Date: 2020-05-06

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Introduction This chapter begins with a brief discussion on Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon and its mitigation using RS technologies,
LU/LC analysis, Land Surface Temperature (LST) variations followed by change detection studies of various other spatial indices. A brief
introduction about the modern technological tools used in this study like GIS, GPS and other such application software are also discussed.
Finally, a literature review in international and Indian context that derive the gap in research on surface urban heat island (SUHI) and
identifies the parameters that are crucial for this study. Urban Heat Island With the increase in rate of urbanization the negative impacts of
increasing urbanization are becoming more and more evident. The worst impact of urbanization is the change in the land surface from
agricultural/vegetated land to concrete/artificial surface that absorbs heat. Other negative impacts are the increasing pollution, excessive
runoff, decrease in vegetation and modification in the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere. The cumulative effect of all these
negative impacts of urbanization is the phenomenon of Urban Heat island. Urban heat island is a situation that arises due to elevated
temperatures of air or surface of any man made area resulting in a well-defined, distinct “warm island” surrounded by a “cool sea”
represented by the surrounding cooler areas of the nearby natural landscape. UHI phenomenon was first investigated and described in
1810s by Luke Howard, a British scientist who discovered that the city of London is warmer than the undeveloped rural surroundings (Roth
& Chow,2012). The natural surface primarily comprises of vegetation and moisture absorbing soil and therefore they use a large part of the
absorbed radiation for evapotranspiration and evaporation of moisture which cools the surrounding air. Urban centres are characterised by
their typical morphology and materials that brings about changes in the land surfaces and atmospheric properties. The natural vegetation
cover is replaced by artificial man made surfaces such as asphalt, concrete etc. which are non-permeable, non-reflective, higher heat
capacity and are also known as low albedo materials. Along with modifications in surface properties, the atmospheric changes, such as
higher emission of GHG (that store heat), accumulation of air pollutants (again very heat loving particles), and other factors including urban
geometry (due to buildings, skyscrapers, etc.) and increased anthropogenic heat generation due to concentrated human population, greatly
contribute to accumulation of large amounts heat in the urban centres (Gartland, 2011). This urban complexity leads to absorption and
retention of heat which is re-emitted later on thereby creating a temperature difference between the urban and the rural temperatures.
Spatio-temporal characteristics of Urban Heat Island In the thermal mapping of an urban heat island the isotherms form closed contours on
the urban area. In the thermal profile the isothermal curve rise throughout the urban area where as in rural areas this curve is flatter.
According to a typical thermal profile the UHI as shown in figure 1 the flat thermal field of the rural areas are interrupted by a steep
temperature gradient at the rural/urban boundary and thereafter a mildly increasing horizontal temperature gradient is seen until it reaches
the highest temperature at the city centre or the urban core. The island shaped thermal profile may show a few depressions due to the
presence of heat sinks such as parks, forests, dense vegetation, water bodies etc. and minor spikes due to micro urban heat islands such
as parking lots, malls, industrial areas etc. Types of Urban Heat Island Although there are few types of heat islands such as remotely
sensed heat islands, subsurface heat islands, daytime heat islands and non- urban heat islands (Stewart, 2011) but broadly two major
categories have been identified based upon their development, identification techniques and substrate of their influence. These two broad
categories are the air (atmospheric) UHI and surface UHI. It is important to distinguish between these different heat islands as their
underlying mechanisms are different (Oke, 1982; Roth et al., 1989). Atmospheric UHI occurs due to the accumulation of warmer air in urban
areas compared to cooler air in nearby rural surroundings (Benrazavi et al., 2016) The atmospheric UHI is often categorised in to canopy
layer and boundary layer based upon the observation methods. Canopy layer UHI affects the part of atmosphere where people live which is
present below the tree tops and roof tops and between the buildings. It extends upwards from the surface to approximately mean building
height This type of UHI develops due to the urban structures which trap the surface radiations. Anthropogenic heat also contributes to this
kind of heat island. On the other hand, the boundary layer UHI occurs in the layer above the average height of the building. So in a way it
starts from the roof tops or treetops and extends till the point where there is no influence of the urban landscape. This boundary layer UHI is
a result of urban materials and urban geometry. The low albedo materials re-emit the heat absorbed and the urban geometry traps the
reflected radiations. Chimneys, vents and atmospheric pollutants adds to the heat and create boundary layer urban heat island. In both the
scenario it is important to select urban and rural sites both as UHI is a relative phenomenon. The term surface UHI (SUHI) is used to
explicitly distinguish UHIs measured using land surface temperature (LST) (Shastri H., Ghosh S., 2019) It is the remotely sensed urban
heat island. It is observed by using thermal infrared data that allow to retrieve land surface temperatures. These UHI occur due to the
variation in urban and rural landscapes. The materials of urban and rural areas have differential thermal properties on account of the high
heat capacities and low albedo of the urban surface. The rural areas have lower surface temperature due to high albedo materials and the
cooling effect of vegetation due to trans evaporation. SUHI are typically mapped using satellite data from thermal sensors (Matson et al.,
1978).

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Download scientific diagram | The correlation analysis between measurements and simulated data from publication: Adapting Human
Comfort in an Urban Area: ...

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-correlation-analysis-between-measurements-and-simulated-data_fig1_276929349

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Apr 25, 2019 - What Is a Capital Investment? Capital investment is a sum of money provided to a company to further its business
objectives. The term also can ...

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capital-investment.asp

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it is important. to distinguish between these different heat islands as their. underlying mechanisms are different (oke, 1982; roth et
al.representative measurements and their setting relative to. surrounding features is important. measurements of atmospheric fluxes
and scalar quanti

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222677053_Thermal_Remote_Sensing_of_Urban_Climates

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Atmospheric UHI occurs due to the accumulation of warmer air in urban areas compared to cooler air in nearby rural surroundings
(Benrazavi et al., 2016). ... Commonly used pavement materials in urban areas, such as cement concrete and ...

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295086339_Effect_of_pavement_materials_on_surface_temperatures_in_tropical_environment

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it is observed by using thermal infrared data that allow to retrieve land surface temperatures. usually, close relationships between the
near surfacemicro urban heat islands are strongly affected by micro climate factors, therefore remotely sensed data are more suitable
than atmospheric data for...

http://alpha-arch2.blogspot.com/2012/02/heat-island.html