A.

Text structure refers to how the ideas and information of a certain text are organized.
There are five types of text structures: cause and effect, compare and contrast, sequence,
problem and solution, and description. The cause and effect structure discusses a
consequence of an event and the reasons why it happened. The signal words used include so,
because, since, therefore, if-then, this led to, reason why, as a result, consequently, and for this
reason. Compare and contrast is a structure used to show how two or more things are alike
and different. Some of the signal words used are same as, similar, alike, as well as, instead of,
on the other hand, different from, and as opposed to. The sequence structure is used to
present items or events in order using signal words like first, second, next, then, not long after,
before that, finally, following, and soon. Problem and solution discusses a certain problem and
the possible solutions to solve it. The signal words used include question is, dilemma is,
problem is, to solve this, and one answer is. The description structure describes a topic, idea,
or subject listing its features, characteristics, or examples. The signal words used for this
structure include for instance, such as, to begin with, am example, to illustrate, and
characteristics.

B.

1. Automation is the use of machines to reduce the need for human labor. In other words
automation is when jobs done by people become jobs done by robots. Automation can be
a good thing. Because of automation, clothing, cars, and other manufactured products are
available at good prices and in large supply. But automation can also be a bad thing.
Because of automation, there are over 700,000 robots in America alone that do jobs once
performed by humans. The way of automation may not be best for humanity, but it is the
course we are taking.

1. The paragraph is about the good and bad effects of automation. The ideas are
organized as cause and effect.

2. Automation: How Does It Affect Humanity?

3.

manufactured
products are affordable

Existence of
Automation
a large number of
robots are replacing
human jobs

2. From airplanes to forklifts, hydraulic power is the strength behind many amazing
technologies that affect our daily lives, even the breaks on your school bus, but how do they
work? First, fluid is rapidly released into a chamber through a valve. As the fluid collect, the
valve is slammed shut which causes a pressure spike. Because the chamber is sealed, the
pressure has nowhere to go. The hydraulic mechanism channels the pressure and provides
great power. And that’s how, with the help of hydraulics, Grandma can stop a car with one foot.

1. The paragraph talks about how hydraulic power works. The ideas are arranged as a
sequence.

2. Hydraulic Power: How It Works

 3.

The
As the fluid Because the hydraulic
First, fluid is
collect, the valve chamber is mechanism
rapidly released is slammed shut sealed, the channels the
into a chamber which causes a pressure has pressure and
through a valve. pressure spike. nowhere to go. provides great
power.

3. Many people use the words cyborg and android interchangeably when, in fact, they have
different meanings. Both terms refer to beings powered by robotics, but an android is powered
entirely by robots. Though androids are completely mechanical, they are designed to look like
humans. They may have synthetic skin, hair, and other features, but no human organs. On the
other hand, cyborgs are part human and part machine. They may have robotic hands, legs, or
eyes, but all cyborgs have surgically implanted technologies that enhance their abilities.

1. The paragraph is about the similarities and differences of cyborg and android. The
ideas are organized as comparison and contrast.

2. Cyborg and Android: Which is which?

3.

Cyborg • part human, • powered entirely

Android

part machine
by robots

• has robotic • completely

hands, legs, powered mechanical

or eyes
• designed to look
by like humans

• has surgically robotics

• may have
implanted
synthetic skin,
technologies hair, and other
that enhance features, but no
their abilities human organs

4. It is widely acknowledged fact that machines are stronger than people, but is it possible for
them to become smarter than us too? Some scientists fear that it is, or so says the theory of
technological singularity. In a nut shell, the theory of technological singularity says that when a
computer becomes capable of improving its own capabilities, even in just the slightest way, it
will go into an infinite loop, getting progressively smarter, which would inevitably lead to
machines becoming smarter than people, or so the theory goes. Such gains in available
intelligence might lead to huge improvements in science and medicine. Diseases could be
cured and so forth. On the other hand, it could lead to the total domination of mankind by
robots, which would be bad. I, for one, welcome our new computer overlords.

1. The paragraph describes about the theory of technological singularity. The ideas are

arranged as description structure.

2. Theory of Technological Singularity: What Can Make Machines Smarter Than

Humans?

 3.

might lead to huge
could lead to total
improvements in

domination of
science and

mankind by robots
Theory of medicine

Technological
Singularity
when a computer is
able to improve on its
diseases could
own, it will get
progressively smarter
be cured
than people

5. Fellow Members of the Springfield Robotics Club: It has come to my attention that the
workshop has been left an absolute mess on at least two separate occasions. Remember, that
this is a shared space, so we must clean up behind ourselves after every meeting. It is in the
spirit of keeping our club meeting space that we establish this rule: when you take a tool off the
rack, put it back. If everyone puts their tools back immediately after they are done using them,
there will be minimal mess to clean up, and we won’t get kicked out of the spot. So if you like
having a meeting place, put your tools back.

1. The paragraph talks about the solutions to keep the workshop of the Springfield

Robotics Club clean. The ideas are organized as problem and solution.

2. Unorganized Workshop: How Can It Be Solved?

3.

as a
the problem is so, a rule is established to this resulted in having
consequence,
failure to clean up put back whatever is taken minimal mess to clean
the workshop
after every meeting
off from the rack
up and not getting
is left messy

kicked out of the spot