from the axis. 23. In circular motion, inertia takes the form of 2 centripetal force . rotational motion b. centrifugal force d. revolutions 2A. The force that is “toward the center” or is “center-seeking™ is & momestum ¢. rotational motion b. centrifugal force d. centripetal force 25. Centrifugal force isnot. 1s fictitious force present when observing « system through a certain frame of reference ¢. areal force d. conter-fleeing a Seared wih CanScomerthe horve), why is it that the horse will still be able to make the kalesa move forward? 10, Why is it that fast cars cause more injured passengers in accidents than slow cars? What rake does velocity play? How is momentum relevant in car accidents? B_ Solve the following problems: 1. A car engine gives off a power of 1100 kg car at a rate of 24 mvs forward, find the ¢. Momentum C. Describe how the law of inertia, law of acceleration. and law of interaction were present in the following scenes: 5 1 2 4 D. Draw or find a picture of any accident Whereall three laws of motion are relevant, ‘and state how each law was relevant. a. Law of inentia b. Law of acceleration ©. Law of interaction 0There were times when Marlons jeepney had some engine problems in the middle of the street. He had to call on some people to help him push thé jeepney to the side. When this incident happened to him with his tricycle, he did not have to call for help. He was able to push the tricycle to the side of the road by himself. \ This.can be explained by Newton s law of acceleration. Research about Republic Act 8750. Write your research and your sources in your notebook. Answer these questions: a. Whyis this law important? . Why should traffic enforcers strictly implement this law? < ff you were to revise the law, what changes would you include? Why? a | wie oe gl gee oe eee r sen comb A. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the blanks before each number. __—1. Inertia is the tendency of a body to ______. a. stayat rest ¢. maintain its mass b. move faster d. decrease its speed 2. What is the SI unit of weight? a. Kilogram (kg) cc. Pound (Ib) ‘b. Newton (N) d. Ounce (oz) ___.3, Alarge force produces large acceleration. This can be a statement for a, lawof inertia c. law of interaction b. law of acceleration d. all of the above __.4. Object A is 100 kg, and object B is 50 kg. This means that a. object A has less inertia than object B b. object B has less inertia than object A c. both objects have the same inertia d. inertia cannot be determined in this case—— 5. When the forces acting on an object are balanced, the net force is a. less than zero b. greater than zero ¢. equal to zero d. dependent on the magnitude of the forces ——6. A force of 5 Nis acting on a 5-kg object. What is the acceleration produced? m m a 1005 © 255 m m b. 10% d. 250 5 7. Compute the net force acting on a 5-kg object moving at a constant rate m of 5 —. $ a. 25N c IN b. 10N d.0 —— 8. Ina billiards game, the action force is applied by the cue ball on another ball. In this case, the reaction force is exerted by the a. cue stick . billiards table b. colored ball d. hand of the player 9. An object traveling in uniform cifcular motion has a constant a. speed c. distance b. velocity d. displacement —— 10. The direction of the net force acting on an object in uniform circular motion is a. toward the center . toward any direction b. away from the center —_d._ dependent on the amount of force . Answer each question in one or two sentences. 1. Imagine that you are the first Filipino astronaut. You are currently on a mission in space, where there is no gravity and friction. in this case, what will happen to a piece of rock if you throw it? 2. Whyis it not a good idea for buses and trucks to change lanes or swerve along a busy road? 3. One sunny afternoon, you decided to visit the forest. Unfortunately, you came face to face with a fierce and big wild animal. You ran following a zigzag trail in the forest. Why is it an advantage for you to have a zigzag path in this situation? 4. Suppose a doctor advises a patient to go on a diet. Will the patient lose mass in the process or will he or she lose weight? Explain. 5. When going around a curve in a vehicle, why does your body tend to move outward? Seared wih CanScomer(in A NUTSHELL Centripetal force (toward the center) Constant speed -—_Centripetal acceleration Uniform circular motion = Law of inertia Law of acceleration Law of interaction =p Action and reaction forces Batanced Unbalanced forces | | Acceleration Net force eaalin magnitude and Inertia ‘opposite in : ie direction Mass Fama Figure 1.4.3 Let s go back to the question raised in the beginning of the chapter How can a vehicle be safer for passengers when it Is equipped with seat belts? To answer this, we consider a vehicle moving at 90! If the vehicle collides with another vehicle or a wall, there Is a possibility that the driver and/or the passenger will be thrown out of the car at the same speed. ‘That can happen If they are not wearing thelr seat belts. The seat belt serves as the unbalanced force that will keep the wearer from moving abruptly forward at the moment of collision.Ina report by the Philippine Daily Inquirer Jast November 2013, the construction industry ieee rie) SIEN(DY 40%: More resideriticl predict and investigate the effects of force villages and high-rise buildings were built theater UEweneee during this time. The concepts of work, power, 2. collect, record, and interpret data on and energy can be demonstrated in the wit the effects of the angle (made with the construction of these structures. edie besing af thafoundatonis horizontal) on the amount of work done the finishing touches in these construction 3. measure different quantities (e.g., time, projects, physics is involved, When a laborer distance, angle) accurately using appropriat uses a wheelbarrow to transfer soil, work tools is done easier. When a painter finishes - 4, perform an experiment demonstrating the painting the entire house in one day, power is concept of energy demonstrated. Everyone in the construction 5, conduct an experiment to identify factors area needs to have energy to do work. How affecting generation of power can work, power, and energy be maximized in a construction site?Put tormed and enci tite their meaning in your notebook. Fur the ur neaning. ith tt Same Shape. Write the words r familiar v Seared with CanScomerBased on what Phil and Pina are talking about, which of the three previous activities you did is or are considered work? When you pushed the wall, you exerted force. But did the wall move? If it did not, then there is no work done on the wall. There was an upward force exerted ‘on the books that caused their motion. BIO IDEA In this case, work was done. Then you walked one meter carrying the book. Did you do work here? The answer is no. You Not everything that you do might be wondering why there isnt any involves work. There should be a work done because in both cases, there force applied to an object. This should were force and displacement. But if you _ displace the object a certain distance. look closely at these scenarios, there is These two quantities force and a difference between them. In the first displacement must be parallel to case, the displacement is parallel to the _ each other. force applied. In the second case, the displacement is perpendicular to the force applied; in this case, work is not done. In the last activity, you pulled a chair, causing it to move. The displacement is parallel to the force applied. This means that in that activity, you did work. The following pictures of activities show that work is done. fe ? Pushing a trolley Figure 2.1.3 Pressing the elevator button_ Pagure 2.1.4 Pulling a cart Figure 2.1.5 Tearing a sheet of paper ‘Now fill in table 2.1.1. What everyday activities do you know wherein work is done How about activities when there is no work done? Table 2.1.1 Everyday Activities Involving Work After knowing the three conditions for work to be considered present, we now express work mathematically. There are two quantities that are involved in work force and displacement. This equation shows how to compute the amount of work done on an object. Work = force displacement WeF-d The unit for work is N - mor joule (J). Consider this example. Seared wih CanScomerFigure 2.1.6 Work is done when a woman pulls her suitcase ‘The woman in the picture is pulling her suitcase. The string (handle) makes an angle respect to the horizontal line, In this case, work is dor ly the horizontal spe component of the applied force does work. ‘Hence, work should be W=Fdcos@ where 0 is the angle formed with the horizontal due to the applied force. Press cos 90 in your calculator. What did you get? If the force applied makes an angle of 90. from the horizontal (which means it is perpendicular to the displacement), then work is zero. Sample problem 1. A forklift in a warehouse lifts 1 000'N of boxes, 34 m from the Compute the work done by the forklift. ie equati wW-Fd You can make a triangle W = (1.000 N\(34 m) for the equation of work. W=34000) Sample problem 2. \f 60 000 J of work was done on a rock which moved 25 m, how much force was exerted? From the triangle, you can get the equation for force. = he _ 60.000) aE Figure 2.1.7 F=2400N Sample problem 3. A box is being pulled by a rope, which makes a 40 angle with the horizontal. If 30 N of force was applied and the box moved 12 m, how much work was done to the bax? F Seared with CanScomer' 1 2 3. W=F+dcos@ W = (30 N\(12 m) cos 40 W= 275.78) Solve the following problems on your own. If it took a bulldozer 600 J of work to push a mound of dirt 35 m away, how much force did the bulldozer had to apply? A front end loader needed to apply 200 N of force to lift a rock. A total of 275 J of work was done. How high was the rock lifted? A force of 75 N acts ona crate at a 30 angle This causes the crate to move 3.5 m. How much work is done on the crate?tm this chanter vou will be studying about energy and its various forms. Use the clues below to answer this crossword puzzle. These are the objects that have or use « particular form of energy. AA coo A 17 EF Figure 2.2.1 Across Down 3. Christmas lights 1. Power plants 6. Oven toaster 2. Moving bodies or objects 7. Battery 4. Hanging wrecking ball 5. Sun Seared wih CanScomer—_—_—————— SOI-OORE In the previous lesson, you learned that work is done when a force is applied on a body and the body is displaced parallel to the applied force. In Launch Pad of this lesson, you did work when you applied an upward force on the balloon, causing it to move upward. You cannot do this if you did not have energy. » Seared wih CanScorerThere are many forms of energy, but this lesson will focus on the two major [OG ZMLAL forms kinetic and potential. These two es of energy. eneray Potential energy (PE) is the stored - energy that a body possesses. This form of energy is associated with the position of the body. Consider a heavy metal ball used to demolish buildings and structures. fits Creepy it the ability *n dn wine ‘ans no work can be done seure 2.2.2 A demolition ball is used in construction to destroy ald structures and those “hat are no longer useful There are different forms of PE, but this lesson will focus on gravitational potential energy (GPE). The amount of GPE that a body has depends on its location or elevation from a reference point and its mass. If a plastic ball will be lifted to a position as high se that nf + dematitinn hall shown in figure 2. it will stil! have tess GPE than the demolition ball because the plastic ball has a small mass. To express GPE mathematically, use this equation: GPE =mass acceleration due to gravity height cro =m gh (Remember: The magnitude of acceleration due to gravity is 9.8) s The equation tells you that GPE is directly proportional to the mass of a body and ts height. If you double the mass of a body, the GPE will also double. If you triple the sengiii of wievaliun, Lien tive Girt wu aiso be tripied. In determining the GPE of a body, you have to assign the zero height position first. | most cases, the ground is the zero height. If you are doing an experiment on GPE on sap of a table, you may consider this the zero height. ”The unit for GPE is joule (J). Sample problem 1. A 7-kg box is lifted from the garage floor and is placed on top of a cabinet. If the box gains 150 J of GPE, how high is the shelf? Use the triangle in figure 2.2.3 to solve for the height. -— ms (7 Kei(o8 E h=2.19m Sample problem 2. Compute the mass of a man who h climbs a wall that is 4 m high and gains 2 500 J of GPE. Figure aa 23 (s.m\.. (282) m=63.8kg A man sitting on a chair has PE. A book placed on top of a desk has PE, t man or the book siaried io move frum iis pusiiion (at fest) its PE ve another form of energy, which will be discussed next. The energy possessed by a car traveling at om, the energy of a student running to his classroom so that he will not be late, and the energy of a train moving from one station to another are called kinetic energy (KE). Vibrational, rotational, and translational kinetic energy are some of the forms of KE. This lesson will focus on translational KE the energy due to the movement of a body from one point to another. There are two quantities that affect the amount of KE valacity and mass This equation is used to exoress KE mathematically: elm? KE = 5 mv’ where m is the mass of the body and v is its velocity. Inere ts a airect reiationship between KE aud tive mass of the bod KE and the velocity of the body. If you double the mass, the KE of a moving body will also increase twice (assuming velocity does not change). If you double the velocity. the KE will increase four times, because velocity is squared in the equation (assuming mas does not thange) “The unit for KE is also joule (J). Sample problem 3. A 650-kg roller coaster car moves at a. Determine its KE. a2 mv? KE = 5 mv 2 Ke =3(650 ie)(19} KE= 117 325) platform diver had a KE of 10 000 J just the 50- pute her speed just before she splashed into the water. before hit Manipulate the equation to get the velocity. Ke= 2m? Multiply both sides by two. 2KE = mv? Divide boih sides by m. , KE Ly ™ Then get the square root of both sides. v= J2KE m = 12(10 000 J) V" S0ke v=20% 5 Now try these problems on your own. 1. Determine the amount of GPE of a 1.5-kg book that ismoved to three different shelves. The heights of the shelves are 2.0m, 2.5m, and 3.0 m. @.4a32. A.40-kg boy and his 90-kg father went brisk walking. Both walked at arate of 2". Who had more kinetic energy? Support your answer. 3. What is the velocity of a 400-kg elevator that has 4 500 J of energy? Work and energy are related. When a net force does work on an object, it causes a change in the velocity of the object. thus changing the KE as well. This is called the work-energy theorem. W = KE guy ~ KE pat W = AKE 1 nave W==ma zmav Seared wih CanScamerWatt Is Power? Make an acrostic using the word power. Your sentences should start with the letters of the word. Your sentences should also be related to the physics concept of power. Seared with CanScorerYou have learned that work and energy are related. In this lesson, another quantity will be associated with the work done. It is called power. Pawer is commonly demonstrated in simple everyday tasks. When you go up the rs for 30 seconds, you show power. When a construction worker finishes installing she tiles of the bathroom for one day, he shows power. In other words, power is not really a new concept. Power tells you the rate at which .ork is done or how fast energy is being used. Mathematically, work Power=—— time P The unit fi ig see or watt (W). fe unit for power is <=—o gor wal . In solving problems on power, you may also devise your own triangle. Write this -riangle in your notebook to help you in problem solving. Sample problem 1. Mang Lino did not have a good day yesterday. tis jecyricy -topped in the middle of the street. He called for some volunteers to help him push she vehicle 150 m away from where it stopped. The amount of force that they applied ro the jeepney was 1200 N. They pushed the jeepney for 15 minutes. Determine the >ower of the volunteers who pushed the vehicle. In this problem, you have to solve for work first. W=Fd W = (1200 N)(150 m) w= 180 000 J Now, you can solve for power. P= p_ 180.0004 ~~ 900s wiz P= 200W sampie probiem 2. juan has 5 W vi puwer witile lifting a Goa to a he! 2ing so, he exerts 90 N of force. How long did he do the task? Scared wih CanScomerRefer to your own triangle to solve this problem. _ (9O.NX4 m) 5W t=72s mt t Seared wih CanScorer